Trade In Services Research Articles

Electronic Word Of Mouth Saat Penjualan Live Streaming Shopee Dalam Meningkatkan Impulse Buying

Technological developments have developed so rapidly and have influenced changes in people's lifestyles towards digital. e-commerce is the electronic trading of goods or services via the Internet and social media. The e-commerce that had the most visitors during the first quarter of 157.97 million was Shopee. Shopee not only provides infrastructure for sellers and buyers to transact but also presents various innovative features to improve the online experience. One feature that is increasingly popular on Shopee is live streaming media, where sellers can broadcast live to promote their products to potential buyers. The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of Electronic Word of Mouth on Impulse Buying, to determine the influence of Live Streaming Sales on Impulse Buying, to determine the influence of Electronic Word of Mouth and Live Streaming Sales together on Impulse Buying. This research uses quantitative methods with a descriptive research approach. With respondents from University Pakuan students. The selection of respondents was carried out using a purposive sampling method with a total of 100 respondents based on the Slovin formula calculation. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires and the analysis method used was descriptive analysis, with multiple linear regression testing with the SPSS program. The research results show that Electronic Word of Mouth has a significant effect on Impulse Buying, live streaming has no significant effect on Impulse Buying, and Electronic Word of Mouth and Live Steaming has a significant effect on impulse buying simultaneously.

The Role of Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness in Exports: Before and During COVID–19

Digital technology has penetrated various fields, including international trade. This study aims to analyze how barriers/openness to trade in digital services affected exports before the COVID–19 pandemic (2015–2016) and during the pandemic (2019–2020). Based on the Gravity model, exports seem to be influenced by digital services trade restrictiveness, including infrastructure and connectivity restrictions (X1), electronic transaction restrictions (X2), and other restrictions (X3). The panel data regression equation was used to analyze data from various countries (European 17 countries, Asian 8 countries, and Latin American 3 countries) sourced from OECD Statistical Data. The selection of sample countries was based on data availability and homogeneity. The results showed that the effect of digital services trade restrictiveness on exports was low before the pandemic and increased during the pandemic era. Prior to the pandemic, restrictions on electronic transactions had a weak and negative impact on exports; meanwhile, during the pandemic, all restrictions impacted exports, except for other restrictions. In the pandemic era, restrictions on infrastructure & connectivity had a negative impact, but restrictions on electronic transactions had a positive impact on exports due to a decline in global exports and several countries reducing restrictions on electronic transactions.

Evaluation of Comparative Advantages of Trade in Service in Türkiye with RCA and TBI Indices

Technological developments in the last quarter century and the increase in the service sector in international trade enable schools to develop their foreign trade policies for service trade. To achieve a competitive advantage in this extended family service trade, it is necessary to determine the countries' comparative advantages. To choose the comparative advantage of Turkiye's service sector in this country between 2013-2021, the TBI index, which was used by RCA and supported the index results, was also included in the study. The data obtained from the survey show that Turkiye has a comparative advantage in maintenance and repair, transportation, travel, insurance and pension, and government goods and services in the relevant period. However, it is not generally observed during the elapsed time in government goods and services and insurance and pension services. On the other hand, while Turkiye has a net exporter position in manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others, transportation, travel, and construction services, it is also a net exporter in insurance and pension, financial services, charges for the use of intellectual property, telecommunications, computer, and information processing and government goods and services during the relevant period—Importer position. However, some services remain net importers or exporters throughout the period. These results are more sensitive than macro and micro environmental conditions.
 Key Words: Trade in Services, Comparative Advanteges, RCA Index, TBI Index, Türkiye
 JEL Classification: F14

Governing personal data and trade in digital services

AbstractThe regulation of personal data varies widely between countries, with potential effects on digital services. We develop a taxonomy for the regulation of cross‐border personal data transfers and systematically categorize 143 countries in one of the three data models identified, which are an open data model, a conditional model, and a control model. Using a gravity model, we then study if sharing a similar regulatory model between trading partners is associated with trade in digital services. Moreover, we assess if enacting a comprehensive data protection law impacts the relationship between data models and digital services. The open model of data transfers appears to support data flows, regardless of the the presence of a domestic regime for personal data. We find a negative effect on digital services for the conditional model that prescribes conditions that need to be fulfilled to transfer personal data across borders. Interestingly, we find that this negative effect is more than offset by the presence of a comprehensive data protection law. Finally, the control model, which has strict conditions to transfer personal data outside the country, only has a negative and significant effect when a domestic regime for data protection is implemented. The latter is likely to reflect the cost burden of firms to comply with these regulations as the trust channel might not be effective in countries characterized by government surveillance.

