Trade In Services Research Articles

Komunikasi Interpersonal di Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagangan Provinsi Sumatera Barat

The purpose of this research is to find out and obtain information about employee interpersonal communication as seen from: (1) openness, (2) empathy, (3) support, (4) positive feelings and (5) equality in the Sumatra Province Industry and Trade Service West. The research questions are: how good is (1) openness, (2) empathy, (3) support, (4) positive feelings, and (5) equality in the West Sumatra Province Department of Industry and Trade. This type of research is descriptive quantitative with the population being all employees at the Department of Industry and Trade of West Sumatra Province, totaling 61 people. The instrument used was a questionnaire with a Likert scale model with five answer choices, namely always (SL), often (SR), sometimes (KD), rarely (JR), never (TP). Before the questionnaire was used, it was tested on 30 employees at the West Sumatra Province Transportation Service and processed using the SPSS version 27 program, the results were declared valid and reliable. Data is processed using the mean formula (average score). The results of processing the research data obtained can be seen from: (1) openness has been implemented well with an average score of 3.81, (2) Empathy has been implemented well with an average score of 3.82, (3) Support has been implemented well with an average score of 3.90, (4) Positive Feeling has been implemented well with an average score of 3.77 and (5) equality has been implemented well with an average score of 3.82. From the research results above, it can be concluded that interpersonal communication at the West Sumatra Province Department of Industry and Trade has been implemented well with an average score of 3.82.

From digitalization to green transformation: empirical evidence from RCEP’s industrial sectors

Within the context of global industrial chain reconfiguration, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) presents an array of collaborative opportunities for nations to foster industrial transformation. This study provides novel insights into the environmental implications of regional trade accords, focusing on the nexus between cross-border industrial integration, a hallmark of RCEP, and the advancement of green technologies within China’s manufacturing sectors. Utilizing panel data from 11 RCEP member countries spanning 2011–2019, we employ the fixed effect, mediating effect, and moderating effect models to evaluate the impact of service industry digitalization. Our findings indicate that while the digitalization of services under the RCEP significantly propels the green technology development in China’s manufacturing, this beneficial effect is dampened by increasingly rigid regulations governing digital services trade. The operational proficiency and innovative capacity of the manufacturing sector emerge as pivotal mediators in this dynamic. Conversely, the digitalization of service industries impedes the green transformation of technology-intensive manufacturing industries. Collectively, these insights elucidate the environmental repercussions of industrial digitization and affirm the environmental benefits of collaborative regional industrial chains.

Liberalizing Trade in Environmental Services to Support Environmental Goals

Despite a strong environmental and economic case for facilitating trade in services that serve an environmental purpose, and despite support by influential WTO members, past attempts to negotiate a liberalization of environmental services in a multilateral context have failed. Trade in services related to the environment can contribute to resource efficiency, to spreading technologies for the green transition, to the uptake and investment in environmental goods, and to low carbon development paths. We review the history of negotiations and identify the main problems faced by negotiators: an unclear scope and goal, an inflexible negotiating setup, poor management of sensitivities. We discuss advances in recent agreements such as the Agreement on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainability (ACCTS) and in regional organizations. We conclude by advancing possible solutions for successful negotiations on services related to the environment. A credible political narrative, a sound definition and a consensus on the scope, all aligned with clearly articulated environmental goals, would help to negotiate a list of environmental services in a flexible plurilateral negotiation set-up focused on environmental goals.

Intellectual Property Rights’ Trade Relevance

This article critically examines the intellectual property rights’ (IPRs’) trade relevance philosophy and its policy implications. Riding on the productivity and transportation convenience unleashed by the Industrial Revolution, the century-long evolution of the IPRs regime since the 1880s was both the driving force and result of a trade evolution that eventually grew into the World Trade Organization (WTO). The incorporation of IPRs into the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), however, is an ill-considered one. Private and negative IPRs – as expression of originality in arts and literature, inventions in products, and goodwill in marks evolve in trade for trade yet separate from goods and services in trade – are trade relevant, yet can be destructive without competition control. The structural complexity of TRIPS three-tiered exceptions – as to the rights, the use of rights, and rights’ sovereign implications – suggests that the TRIPS philosophy of the balance of rights and obligations is the essence of IPRs’ trade relevance. TRIPS’ IPRs incorporation, however, was ill-considered and IPRs’ trade relevance philosophy is underdefined. Absent of trade-accommodating competition control, IPRs are not trade-related, neither can rights and obligations be balanced, unless the dropped competition negotiation is duly resumed with a positive outcome.

