Exports Of Services Research Articles

The Role of Services Exports in Economic Growth: A Comparative Study of India and China

The Role of Services Exports in Economic Growth: A Comparative Study of India and China

Analysis of Tourism’s Impact on the Economy, Employment, and Export Potential of Kazakhstan

In Kazakhstan, the tourism sector exhibits significant potential to contribute to the national economy through its influence on employment dynamics, gross value added, and trade balances. However, challenges such as gender disparities in employment and varying contributions to goods and services exports highlight the need for deeper analysis. This study aimed to examine the impact of tourism on Kazakhstan’s economy, focusing on employment trends, gross value added, and trade performance. The data from 2012 to 2022 provided by the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan were analyzed using the ARIMA model. The analysis showed that the average value added from tourism (GVAT) over the period amounted to 2,050.5 billion tenge, peaking at 3,270.1 billion tenges in 2022. The share of GVAT in GDP ranged from 2.9% to 4.1%, confirming its stable contribution to the economy. Foreign tourists' spending significantly contributed to GVAT growth, while domestic spending had a minimal impact. Key findings revealed stable growth in tourism’s contribution to GDP and employment, with significant disparities in male and female employment trends, particularly in recent years. The findings of the study emphasize the need to attract high-spending tourists, promote gender equality in employment, and expand exports of services as key areas for sustainable tourism growth in Kazakhstan. In future studies, it is proposed that the impact of environmental factors on tourism development and gender barriers to employment be studied in depth.

Export of Medical Services in the Tyumen Region: Nosological Analysis for 2023

Introduction. Since 2019, the export of Russian medical services has been realized in accordance with the “Development of the export of medical services” regional project that is being implemented in 70 subjects of the Russian Federation. This initiative has drawn significant interest from the scientific community, particularly regarding the strategies developed by various regions to promote inbound medical tourism and export of medical services. While much of the focus has been on the export potential and programs aimed at attracting foreign patients, there is a scarcity of studies of nosologies, or medical specialties, which are the basis of the strategy for regional export of medical services.The goals of the study were to analyze the export of medical services in the Tyumen Region in the context of export-oriented medical specialties in demand from foreign citizens, to determine the strategic significance of certain medical specialties within the export system, as well as to identify the strategic development of their export potential upon graphical data. As statistical report on the export of medical services for this year is unified, this study aims at setting the standard for nosological analysis for regional management teams involved in project implementation.Results and conclusion. The study was based on the data on the export of medical services in the Tyumen region for 2023. The work discusses revenue by sources of financing, including the types of medical care (inpatient, outpatient, and day hospital). Average costs of medical care and medical specialties being of particular interest for the development of regional export programs not only in terms of profitability but also with focus on the burden on the healthcare system, were identified. The possible strategies for developing the potential of certain medical specialties were determined by the method of graphical analysis.

ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ ОБЪЁМА ТОВАРООБОРОТА ТРАНСПОРТНО-ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКИХ УСЛУГ РОССИИ СО СТРАНАМИ ЕАЭС

This article deals with the statistical analysis of the volume of trade turnover of transport and logistics services of the EAEU member countries. Econometric models have been built for forecasting purposes on the basis of the quarterly data from the first quarter of 2020 to the second quarter of 2024 on the export and import of transport and logistics services of Russia with the EAEU countries. The quality assessment of the models has been carried out and the forecast has been made for the third quarter of 2024

Exploring the prospects of services-led development for the Philippines

The growing importance of the services sector has prompted an examination of possible pathways to maximize its impact, particularly on the quality of economic growth. Some emphasize promoting job creation and exports in the sector, in addition to ensuring that the services requirements of the rest of the economy are met. Others argue that the potential for services-led development depends on being able to replicate the features of industrialization by leveraging trade, technology, training, and targeting. There are also proponents of more active strategies on the demand side of labor markets. This paper discusses the interrelated issues the country must address in pursuing economic transformation through services. Priority actions include boosting productivity, expanding services outside the National Capital Region, implementing structural reform, strengthening exports of digital services, accelerating digitalization, and increasing innovation. For the Philippines, harnessing services to achieve broad-based and inclusive growth should be the essence of services-led development.

Advanced services as a new frontier for China’s value chain cooperation with European manufacturing

This article presents a cross-sectoral analysis of service flows, with a particular emphasis on technologically advanced services, from China to the European manufacturing sector. The research question examines the extent to which the increasing integration of Chinese technologically advanced services into European manufacturing aligns with China’s internal trends in servicification and its strategic agenda for expanding service exports within global value chains. Employing input-output modelling, the study demonstrates China’s expanding role as a supplier of technologically advanced services to European manufacturing and identifies specific industries within Europe that exhibit the highest dependency on Chinese services.