International Law as a Means of Globalization, Business Internationalization and Global Economy: A Mechanism with Proclivities

This paper analyzes, describes and presents the relationship and effects between globalization and the international law. Historically, between globalization and international law, there is a dialectical relationship, both have been intertwined for more than the end of the twentieth century and the last phase of globalization. Globalization has come up with major changes at the international level and distribution of power between different actors of the international society. It has impacted and shaped the World Wide system of law with implicit ambitions. The research questions are: “Are there any interconnection between international law, globalization and internationalization? How does international law affect global economy?” The used methodology of research focused on a literature review, the United Nations charter of international law and qualitative descriptive analysis. The results show that doing business with individuals from other nations focuses on the activities of individuals that are governed with the context of global economy starting from the applicable rules to industries in the home country or nation. International law provides a background, assurance, confidence and a means or mechanism by which individuals can trade or do business with regard to goods and services, to start with the utility of law is based upon first international relations, and the way countries relate to each other, particularly with regard to trade of goods and services between those nations. Doing business with individuals from other nations focuses on the activities of individuals that are governed with the context of global economy starting from the applicable rules to industries in the home country or nation. In Conclusion, international law has got a high contribution to the insights of global economy, globalization and internationalization processes especially for companies. There is a huge interconnection between Globalization, Internationalization that is important for global economy and international law.

Research on the Impact of Digital Service Trade Barriers on Domestic Manufacturing Productivity

This article selects the data of 210 listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen A-shares from 2014 to 2019, measures the digital service trade barriers and productivity growth of electronic information manufacturing enterprises, and uses a two-way fixed effect model to analyze the impact of digital service trade barriers on electronic information manufacturing enterprises. Its impact on productivity and mechanisms, and provide policy recommendations. The research results show that: (1) Digital service trade barriers for electronic information manufacturing enterprises are generally on an upward trend. (2) Digital service trade barriers for electronic information manufacturing enterprises have a significant inhibitory effect on their productivity.

Combined International Trade and Investment Data “CITID” – A New Innovative and Comprehensive Data Landscape for Germany

Abstract The Combined International Trade and Investment Data (CITID) represents a new innovative and comprehensive data landscape that combines firm-level data focused on international trade and investment. The datasets are sourced from both the Deutsche Bundesbank and the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, ensuring a reliable and robust data landscape. Within the CITID, multiple individual datasets seamlessly merge, encompassing a wide range of information. These include data on trade in goods, trade in services, inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI), as well as information on international financial and capital transactions along with additional firm-level data. The data enables a holistic understanding of firms’ international integration, previously unattainable, and offers new opportunities for analyzing global trade dynamics. The data will be accessible for research. This paper provides a comprehensive description of the individual datasets, including information about their combinability, the methodology for matching them, the data’s content, and its potential for further research.

Impacts of Central Bank Digital Currency on Regional Economic Integration: Evidence from the Greater Bay Area of China

An increasing number of countries have launched their central bank digital currencies (CBDC) in recent years, but the economic impacts of CBDC adoption are underexplored. To empirically assess how CBDC adoption influences regional economic integration, this paper investigates the Greater Bay Area, where China carried out one of its first digital renminbi pilot programs. The Greater Bay Area provides a good example because the growing acceptance of digital renminbi in the area can potentially mitigate transaction costs and risks due to the exchange rate volatility of the Chinese renminbi, Hong Kong dollar, and Macao pataca. CBDC adoption can lead to greater real and financial integrations by facilitating cross-border trade in goods and services. This paper evaluates deviations from uncovered interest rate parity, purchasing power parity, and real interest rate parity across Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao based on monthly interest rate and price data from January 2016 to December 2022. The time series have mean values near zero, which validate the parity conditions and indicate high degrees of financial, real, and economic integrations. The Markov regime-switching regression model identifies three regimes: (1) pre-Covid, (2) post-Covid, and (3) post-CBDC. The Covid-19 outbreak brought lower integration and stability, but the launch of the CBDC restored some of the pre-Covid integration and stability. Regimes 1 and 2 are persistent, and transitions from Regime 3 back to Regime 1 are probable. Hence, this study finds evidence that CBDC adoption improves regional economic integration in the short and long run.