Giving fish or teaching fishing? the impact of China’s foreign aid on digital service trade in belt and road initiative countries

This paper empirically analyzes the relationship between China’s foreign aid and the digital service trade of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries, using panel data from 2005 to 2017. We find that under the framework of the BRI, China’s foreign aid has a significantly positive impact on the digital service exports of recipient countries. This positive effect remains robust after addressing potential endogeneity concerns and conducting various robustness checks. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that Other Official Flows(OOF) is more effective than Official Development Assistance(ODA) in enhancing the digital service exports of recipient countries. Moreover, the positive impact of China’s foreign aid is particularly pronounced in high-income countries compared to middle- and low-income countries. Additionally, industry-level heterogeneity analysis shows that China’s foreign aid significantly promotes the export of “other business services.” In contrast, its impact on other industries is less evident. Finally, mechanism analysis indicates that the promotion of digital service exports by China’s foreign aid primarily operates through improvements in human capital and institutional quality in recipient countries.

Digital empowerment and trade-embodied carbon intensity: insights from value-added decomposition in services

Trade-related carbon emissions have emerged as a significant environmental challenge, yet strategies to mitigate their impact remain underexplored. This paper examines the role of digital empowerment in reducing the trade-embodied carbon intensity of services, with a focus on a value-added trade approach. Using panel data from 67 economies spanning from 1995 to 2018, this paper empirically demonstrates that digital empowerment significantly lowers trade-embodied carbon intensity in services. Key mechanisms driving this reduction include scale effects, intra-industry enhancements, and trade structure optimizations. Our findings reveal that both domestic and foreign digital empowerment sources positively impact trade-embodied carbon intensity reduction, with a more pronounced effect in developing economies compared to developed ones. This study advances the understanding of how the digital economy influences the carbon competitiveness of services and provides critical insights for policymakers in crafting service trade and green development strategies.

Business tool to revitalize interregional trade

The problem of international trade at the regional and country levels is considered. It is noted that after 2022, due to numerous sanctions, the geography of trade has undergone significant changes. The main trends in the development of trade for countries friendly and neutral in relation to Russia are determined. Statistics on the results of the Observatory of Economic Complexity for the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation are presented. The author notes that the statistical and scientific-methodological material of the Observatory of Economic Complexity is undeservedly little used in domestic practice. Based on the results of the study, the author reveals the possibility of widespread use of the described system by domestic economists and university professors. A number of issues for enhancing inter-country trade in goods and services were outlined. Particular attention is paid to the countries of the Global South. It is noted that there are opportunities to analyze trade between regions within a single country.

Sustainability and the WTO trading system

Abstract Trade has been closely intertwined with sustainable development since the early 1990s. From its inception, the World Trade Organization has served as an active agent for advancing trade while also promoting sustainable development. Several contemporary developments within the WTO system reflect the centrality of sustainable development in trade discussions. The conclusion of the multilateral fisheries subsidies agreement in 2021 is one example of a major accomplishment with sustainability at its core. The structured discussions on trade and environmental sustainability are focused on four key issues: trade in environmental goods and services, trade-related climate measures, circular economy, and subsidies. These discussions shine a welcome light on these linkages. In parallel, the WTO is host to the dialogues on ‘Plastics Pollution and Environmentally Sustainable Plastics Trade’ and ‘Fossil Fuel Subsidies Reform’. This article catalogues these developments, their priorities and their outcomes.

