Service-oriented Development Research Articles

Unveiling land use-carbon Nexus: Spatial matrix-enhanced neural network for predicting commercial and residential carbon emissions

Carbon emissions play a pivotal role in driving global warming, with commercial and residential sectors ranking as the third-largest source after industrial and transportation sectors. Consequently, establishing a framework for spatial characterizing and predicting carbon emissions from these sectors is vital for effective carbon reduction planning. This study proposes an optimized Backpropagation Neural Network, incorporating a Spatial Weight Matrix, to model the relationship between land use and carbon emissions, taking spatial effects into account. Additionally, an optimized Random Forest model with variable search step lengths is developed for large-scale and multi-class land use prediction. Beijing, China serves as the study site, yielding the following findings: (1) The optimized Backpropagation Neural Network outperforms traditional models, achieving goodness of fit of 0.999 and 0.997 in training and testing datasets, respectively. (2) The optimized Random Forest model, while reducing prediction precision for ecological areas (Root Mean Square Error increases by 4.12 %), enhances overall model performance by 73.95 % in a single iteration. (3) By 2025, commercial and residential carbon emissions in Beijing are projected to reach 8.91 million tons. (4) The study characterizes the spatial patterns of commercial and residential carbon emissions at a 1 km resolution for the next 15 years, revealing statistical features. (5) Expansion of mixed commercial and residential land relies on service-oriented development, positively impacting regional carbon emission intensity control.

Design, implementation and evaluation of a network-oriented service with environmental adaptability based on core/periphery structure

Many new network-oriented services have been developed in recent years, and they are expected to be virtualized in multi-access edge computing (MEC) environments, which are being standardized along with fifth generation (5 G). Because many new network-oriented services have been developed to meet various user requests, and service-oriented development, wherein service functions are divided and combined, is expected to facilitate the development of flexible services at low costs. A core/periphery structure is an information processing system in biological systems consisting of core units, that is densely connected and provide efficient process, and peripheral units that can accommodate a variety of inputs and outputs. In this paper, we introduce a core/periphery structure into the service design since the service based on this structure can adapt to various inputs and outputs with only modifying peripheral functions. We expect that development cost is reduced by designing services based on core/periphery structure, because the entire service is not modified against environmental changes. Besides, we also consider the balance between the penalty and the reduction of development costs since dividing functions and placing them in different devices creates extra communication paths and degrades service responsiveness. We designed and implemented two service scenarios for our shopping service with a remote robot based on a core/periphery structure. Using the implemented services, we show that the design using the core/periphery structure is effective in terms of implementation cost and overhead for information sharing among remote robots. Furthermore, we measured the penalty through experiments on actual devices and showed that it is tolerable.

On the Service Transformation of Ningbo's Manufacturing Industry Considering the Potential of Ecological Benefits

This paper puts forward the service transformation approach of Ningbo manufacturing industry considering the potential of ecological benefits. By analyzing the current situation of service-oriented development of Ningbo's manufacturing industry, this paper summarizes the problems encountered in the process of service-oriented transformation of Ningbo's manufacturing industry, introduces the concept of ecological benefit potential, combines the characteristics of service-oriented transformation of Ningbo's manufacturing industry, finds the path of service-oriented transformation of Ningbo's manufacturing industry, constructs a grey relational model, analyzes the coupling relationship between Ningbo's manufacturing industry and service industry, and completes an analysis of the ways of transformation of service of Ningbo's manufacturing industry. The simulation results show that the proposed transformation path method can improve the problems existing in the service transformation of Ningbo manufacturing industry.

The LRA Workbench: an IDE for efficient REST API composition through linked metadata

The number of Web APIs for accessing information and services is continuously increasing, and yet, no tools exist to automate the time-consuming and error-prone process of invoking those APIs and composing their responses. The recent emergence of widely-adopted, standardized, Web-API description formats and the development of Linked Data technologies for data integration have motivated our work on the LRA (Linked REST APIs) methodology [1, 2]. LRA relies on RDF service specifications to automate the development process around the usage of Web APIs. This automation represents a great opportunity to systematize and improve the quality of service-oriented application development. However, LRA’s reliance on SPARQL as the user-interaction model may hinder its adoption, because it requires developers to learn the intricacies of the unconventional graph data model and its associated datasets. In this paper we have developed the LRA Workbench (LRA_{Wbench}), which takes advantage of the emergent schema of Web-API specifications, in order to simplify the formulation of LRA-compliant SPARQL queries. Our empirical evaluation of the LRA_{Wbench} usability demonstrates that our tool significantly improves the performance of developers formulating SPARQL queries for LRA. A subsequent study on the effectiveness of the LRA_{Wbench} demonstrated that developers using LRA tend to produce code with considerable better structural complexity, in less time, than developers manually composing APIs.