Analysis on the Coupling Coordinative Development Mechanism of Ecological Environment and Logistics Service Trade

This article first takes the “logistics-ecological environment” composite system as the research object, constructs the order parameter index system of the logistics subsystem and the ecological environment subsystem of the scientific system, and establishes the order degree model of the subsystem and the composite system coupling coordination degree model. Then, this paper conducts an empirical study based on the historical data of Province X from 2008 to 2020, calculates the degree of order of the logistics subsystem and the ecological environment subsystem and the coordination degree of the composite system, and analyzes the coupling and coordinated development mechanism of the province's ecological environment and logistics service trade. The results show that the order of the province's logistics subsystem and the ecological environment subsystem and the degree of coupling and coordination of the “logistics-ecological environment” composite system both show a continuous growth trend.

Heterogeneous responses to boycott on services trade

ABSTRACT This paper examines the impacts of ‘No Japan’ boycott by Korean consumers on service trade amid 2019 Japan – South Korea trade dispute. Our findings reveal that individual consumers were more actively engaged in boycotting travel services, while business travellers did not exhibit a comparable level of participation. Moreover, the target country also responded in a similar manner, though the magnitude of their retaliation was relatively milder.

Organization of Social Assistance to Indigenous Minorities in the Turukhansk Region in 1920-1925

The authors consider the issues of involvement of native minorities of the Russian North in the Soviet construction in the first half of the 1920s. The problem is illustrated through the example of Turukhansk region (until 1930 it united the peoples that populated the North of Yeniseysk Governorate). The source base includes the documents from the fund of the State Archive of Krasnoyarsk Territory. It is noted that during the early Soviet period the national policy towards the indigenous peoples of the North was characterized by flexibility and search for balance between the interests of the government and the northern peoples. This policy was mostly founded on socio-economical tasks, rather than political ones. At this stage the government assumed the administration management, provision of economic aid to the native minorities of the North, preservation of the life-sustaining system for using natural resources, all that determined their traditional lifestyle. There began the creation of institutions of self-government (clan councils), trade services, medical care and school education. It was the Northern instructors that acted as conductors of Soviet policy among indigenous peoples. It was intended, on the one hand, to streamline the activities of Soviet institutions among the indigenous peoples of the North, and on the other hand, to help the latter adapt to the new socio-economic conditions. The authors determine the specifics and role of Northern inspectors (from 1924 - instructors in foreign affairs) through the nature of interaction between state, local administrative and clan institutions in the process of developing and implementing support for indigenous peoples of the Yenisey North; their general catastrophic situation could entail irreversible processes of the extinction of these peoples.

Deep trade agreements and services trade: An analysis based on service trade provisions

AbstractOur paper builds a novel panel data sourced from the Regional Trade Agreements Database and Database on International Trade in Services Statistics (ITSS) to explore the heterogeneous effects of service trade agreements on services trade. Then we employ a gravity model with the Poisson pseudo‐maximum likelihood (PPML) estimation and obtain the following findings: First, both general service trade agreements and deep service trade agreements promote services trade. Yet, deep trade agreements have a higher trade‐expansion effect (roughly 21.53%) on services trade compared to general ones (16.9%). Next, based on the content of trade‐related provisions, we find provisions of rights of non‐establishment and natural person movement largely increase the services trade, while review provisions do not have a significant impact on services trade. Surprisingly, provisions with MFN status even exhibit a negative relationship with services trade. Third, with whom you sign the agreements matters. Deep trade agreements exert a positive and significant impact on services trade between high‐income countries (NN), low‐income countries (SS) and high‐ to low‐income countries (NS), but are insignificant between low‐ to high‐income countries (SN). Four, emerging regions, including China, may benefit more from deep trade agreements. As indicated by propensity score matching, deep trade agreements reduce service trade costs and improve the business environment more effectively than GTAs. Our empirical results are robust after controlling for the endogeneity of DTAs and GTAs. Our findings provide direct evidence for the role of deep service trade agreements in fostering international economic integration.

