FDI In Services Research Articles

Evaluation of Clinical Outcomes of Veneers Made at Kurdistan Board of Restorative Dentistry/ Sulaymaniyah Center; A Retrospective Study

Objective: To evaluate veneers made at Kurdistan board of restorative dentistry/ Sulaymaniyah center, regarding their mechanical (debonding, marginal adaptation, and fracture of restorations), biological (gingival index, gingival recession, postoperative sensitivity, and secondary caries), and esthetical (color matching, with marginal discoloration) qualities. 
 Methods: One hundred and ten units of veneers applied to 15 patients were selected and evaluated according to clinical evaluation parameters from modified United States public health service criteria (USPHS) and FDI criteria. After signing informed consent, each patient was recalled and had the mechanical, biological, and esthetic aspects of their veneers clinically examined by the dental mirror, sharp explorer, periodontal probe, and visual inspection.
 Results: Overall, the veneers made at the Kurdistan board of restorative dentistry/ Sulaymaniyah center were considered to be successful restorations with a high survival rate (97.2%) as only three veneers were found to have failed. And most of the patients, n= 94 (85.4%), were very satisfied with the color of their restorations. A total of 45 units of veneers (40.9%) were found to have mild gingivitis, while 14 units of veneers (12.7%) were found to have postoperative sensitivity. Only seven units of veneers (6.3%) were found to have secondary caries. 
 Conclusions: Veneers made and fitted in the Kurdistan board of restorative dentistry/ Sulaymaniyah center were found to have an acceptable prognosis and longevity regarding their success rate and patient satisfaction.

Research on the Impact of FDI in Producer Services on Carbon Emissions

Under the background of global warming, how to reduce carbon emissions and realize green and sustainable development in China is worth exploring. Firstly, this paper makes theoretical analysis, and considers that FDI in producer services can reduce the carbon emission of manufacturing industry by optimizing the input structure of manufacturing industry, improving the productivity and technical level, and enhancing the management ability and resource allocation ability of manufacturing enterprises. Then, using the panel data of China’s industries from 2004 to 2014, this paper uses two-way FE method to carry out empirical test, and finds that the increase of FDI in producer services can significantly reduce carbon emissions. Therefore, it is necessary to actively guide multinational corporations to invest in China’s producer services industry, to promote green and sustainable economic development.

What matters most for FDI attraction in services: country or region performance? An empirical analysis of EU for 1997–2012

The European Union is highly attractive for FDI in services but investment is unevenly distributed across EU countries and regions. This paper explores the issue of disentangling national and regional factors in the location choices of service FDI in the EU for the period 1997–2012. Using a dynamic panel Poisson model, our results support the conclusion by Casi and Resmini (Pap Reg Sci 93(S1):51–78, 2014) that both national and regional performances are considered by foreign investors in services when making their location decisions. However, we emphasize that the interplay between regional and national determinants is not straightforward and varies greatly between sectors and groups of countries. In this respect, the business services sector is close neither to the industrial sector nor to the other services sector, whatever the kind of country: those sectors cannot be considered as a single entity when trying to understand FDI location in services. A similar conclusion can be reached about the location in a region within the EU: depending on whether it belongs to the most attractive group of countries or not for service FDI, the combination of regional and national performances under consideration is not the same for investors. Therefore, implementing uniform economic policies across sectors and places to attract service FDI is likely to be inefficient. Policymakers should design specific measures depending on the type of services they wish to attract and should take into account the characteristics of the area at subnational, national or EU level.

Sectoral FDI inflows and domestic investments in Pakistan

In this paper, for the first time, we analyze the relation of sectoral FDI with domestic investment in Pakistan by using ARDL cointegration technique over a period of 1980–2012. Empirical findings show that aggregate FDI crowd in domestic investment, however, the effects of aggregate FDI on domestic investment in Pakistan cannot be generalized. The impact of FDI on domestic investment varies across sectors. The empirical findings in the study at sectoral level suggests that FDI in manufacturing and services sectors crowd in domestic investment while FDI in primary sector assert insignificant impact on domestic investment in Pakistan. Analyzing the reverse causal impact running from domestic investment to FDI, this study confirm that domestic investment is important in attracting FDI across the board in all the three sectors i.e. primary, manufacturing and services sectors. The positive role of FDI in manufacturing and services sectors and supportive role of indigenous investment infrastructure is of utmost importance for FDI to promote domestic investment in Pakistan.