A Process Model for Service-Oriented Development of Embedded Software Systems

The concepts of service-oriented computing (SOC) have previously been used in the embedded systems domain, mostly at the device level in ad hoc manners to achieve advantages of device integration. However, SOC has not been used for the development of embedded software systems (ESS), i.e., software controlling the embedded devices. To fill this gap, a process model is proposed in this article that allows the systematic development of ESS based on SOC concepts. The proposed process consists of analysis and design phases of embedded software development. The analysis phase is concerned with the collection of system information and preparation for system design. Based on this, the service-based software architecture is developed in the design phase. The effectiveness of the proposed process model is demonstrated through its application in the Smart Home case study.

The Effectiveness of Customer Participation and Affective Misforecasting in Online Post-Recovery Satisfaction

Online service recovery is directly related to customer follow-up behavior and plays a central role in the sustainable service-oriented enterprise development. This study explored the influence mechanism about how the type of customer participation (physical, mental, and emotional) improves customers’ post-recovery satisfaction by reducing negative bias. Furthermore, the moderating effect of the information format of opening remarks (informal, formal, or hybrid) on the relationship between customer participation and affective misforecasting was investigated. A total of 720 Chinese individuals participated in an online experiment. The results show that, first, only mental and physical participation can improve customers’ post-recovery satisfaction, whereas emotional participation cannot. Second, the direction of affective misforecasting is a mediator between customer participation and post-recovery satisfaction, and compared with negative bias (feeling worse than forecasted), when customers form positive bias (feeling better than forecasted), their post-recovery satisfaction is higher. Third, the fit of the information format of the opening remarks and customer participation type can make customers feel better than forecasted—to generate higher post-recovery satisfaction, for physical and mental participation specifically, the formal format of opening remarks is most suitable, whereas for emotional participation, the hybrid format of opening remarks is most suitable.

Spatiotemporal investigation of energy network patterns of agglomeration economies in China: Province-level evidence

China is currently in the fast track of urbanization and industrialization. This poses a series of challenges pertaining to environmental issues given the resultant boom in energy consumption and carbon emissions. To tackle these problems, this study explores the effects of economic agglomerations and geographic attributes on energy transmission patterns using multi-regional input-output model, complex network analysis, and exploratory spatial data analysis. The results show that Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang are the three leading regions with regard embodied energy consumption; they have distinct energy utilization models but can also provide instructive lessons for energy conservation at the provincial level. Energy interactions represent self-organizing agglomerative patterns, and the physical geographic clusters are highly consistent with the virtual administrative division of agglomeration economies. The in-depth investigation of major agglomerations has revealed that infrastructure construction remains a vital driver of local economies in developing areas, whereas more developed agglomeration economies have more balanced and service-oriented development. Bilateral connections in current major agglomeration economies have been enhanced, but multilateral connections are still rare. The findings of this study provide a bottom-up insight into the spatiotemporal effect on embodied energy system of China.

Amplification of Availability in Web Services by Earlier Detection of False Requests during Service-oriented Application Development

Amplification of Availability in Web Services by Earlier Detection of False Requests during Service-oriented Application Development

Flexible model specification and application for service-oriented software

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) has gained considerable popularity for the development of large-scale distributed software systems. The SOA paradigm promotes the reusability and integrability of software in heterogeneous environments by means of open standards. The existing problem is that every service-oriented software development project often requires a customized development process that provides specific service-oriented software in support of requirements unique to that project. To resolve this problem, this study proposes universal service-oriented software (USOS). USOS focuses on the general simulation technology and integrates many features, which are necessary to build a correct and efficient simulation system. It is aimed at providing a professional environment to reduce the cost of modeling as well as the execution time of the simulation for multi-type models. USOS supports many advanced features such as dynamic model template generation, multi-formalism model debugging, flexible model-driven application, etc. Developers may use USOS as an open framework to build, store, and verify models very efficiently. Based on USOS, we have developed a large-scale parallel simulation platform called SIM, which is oriented to test parallel and distributed architectures, and applications in the aerospace domain. This study introduces the distinctive features of USOS for practical implementation of SIM and validates the performance by a prototype system simulation.