The Political Economy of Environmental Goods and Services: An Economic Nationalist Perspective

Since the launch of the Doha Development Round in 2001 and its subsequent Ministerial Declaration, the call has been made to member countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to develop negotiations to reduce or eliminate tariff and non-tariff barriers to environmental goods and services. However, multilateral consensus between countries has been very complex to achieve. Developing countries have interests that are cornerstones of their representations’ participation in the multilateral and plurilateral negotiations before the WTO. These countries justify their interests with arguments based on economic nationalism. Therefore, this research aims to answer the following research questions: Although countries are aware of the importance of liberalizing BSA trade in multi-level trade negotiations, states have been tempted to influence and intervene in their domestic economies and other nations’ economies on behalf of their interests. As a method, a comparative analysis will be conducted between developing countries’ commercial positions/interests vis-à-vis developed countries, supported by an exhaustive literary review of the various protectionist arguments used to justify their position of economic nationalism. The a priori expectation of the results developed in this research is that the various multilateral negotiations on trade in environmental goods and services have not considered the developing countries’ positions/interests. Therefore, proposals at the multilateral and plurilateral levels do not represent these countries’ interests to meet their Sustainable Development Goals, as well as their commitments to the Paris Agreement or other Multilateral Environmental Agreements.

Natural resource dependence and war nexus: new insights

ABSTRACT This paper examines the channels through which resource dependence affects the probability of war. We consider all types of war within a worldwide panel dataset of all countries and territories, spanning the period 1960-2022. We systematically estimate the probability of war using a set of economic and geographic characteristics, including democracy, demography, legal origin, militarism, and sectoral composition. Using a panel probit model, we find that natural resources rents, military expenditures, and the presence of a common law tradition significantly increase the probability of war occurrence. However, we notice that this probability is decreasing in the level of economic development and democratization, and with the size of the services sector and trade openness. We also find that the effect of resource dependence varies by level of economic development, continent, landlocked status, legal origin, colonial history, and war type with civil wars being the salient type. Overall, we provide novel and updated evidence on an important dimension of the vexing question of the so-called ‘resource curse’.

Assessing the Impact of ICT on Export Performance: A Comparative Analysis of ASEAN‐5 and Partner Countries

ABSTRACTThe study examines the effects of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on foreign trade in goods and services between ASEAN‐5 (Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia) and their trading partners. This research employs the System‐GMM estimation method to investigate the impacts of the ICT. The analysis is conducted using a panel dataset comprising of 5 exporting countries and 20 trading partner countries over the period of 2010–2023. ICT plays a crucial role in influencing the export performance of ASEAN‐5 countries overall, goods and services. First, various ICT variables have an impact on export. The fixed broadband subscriptions of ASEAN‐5 countries had a stronger positive effect on goods export compared to total export and services export. Moreover, the internet secure servers of importing countries only had a significantly influence on services export. Similarly, mobile cellular subscriptions of ASEAN‐5 countries showed a positive relationship with services export. Furthermore, mobile cellular subscriptions of trading partners had a more positive effect on total export and goods export than services export. Second, mobile cellular subscriptions and fixed broadband subscriptions had a stronger influence on export than internet secure servers. Finally, the individual regression estimation for each ASEAN‐5 member revealed that three ICT factors contributed to the increase in export volume in total, goods, and services between ASEAN‐5 countries and their trading partners. While ICT indicators had a stronger influence on export in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, they also had a significant and positive impact on export in Thailand and Vietnam. The research objective is to assess the impact of ICT application on ASEAN‐5 trade by measuring the influence of the ICT index on trade flows in goods and services. First, it analyses the differential impacts of ICT on total export, goods exports, and services exports of ASEAN‐5 to their trading partner countries. Second, it compares the differences in effects of total export, goods exports, and services exports between five ASEAN member countries. Finally, the study has important implications for the governments of Southeast Asian countries in proposing ICT development policies, contributing to international trade development and economic growth.