Empirical Analysis on Causation among Service FDI, Service Trade and Economic Growth: Evidence form Korea

Empirical Analysis on Causation among Service FDI, Service Trade and Economic Growth: Evidence form Korea 의 이용 수, 등재여부, 발행기관, 저자, 초록, 목차, 참고문헌 등 논문에 관한 다양한 정보 및 관련논문 목록과 논문의 분야별 BEST, NEW 논문 목록을 확인 하실 수 있습니다.

FDI, service intensity, and international marketing agility

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a nuanced understanding of international marketing agility by connecting organizational capability literature with that of standardization and adaptation. The focus of the research is to clarify whether managing the tension between product standardization and service customization generates an extra premium in international markets.Design/methodology/approachTwo disaggregated Chinese data sets, the Annual Survey of Industrial Enterprises and the China Customs Database, are used for developing an econometric model. Export quality improvement is the outcome variable in reflecting the effect of international marketing agility on performance.FindingsInternational marketing agility is reached through upstream FDI intensity, particularly in the context of service FDI. Manufacturing sectors with higher service intensity have more agility, being more likely to generate export quality.Research limitations/implicationsThis study makes three theoretical contributions by clarifying the concept of international marketing agility as an organizational capability generated by manufacturing standardization and service customization; investigating the influence of upstream FDI intensity for export quality while taking into account the industry contexts; and obtaining an enhanced understanding of the service intensity of manufacturing firms on export quality.Originality/valueThe authors offer a nuanced and contextualized understanding of international marketing agility and explore the complex relationships between FDI, service intensity and export quality.

The impact of FDI on host countries: the analysis of selected service industries in the Visegrad countries

Foreign direct investments are substantial in the services sector in the Visegrad countries. In this article, we analyse the impact of FDI on the host economy in four selected service industries in two areas: export and employment. FDI in the four selected service industries differ in terms of their vertical or horizontal nature: in business services FDI is predominantly vertical; in financial services and telecommunications it is predominantly horizontal; while in computer-related service activities both types can be found. According to our results, the impact on the host economy differs in the four service industries. We found a positive and significant impact on exports in vertical business services and in horizontal telecommunications services, and on employment in business services and, to a lesser extent, in financial services. The positive impact either diminished or disappeared during the global recession of 2008–2009. The comparison of the four Visegrad countries demonstrates the heterogeneous intensity and significance of this impact, indicating their different specialisations in the analysed services industries.

The ladder of internationalization modes: evidence from European firms

How do firms enter international markets? To answer this question, this paper uses a unique multi-country firm-level dataset which, besides direct exporting and FDI, provides explicit information on a number of internationalization modes: indirect exporting, outsourced manufacturing and service FDI. We present a theoretical framework in which modes requiring higher and higher commitment have progressively higher fixed and lower marginal costs. By estimating multinomial and ordered logit models, we present evidence in line with such a sorting framework with respect to TFP and innovativeness. We identify three ’clusters’ of modes: indirect exporters are similar to non-exporters, direct exporters and outsourced manufacturers constitute a second cluster while service and manufacturing FDI are the most demanding internationalization modes.

Does offshore outsourcing impact home employment? Evidence from service multinationals

This paper investigates the impact of offshore outsourcing across 5746 European service multinational enterprises (MNEs) on employment at home. We estimate labour demand equations and specifically isolate the global financial crisis (GFC) by undertaking analysis through our longitudinal 19-year panel data, separately for the pre- (1997–2007) and crisis period (2008–2016). We distinguish between offshoring to high and low income countries, as well as between service industry groups. We show that there is some evidence that offshoring by location intensive service firms is associated with employment growth at home during the crisis period, while offshoring in information intensive industries in high income countries is associated with a reduction in employment at home, as firms offshore to be nearer to the client. Overall, our findings suggest that the crisis period has lessened the impact of offshoring service FDI on employment at home.

FDI and Trade in Services Towards Sustainable Economic Growth

The paper empirically investigates the inter-linkage between FDI inflow and international trade in service sector in India. Service sector emerges as the fastest growing sector worldwide during current phase of globalization, contributing more than 60 percent of output and almost 35 percent of trade in global economy. The sector also accounted for 63 percent of global stock of FDI. With hosting a large amount of FDI inflow, Indian service sector is also identified globally due to its substantial improvement in growth and export in international market. So there needs a study to explore the theoretically established causal relationship between FDI inflow and international trade in services towards sustainable and service led economic growth in India. The authors collect monthly data from DIPP, Government of India and RBI over a globally witnessed emerging period from January 2009 to June 2016 and apply ADF and PP unit root tests followed by least square estimation after testing the seasonal effects. Their findings imply unidirectional causality between FDI inflow and export Indian services.