Study on the Influence of Digital Economy on High-quality Trade Development Under the "Double Cycle" Pattern

With the deepening of globalization and the rapid development of digital technology, digital economy has become a new important force to promote economic growth. The new development pattern of "double cycle" proposed by China focuses on realizing the mutual promotion of internal circulation and external circulation on the basis of expanding domestic demand. This paper aims to explore in the "binary" development pattern, based on the benchmark regression study how digital economy has a positive impact on trade quality development, the results show that the digital economy to improve the level of trade facilitation, promote the trade structure optimization, accelerate the trade pattern innovation, and by promoting the proportion of trade in services effectively promote the high quality development of China's trade. At the end of the paper, the countermeasures and suggestions are put forward.

Trade impact analysis on the profit and loss of agroecosystem service value in Guangdong Province

Due to the imbalance in the supply and demand of agricultural land, there is an increasing trend of land resources being remoted utilized across regions. Within the context of regional trade, changes in the agroecosystem service value (ESV) can be used to assess consumer responsibility. However, the embodied flow of ESV and its driving factors have been largely unexplored. This paper, utilizing the latest Chinese multi-regional input–output tables and the equivalence factor method, explores the spatiotemporal characteristics of embodied agricultural land and ESV flow between Guangdong and 30 other provinces, and further seeks to construct three types of embodied ESV models to reveal the driving factors. The findings reveal that during the process of domestic trade in goods and services, Guangdong Province has an inflow of 2.10 × 107 hm2 of land from other provinces, with arable land, forestland, and grassland accounting for 25, 61, and 14%, respectively. Guangdong’s utilization of ESV is mainly dependent on external inflows, with minimal local consumption and outflows. The embodied ESV between Guangdong and other provinces is 1626.10 billion yuan, with an outflow of 325.32 billion yuan. The “Y”-shaped region consisting of the northwest, northeast, southwest, and Hainan bears significant potential ESV losses for Guangdong Province. Population growth and the intensity of ESV loss will promote the flow of cropland and forestland ESV, while economic development has a certain inhibitory effect on ESV transfer. This paper provides a new analytical perspective on issues such as the spatial distribution mismatch of land resources and ecologically unequal exchange. These insights are pivotal for promoting sustainable utilization of land resources and regional equity.

China's Export Trade's Effects on the Global Economy

China’s export trade’s effects on the global economy involves many aspects, including global economic growth, international trade pattern, industrial structure adjustment and so on. Therefore, it is crucial to carry out a thorough analysis of the effects of China's export trade on the world economy. This paper will use a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods to carry out the research, and at the same time use a large number of charts and graphs to analyse the data. Firstly, the size and trajectory of China's exports will be revealed by collecting and analysing a large number of statistical data, such as the organization of China's export market, the total amount of trade exports from China, China's gross domestic product, and global GDP. Secondly, the impact of China's export trade on the global economy is explored in depth through data comparison and empirical analysis. Through the review of related literature and theoretical analyses, China's export trade has an important impact on the world economy, and the future trend will be characterised by industrial upgrading, multilateral trade co-operation and service trade growth.

A Study on the Effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Trade in Services in the United States

The pandemic of COVID-19 appears to boost trade in services and even the ICT service exports in the U.S. The U.S. has been recognized as the world's largest services market and became a leading exporter and importer of services over the last two decades. In this perspective, this study attempts to empirically identify the impact of ICT on trade in services and ICT service exports in the U.S. by employing the modified gravity model of trade from 1990 to 2021. The results indicate that overall ICT access and ICT use have significant positive effects on the trade in services and ICT service exports, but others brought about different results. The study also finds two important facts. First, FTS has a positive effect on the trade in services and ICT services exports, while, MCS has a completely negative effect on both the trade in services and ICT services exports. More interestingly, the dimension of ICT use of IUI and FBS have a different impact on both trade in services and ICT services exports. Another important finding is that the coefficients of IUI and FBS in relation to the trade in services have an unexpected negative sign, while both IUI and FBS have a positive influence on ICT service exports. Finally, these empirical results imply that ICT use has played a more productive role in enhancing ICT service exports than that of ICT access in the U.S. Consequently, these results might provide vital policy insights for the development of ICT and more rapid growth of services trade.