Analisis Tindak Pidana Secara Bersama-Sama Tanpa Hak Menggunakan Merek Orang Lain

With the development of trade in goods and services, trademarks play a crucial role in identifying products. Trademarks are graphical signs, including logos, names, words, letters, symbols, numbers, arrangements, and colors, used in the trade of goods or services. Given the increasing number of human needs, it is unsurprising that counterfeiting of trademarks by irresponsible individuals has become a concern, affecting both the utility and quality of the goods they sell. The purpose of this study is to analyze criminal acts related to the unauthorized use of other people's brands, focusing on case number 84/PID. B/2023.PN.Smg and case number 892/Pid. B/2020.PN. The benefit of this research is to contribute to the development of criminal law, particularly in the juridical analysis of trademark crime cases. The research method used in this study is qualitative descriptive, utilizing a theoretical approach to trademark studies, judges' considerations, and rulings in trademark abuse cases. The study revealed that in both rulings, the defendants were proven to have violated trademark rights by producing counterfeit trademarks, leading consumers to purchase these goods at the same price as genuine ones, but with inferior quality. The perpetrators gained personal benefits from the misuse of the trademarks.

INFLUENCE OF POLITICAL RELATIONS ON FOREIGN TRADE TRADE OF SPECIAL PURPOSE PRODUCTS

International trade is the main driving force of economic development. It appears as a sphere of international economic relations and is formed from trade in goods and services from all countries of the world. However, international trade is most influenced by political relations in the world. The model of behavior on the political scene in the last thirty years is based on setting unacceptable conditions in the political, economic and military segments, which deviate from defined and generally accepted international relations, neglect of interests and gross interference in the internal affairs of small and underdeveloped countries. In the context of the above, the export of special purpose products (weapons and military equipment) has become a problematic economic activity. On the one hand, Western countries, led by the United States of America (USA), are supplying weapons and military equipment to Ukraine as "help in curbing Russian aggression." On the other hand, countries like Serbia are in an unenviable situation because they have something to export, but it is impossible due to the happenings on the political scene. Since Russia and Ukraine did not recognize the independence of Kosovo, Serbia cannot export weapons and military equipment to those countries, so it is forced to turn to other markets and customers.

An Impact of Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness on Fruit Imports in Southeast Asian Countries

An Impact of Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness on Fruit Imports in Southeast Asian Countries

Analizing Land Use Change and Direction for Controling Space Utilization at Industrial Area of Kasemen District, Serang City

The determination of industrial estates in Kasemen District has a significant influence on the area around the industrial area, especially on agricultural land, public green open spaces (RTH), and river borders around the industrial area. The methodology used in this study is the industrial location theory analysis method, the spatial analysis method of overlaying land use maps with spatial pattern maps of RTRW Serang City using QGis media, the method of analyzing the impact of determining industrial locations using leopod matrix, and the AHP SWOT method to analyze the direction of control. The location of the determination of industrial estates has been in accordance with the industrial location theory, changes in land use before and after the establishment of the RTRW regional regulation show a reduction in agricultural and fishery land, but the built-up land and mangrove forest land have increased and new land use has emerged including industrial land, service trade land. The identification of land use change occurred from 2009, 2016 to 2023. The results of the study show that the largest change in agricultural land use occurred in 2009 - 2016 of 833 hectares, while in 2016 - 2023 it was 90 hectares of land area in Kasemen District. This shows that after the establishment of the Serang City RTRW Regional Regulation, land changes in agricultural areas can be reduced to 0.01%.

The Design of Autocratic Trade Agreements: Economic Integration and Political Survival

Abstracts The number of preferential trade agreements signed among non-democratic states (autocratic PTAs) has grown significantly over the last decades. Trade policy scholarship remains silent on the institutional design of these autocratic economic arrangements. In this paper, we explore the core institutional characteristic of autocratic PTAs—their depth. It has been shown that many North–South and, increasingly, South–South PTAs tend to be deep, yet the depth of PTAs comprised of autocratic members remains puzzling, as government elites are faced with competing pressures for economic integration and political survival. We argue that autocratic PTAs tend to have considerable depth when it comes to the coverage of certain trade-plus issues, such as investment and trade-in services, due to the desire of government elites to attract trade and investment and enhance the ruling regime's legitimacy and political survival. However, dispute settlement provisions that could breach domestic political autonomy are carefully eschewed. We also expect to see higher levels of agreement flexibility in deep autocratic PTAs, reflecting autocrats’ dual interests in economic openness and political control. We test these expectations using data from the Design of Trade Agreements Database and we carry out interviews with trade officials to clarify the mechanisms at work.