Inversión Extranjera Directa y empleo en México: análisis sectorial

The aim of the paper is to determine the effect of foreign direct investment in labor in economic sectors of Mexico, economy that since the late nineties receives substantial foreign capital flows as part of increasing globalization. Despite the significant participation of foreign investment in second sector, the direct labor created have been limited compared to the service sector who had received less amounts of this type of investment. The analysis is performed for the period 1980-2014, following a cointegration methodology which includes estimation of short run error coefficients. Decapitalization and return problems have originated that primary sector became a net ejector of workforce. It is found that fdi employment elasticity in primary activities is negative. Also, it is observed a relative low growth of employment in industrial sector and a faster growth in service sector. Similarly, the long term response of employment to changes in fdi is higher in tertiary sector than in secondary. However, in the short run industrial fdi has a positive effect bigger than services fdi. Actually, foreign investment tends to destabilize further the employment in the tertiary sector. In any case, fdi is fundamental to the sectoral distribution of employment in Mexico, both in the short and long terms.

Japan's Oligopolies: Potential Gains from Third Arrow Reforms

Progress has been made in economic reform under the Abenomics first (monetary policy) and second (taxation reform) arrows. The third, which emphasises structural reforms, has been more politically difficult, thus far yielding mixed results. This paper explores the gains that are possible from the labour market, tax and competition reforms embodied in the third arrow program. Economic rents and industry concentration levels are first identified from Nikkei firm specific data and used to construct an economy-wide model that represents oligopoly behaviour and its regulation explicitly. The analysis finds that modest gains in efficiency are available labour growth and, when it is accompanied by corporate governance reform, the switch between company and consumption taxation. Larger gains are shown to be available from active competition policy and, particularly, from productivity enhancing FDI in services. Central to the results is that a resurgent Japanese economy requires efficiency improvements that raise home rates of return and rebalance its large home and foreign asset portfolio toward home investment and capital growth.

The nexus between sectoral FDI and institutional quality: empirical evidence from Pakistan

ABSTRACTThis study investigates short- and long-run bidirectional causality between institutional quality and sectoral-level FDI in Pakistan by using the ARDL technique. The results confirm that long-run bidirectional causality exists between institutional quality and aggregate FDI. The in-depth sectoral-level FDI analysis substantiates the presence of long-run bidirectional causality between institutional quality and FDI in services and manufacturing sectors, while no long-run causality is observed between institutional quality and FDI inflows in primary sector. Furthermore, the results in the study reveal short-run bidirectional causality only between institutional quality and manufacturing FDI and report insignificant short-run causal link between institutional quality and FDI in primary and services sectors. The overall findings of the study suggest that in the long-run institutional quality attract FDI and FDI inflows, particularly to manufacturing and services sectors, significantly enhance the quality of institutions in Pakistan.

Trade Liberalization and Aftermarket Services for Imports

We analyze the provision of repair services (aftermarket services that are required for a certain fraction of durable units after sales) through an international duopoly model in which a domestic firm and a foreign firm compete in the domestic market. Trade liberalization in goods, if not accompanied by the liberalization of service FDI, induces the domestic firm to establish service facilities for repairing the foreign firm's products. This weakens the firms' competition in the product market, and the resulting anti-competitive effect hurts consumers and reduces world welfare. Despite the anti-competitive effect, trade liberalization may also hurt the foreign firm because the repairs reduce the sales of the imported good in the product market. Liberalization of service FDI helps resolve the problem because it induces the foreign firm to establish service facilities for its own products.

Does Mining FDI Crowd in Other Investments? Investigation of FDI Intersectoral Linkages

This paper analyzes whether mining FDI ‘crowds in’ or ‘out’ FDI in other sectors via intersectoral linkages. It utilizes a novel data set covering an unbalanced panel of sector-disaggregated FDI flows for 70 countries during the period from 1985 to 2010. Results show differential effects of mining FDI on FDI in other sectors (manufacturing, financial services, non-financial services) and across country groups. Some of the most interesting results are seen in the high-income countries group, where mining FDI is observed to have a crowding-out effect on financial services FDI, and in the lower middle-income countries group, where mining FDI is observed to crowd in both manufacturing and financial services FDI.