The ternary water cycle of ‘nature–society–trade’ in the inland arid areas

AbstractWater cycle is important for maintaining the dynamic balance of regional water resources. Here, based on the input–output water circulation flux accounting model, we take Xinjiang as a case area to empirically explore the mechanism of the ‘nature‐society‐trade’ ternary water cycle. The results show that the water transferred out was much larger than the transferred in in Xinjiang. The scale of water resources development and utilization and the social water cycle fluxes have been constantly expanding, but there was a mismatch between the hydrological system and the socio‐economic system in terms of water resource utilization. From 2007 to 2017, agriculture had always been the department with the largest amount of direct water consumption and virtual water transfer in Xinjiang, which mainly transferred virtual water to the light industry and service sector where the production of final products requires large amounts of agricultural products as raw materials or intermediate products. In Xinjiang, the virtual water transferred outside through trade in products and services was much larger than the virtual water transferred in from other regions, and it was thus always in a state of net virtual water outflow as a whole. In inter‐provincial trade of China, Xinjiang mainly transferred virtual water to areas with abundant water resources, developed economies and dense populations in eastern China. Lastly, we put forward targeted suggestions on the optimal allocation of water resources to promote the sustainable development of Xinjiang and we hope that our study will be instructive for water resources management in other arid inland river basins.

Comparative Study on Financial Services Trade Competitiveness in the Belt and Road Countries — Taking the Banking Sector as an Example

Based on the comprehensive evaluation results of entropy weight TOPSIS method, this paper conducted a comparative analysis on the financial services trade competitiveness in the Belt and Road Initiative countries, taking the banking sector as an example. The main findings are as follows: most Belt and Road Initiative countries lack competitiveness in financial services trade across borders and the gap is obvious when they are compared with Japan and other developed Western countries. China’s financial services trade competitiveness is ranked highly among the Belt and Road Initiative countries; the financial services trade competitiveness in East Asia and Central and Eastern Europe is stronger than that of other regions with South Asia being the weakest. Based on Diamond Model, this study analyzed the reasons for the gap between the Belt and Road Initiative countries and developed Western countries, and found that the gap between them is obvious in most aspects. Finally, countermeasures are proposed to improve China’s financial services trade competitiveness based on the analysis.

Innovation Path of Standardization of Service Trade Under the Background of Digitalization

Innovation Path of Standardization of Service Trade Under the Background of Digitalization

Custody in the age of digital assets : The path to building market infrastructure fit for a tokenised economy

This paper charts the dynamic evolution of finance and capital markets amid the digital asset surge. Tracing the historical trajectory from conventional banking to the current digital era, the paper underscores the intertwined narrative of finance and technology. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) and digital assets take centre stage, driving continuous financial operations and reshaping market dynamics. Custody emerges as a pivotal factor in this digital transformation. Established financial institutions strategically invest in digital asset infrastructure, recognising the seismic potential of tokenisation. Research from major companies projects significant tokenisation of assets, prompting global banks to align their strategies accordingly. The paper explores diverse use cases, from custody and trading services for cryptocurrencies to tokenising financial securities and real-world assets. Navigating the regulatory landscape proves crucial, with varying regulations across jurisdictions posing challenges. A unified regulatory framework is advocated for fostering global adoption. The paper delves into the technological nuances of safeguarding digital assets, exploring key management solutions such as multiparty computation (MPC) and hardware security modules (HSMs). The paper anticipates a shift towards recentralisation as the digital asset market matures, with established financial institutions and custodians poised to leverage trust, balance sheets and regulatory compliance to open up commercial opportunities in the digital asset space. In essence, the paper provides a sweeping overview of the current digital asset landscape, offering insights into challenges, opportunities and technological considerations shaping the digital asset custody value chain.