Improving the Safety and Security of Wide-Area Cyber–Physical Systems Through a Resource-Aware, Service-Oriented Development Methodology

This paper presents a service-oriented development methodology for wide-area cyber–physical systems (CPS) such as smart grid and vehicular networks. Unlike the traditional task-based development approach from the domains of automotive and avionics, the proposed service-oriented development methodology inherently enables disruption-free incremental system deployment and reconfiguration that are fundamental requirements for handling the “always-online” nature of emerging wide-area CPS application domains such as smart grid and vehicular networks. The proposed service-oriented CPS development methodology extends the traditional service-oriented computing (SOC) paradigm for handling hard real-time CPS aspects by introducing resource-aware service deployment and quality-of-service (QoS)-aware service operation phases. The proposed CPS development methodology also supports a streamlined formal interface between the traditional computer-aided feedback controller design environments and SOC paradigm. The paper utilizes a simulation-based smart grid case study to illustrate the advantages of the proposed methodology for developing wide-area cyber–physical systems with improved safety and security characteristics. The paper also identifies a set of technological requirements for the proposed service-oriented CPS development methodology that should guide future research in this area.

An Evolutive Component-Based Method for Agile Development of Service Oriented Architectures

The adoption of the agile methods' principles has emerged as an effective way to develop service oriented architectures as it paves the way for a better reply to the changing needs of the environment and even the customer. However, these changes may also require the evolution of the development process itself. This paper presents an agile and service-oriented software development method that combines concepts from the Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) domain and the agile software engineering one. This method provides an iterative and incremental process to deliverer business processes, implemented as an assembly of components. This leads to a faster response to the change of needs by reconfiguring the assembly of components. The method is based on a framework that implements its phases as an assembly of components to allow a dynamic reconfiguration of it in case of a development process evolution. Finally, a case study is presented to illustrate the use of the presented method.

Special issue on software reuse

Special issue on software reuse

Designing the Distributed Model Integration Framework – DMIF

We describe and discuss the design and prototype of the Distributed Model Integration Framework (DMIF) that links models deployed on different hardware and software platforms. We used distributed computing and service-oriented development approaches to address the different aspects of interoperability. Reusable web service wrappers were developed for technical interoperability models created in NetLogo and GAMS modeling languages. We investigated automated semantic mapping of text-based input-output data and attribute names of components using word overlap semantic matching algorithms and using an openly available lexical database. We also incorporated automated unit conversion in semantic mediation by using openly available ontologies. DMIF helps to avoid significant amount of reinvention by framework developers, and opens up the modeling process for many stakeholders who are not prepared to deal with the technical difficulties associated with installing, configuring, and running various models. As a proof of concept, we implemented our design to integrate several climate-energy-economy models.

The impact of feature selection on maintainability prediction of service-oriented applications

Service-oriented development methodologies are very often considered for distributed system development. The quality of service-oriented computing can be best assessed by the use of software metrics that are considered to design the prediction model. Feature selection technique is a process of selecting a subset of features that may lead to build improved prediction models. Feature selection techniques can be broadly classified into two subclasses such as feature ranking and feature subset selection technique. In this study, eight different types of feature ranking and four different types of feature subset selection techniques have been considered for improving the performance of a prediction model focusing on maintainability criterion. The performance of these feature selection techniques is evaluated using support vector machine with different types of kernels over a case study, i.e., five different versions of eBay Web service. The performances are measured using accuracy and F-measure value. The results show that maintainability of the service-oriented computing paradigm can be predicted by using object-oriented metrics. The results also show that it is possible to find a small subset of object-oriented metrics which helps to predict maintainability with higher accuracy and also reduces the value of misclassification errors.