Greenfield FDI and skill upgrading: A polarized issue

AbstractOutbound FDI is often accused of increasing income inequality in developed countries by shifting labour demand from low‐skilled towards high‐skilled workers (wage polarization). In response, we employ data on greenfield FDI that, in contrast to M&As, may be more clearly linked to skill upgrading. Our data also delineate greenfield FDI by sector, function and destination, allowing us to control for different motives and skill intensities for 17 developed countries for 2003–2005. We find that greenfield FDI in support services, e.g., back and front office services, induces polarized skill upgrading, benefitting high‐skilled workers at the expense of medium‐skilled workers, thereby polarizing wages.

Firm Heterogeneity and FDI in Distribution Services

AbstractDistribution services play a large role in intermediating production and consumption across borders. Using firm‐level data on Japanese multinationals in wholesale and retail sectors, this study examines FDI decisions of distribution firms for local distribution services at the extensive and intensive margin. Consistent with the model of heterogeneous firms on multinational production, I find that more productive multinationals are more likely than less productive multinationals to enter a larger number of markets, to penetrate less attractive markets and to generate larger sales per each market. While these findings are consistent with previous evidence on manufacturing multinationals, I find some distinctive determinants of FDI in distribution services.

The Role of Transnational Corporations in Infrastructure in Developing Countries. Background Paper and Liiterature Survey

During the 1980s and 1990s, given an increasingly disappointing performance of many state-owned monopolies, an old paradigm of the provision of infrastructural services by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) had been replaced by a new one, that is, the private provision of infrastructure services. The new paradigm was manifested by the deregulation of service markets and massive privatization (or so called commercialization) of SOEs in developed in and many developing and transition countries. In privatizing infrastructure, many countries turned to foreign investors for participation in sales of SOEs (especially countries in Latin America and Africa as well as transition countries) or for undertaking greenfield investment (Asia). FDI in infrastructure, especially in telecommunication and electricity, surged during the 1990s, fuelling FDI in general and further increasing the role of services in worldwide FDI. Foreign involvement in some infrastructure industries (roads, railways, airports and airport management, water and waste management) has taken the form of non-equity arrangements (such as concessions, leases or BOT arrangements) that go unrecorded by FDI statistics. Ten years after the infrastructure FDI peak, reports on disillusionment and disappointment with many projects on the part of all stakeholders ― foreign investors, governments and the public ― multiplied. The period of cooling of and perhaps reflection followed. FDI subsided, partly because many countries completed privatization programmes and there were few new candidates to initiate new privatizations and, partly, because of greater caution of stakeholders. Investors (both TNCs and financiers ― large projects are often financed by consortia) lost some appetite for investment in infrastructure. Governments were caught between huge investment needs, far exceeding the capacity of the public purse, and disappointment of parts of populations with expensive and often unaffordable (though in most cases better than before) services, especially for the poor. The paper examines various forms of TNC involvement in infrastructure in host countries, including non-equity forms, and documents the growth and decline of FDI in infrastructure. It then discusses positive and negative consequences of FDI for developing and transition countries, offering an explanation for discontent surrounding FDI in infrastructure services. Noting that TNCs participated in over 85% of private infrastructure projects in the developing world, the paper concludes by reviewing policies to benefit from FDI in infrastructure and to address concerns related to this FDI.

The Liberalization of Retail Services in India

Despite the recent controversy about opening up the distribution sector to foreign retailers, there is political will that remains in favor of pushing through reforms in India. In this paper, we quantify the economic impact of the removal of barriers to foreign investment in multi-brand retailing on different stakeholders using a newly developed general equilibrium model. The model accounts explicitly for both foreign direct investment and the activities of foreign affiliates using heterogeneous production technologies. We find that the unilateral reduction of barriers to FDI in distribution services in India benefits the economy as a whole, consumers, and foreign producers but hurts domestic distributors. Nevertheless, when we consider the associated productivity improvements documented in the literature to downstream and upstream industries, we find that domestic producers are expected to benefit from the liberalization of the distribution sector as well.

How Far Away is an Intangible? Services FDI and Distance

AbstractForeign direct investment (FDI) in services has grown significantly in recent years. Evidence of spatial relationships in FDI decisions have been provided for goods manufacturing by utilising physical distance‐based measures of trade costs. This paper investigates spatial interactions for services FDI using several distance measures, including physical distance, genetic distance and transport time. Across different measures of distance, the traditional determinants of outbound FDI activity remain valid for services. We also find spatial interdependence for services FDI that is generally supportive of export‐platform FDI.