EXPLORING VILLAGE ECONOMIC POTENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF VILLAGE-OWNED ENTERPRISE (BUMDES): CASE STUDY BUMDES AMANAH WONOSARI, GUNUNGKIDUL

The village is deliberated as the smallest government organization that has the closest association with the community and various potentials as an economy driver towards sustainable development. The economic capability that exists in Gunungkidul Regency refers to economic potential that can be developed to become a source of livelihood for the village. Village-Owned Enterprise or BUMDes is a business entity owned by the village, which was initiated as an effort to improve the welfare of the village’s people. BUMDes AMANAH was assigned in carrying out business activities, which are waste management, goods and services trading, and tourism. From the economic potential analysis of villages in Piyaman District, Piyaman, Wonosari, Gunungkidul, sectors that are covered are agriculture, agro-industry, agribusiness, crafts, natural beauty and educational tourism. This study employs qualitative research, which aims to describe and explain the natural data obtained thatput the researcher as the key instrument. Data collection with purposive sample and snowball resulting in an emphasis on generalization implication, and data quotations from facts revealed in the field, to be later presented in reports. Meanwhile, the existing business units require optimization efforts in various way to be sustainably implemented with strategies set based on internal and external constraints. Service optimization on existing business units require new breakthroughs in increasing revenue. Efforts to increase the capacity of Human Resources in managing BUMDes are also required. The role of the village government and full support for the progress of BUMDes are counted, by providing policies in business unit development and facilitation as well as reinforcing collaboration with Pentahelix synergy.

Market Operations are Carried Out by the Trade Service As an Effort to Overcome Inflation and Stability of Staple Food Prices in the Balikpapan City Community

This study analyzes the role of Market Operations carried out by the Balikpapan City Trade Office in an effort to maintain the stability of staple food prices and reduce the impact of inflation. Using a qualitative approach through interviews and observations, this study was conducted to evaluate whether the activity was effective in stabilizing staple food prices and increasing people's purchasing power. This study shows that Market Operations make a significant contribution to the provision of staple food at affordable prices, as well as increasing access for lower-middle class groups. This study suggests the need to increase the frequency and reach of market operations as part of regional economic policies in order to achieve better food security in Balikpapan City.

Research on the International Competitiveness of China’s Foreign Cultural Trade

The high-quality development of foreign cultural trade is conducive to the better construction of a new development pattern and the building of a strong cultural country, while international competitiveness is a key indicator for measuring the high-quality development of foreign cultural trade. The article utilizes the relevant data of world cultural trade from 2013 to 2022, describes the development status of China's foreign cultural trade in terms of the scale, structure and competitiveness of the trade, measures the MS, RCA and TC of the international competitiveness of China's cultural trade and that of some other countries, and compares and evaluates the competitiveness of cultural trade of each country through the entropy weight TOPSIS method. The study shows that compared with other countries, China has obvious advantages in the competitiveness of cultural products trade, while the development of cultural services trade is relatively lagging behind and weak. As a result, the article puts forward relevant suggestions to improve the international competitiveness of China's foreign cultural trade, and then promote the high-quality development of China's foreign cultural trade.

Performance of the Trade Service Regarding Supervision of Subsidized Fertilizer Distribution in Balikpapan City

This study aims to evaluate the Performance of the Balikpapan City Trade Office in supervising the distribution of subsidized fertilizers, which is an important element in supporting the agricultural sector and food security. Subsidized fertilizers play a role in providing access to farmers to obtain fertilizers at affordable prices, but challenges such as uncertainty of supply and uneven distribution are still problems. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection through documentation and interviews. The results of the study indicate that the trade office has implemented integrated and comprehensive supervision standards, including planning, implementation, and monitoring of fertilizer distribution. Although there has been progress in the availability of fertilizers, the evaluation indicates the need for improvements in inter-agency cooperation and distribution systems to increase the effectiveness of supervision. With reports on the circulation of fake fertilizers, the Trade Office conducts direct supervision at kiosks and farmer groups and coordinates with related agencies to ensure effective distribution