Fast Service Process Fragment Indexing and Ranking

Service searching and ranking are the bases of service-oriented software development. However, the existing service searching and ranking methods are confined to the atomic services or processes encapsulated as stand-alone services. How to find and reuse arbitrary granularities of service process fragment (SPF) is a challenging problem with great application value. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism to support searching and ranking on massive SPF s. In this mechanism, SPF s are organized by a tree, where both the functional and non-functional information of SPF s are encoded and stored on each tree node. Then, starting from the tree root, an integrated searching and ranking process is recursively conducted on each tree layer, excluding a great deal of irrelevant SPF s each time, until leaf nodes are reached. To verify the feasibility and effectiveness, we construct a sample dataset which contains four million processes and one billion atomic services based on the Web Service Challenge Testset Generator (CTG) , and each atomic service has up to 10 QoS values. The experimental results show an effective and efficient approach for SPF- Query.

Multifaceted service identification: Process, requirement and data

Service Identification is one of the most important phases in service oriented development methodologies. Although several service identification methods tried to identify services automatically or semi-automatically, various aspects of business domain are not taken into account simultaneously. To overcome this issue, three strategies from three different aspects of business domain are combined for semi-automated identification of services in this article. At first, the tasks interconnections within the business processes are considered. Then, based on the common supporting requirements, another tasks dependency has been determined and finally, regarding the significant impact of data in business domain, the last tasks relations are specified. To combine these three strategies, task-task matrices are used as a common language and eventually services are identified by clustering the final task-task matrix.

Cohesion-Driven Decomposition of Service Interfaces without Access to Source Code

Software cohesion concerns the degree to which the elements of a module belong together. Cohesive software is easier to understand, test and maintain. In the context of service-oriented development, cohesion refers to the degree to which the operations of a service interface belong together. In the state of the art, software cohesion is improved based on refactoring methods that rely on information, extracted from the software implementation. This is a main limitation towards using these methods in the case of web services: web services do not expose their implementation; instead all that they export is the web service interface specification. To deal with this problem, we propose an approach that enables the cohesion-driven decomposition of service interfaces, without information on how the services are implemented. Our approach progressively decomposes a given service interface into more cohesive interfaces; the backbone of the approach is a suite of cohesion metrics that rely on information, extracted solely from the specification of the service interface. We validate the approach in 22 real-world services, provided by Amazon and Yahoo. We assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach, concerning the cohesion improvement, and the number of interfaces that result from the decomposition of the examined interfaces. Moreover, we show the usefulness of the approach in a user study, where developers assessed the quality of the produced interfaces.

Observations of Service Identification from Two Enterprises

Service-oriented computing has created new requirements for information systems development processes and methods. The adoption of service-oriented development requires service identification methods matching the challenge in enterprises. A wide variety of service identification methods (SIM) have been proposed, but less attention has been paid to the actual requirements of the methods. This paper provides an ethnographical look at challenges in service identification based on data from 14 service identification sessions, providing insight into the practice of service identification. The findings identified two types of service identification sessions and the results can be used for selecting the appropriate SIM based on the type of the session.

Service-Oriented Development of Workflow-Based Semantic Reasoning Applications

The modern Semantic Web scenarios require reasoning algorithms to be flexible, modular, and highly-configurable. A solid approach, followed in the design of the most currently existing reasoners, is not sufficient when dealing with today's challenges of data analysis across multiple sources of heterogeneous data or when the data amount grows to the “Big Data” sizes. The “reasoning as a workflow” concept has attracted a lot of attention in the design of new-generation Semantic Web applications, offering a lot of opportunities to improve both flexibility and scalability of the reasoning process. Considering a single workflow component as a service offers a lot of opportunities for a reasoning algorithm to target a much wider range of potentially enabled Semantic Web use cases by taking benefits of a service-oriented and component-based implementation. We introduce a technique for developing service-oriented Semantic Reasoning applications based on the workflow concept. We also present the Large Knowledge Collider - a software platform for developing workflow-based Semantic Web applications, taking advantages of on-demand high performance computing and cloud infrastructures.

Service Patterns in the Process of Service-Oriented Development

Service Patterns in the Process of Service-Oriented Development