Assessment of the economic and social impact of digitalization in Ukraine: a comprehensive analysis

This article provides a thorough analysis of the economic and social criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of digitalization in Ukraine. It particularly focuses on the relationship between the investment attractiveness of the digital sector and bridging the digital divide in society. Empirical data on the economic efficiency of digital transformations are analysed, including budget savings from the implementation of digital platforms and the growth of IT service exports. The analysis of statistical data reveals significant regional and social disparities in access to digital services. It establishes that the level of internet penetration in rural areas (45.8%) lags considerably behind that of urban areas (78.3%), posing risks of deepening socio-economic stratification in society. The phenomenon of duality in digital transformation in Ukraine is explored, characterized by the simultaneous existence of progressive trends (development of the IT sector, implementation of electronic services) and regressive trends (digital divide, uneven development). A paradoxical situation is identified, where high indicators of IT sector development coexist with significant internal disparities in regional digital progress. The public perception of digital innovations amid martial law is analysed, highlighting increased trust in government digital services, as evidenced by over 20 million users engaging with the “Diia” platform. However, concerns regarding cybersecurity and personal data protection are also noted. The study emphasizes the need to transform approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of digitalization, focusing on qualitative parameters of digital service usage and the development of citizens’ digital competencies. Conceptual foundations for improving state digitalization policy aimed at ensuring digital inclusion and overcoming regional disparities are proposed. The scientific novelty of the research lies in developing a comprehensive approach to assessing digitalization effectiveness that integrates economic and social criteria. The practical significance of the findings pertains to their potential use in enhancing state digital transformation policy during martial law and in the context of Euro integration processes.

Legal regulation of IT employees

This article is aimed at studying the labour regulation of IT workers in the context of labour law. Particular attention is paid to issues related to remote work, flexible working and conditions that are typical in this area. Many aspects are devoted to the analysis of the employment contract, especially in the context of the growing demand for IT specialists and new forms of employment. The issue of flexible working hours for IT employees is one of the most important, as this area of work requires more adapted conditions aimed at ensuring a balance between professional duties and personal life. The availability of opportunities for remote work or flexible working requires certain changes in labour legislation. It is important to define not only the rights and obligations of the parties to labour relations, but also the conditions for the proper protection of such rights, in particular in terms of occupational health and safety, confidentiality of information, social guarantees, and liability for breach of employment duties. Most IT employees prefer civil law contracts, as they offer more benefits and flexibility than labour law in some aspects. However, it is necessary to analyse both contracts in detail and understand that this form of cooperation can lead to social insecurity for employees, as they do not have the rights provided for by labour law. Many employees choose gig contracts, which offer new opportunities but also have their limitations, especially social guarantees and the lack of guaranteed salary. The IT sector involves intellectual property, trade secrets and other confidential information, which requires appropriate legal regulation. To ensure the protection of confidentiality, it is important to define the rights and obligations of employees in the employment contract and internal labour regulations. Failure to comply with confidentiality terms can lead to legal consequences and a negative reputation for the employee and the employer. Another important aspect is occupational health and safety, especially when working remotely. The issue of labour protection in the context of remote work is not sufficiently regulated in labour legislation, so employers need to conduct appropriate briefings, especially in the context of martial law. In Ukraine, the IT sector continues to be important for the economy, contributing about 5% of GDP, but exports of IT services have declined during the war. The process of European integration will contribute to the development of the IT sector, as well as change the legal and economic situation, which will directly affect the working conditions, rights and obligations of IT professionals in Ukraine. Ukraine’s accession to the EU creates new opportunities for IT workers, such as career growth, improving their skills and access to European labour markets. However, this process also requires significant changes in national legislation to adapt to European standards.

Effects of Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness on Tax Earnings: A Study of Selected Sub-Saharan African Economies

Every economy’s prosperity is determined by the quantity of tax income it receives. Over the years, studies have demonstrated that inflows from foreign investments and openness to international trade are important contributors to a country’s tax income. Based on this assumption, this study seeks to examine the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and open trade on tax income in a number of sub-Saharan African nations. The World Bank Development Indicators data on tax revenue, FDI, exports, imports, and exchange rates from 1990 to 2022 are used in the study. We also use the pooled mean group/panel autoregressive distributed lag approach to examine the data gathered for this inquiry. The results reveal that, in the long term, FDI has a significant negative impact on tax income; nevertheless, in the short run, Ghana’s tax revenue collection suffers while other nations profit from FDI. The results reveal that Nigeria’s exporting is detrimental to tax revenue collection, but South Africa’s export of goods and services is beneficial. However, imports and currency rates benefit Nigeria, Ghana, and South Africa in the near term. Thus, the research suggests improving tax rules and administration to prevent the movement of resources by foreign investors out of the host countries in order to avoid the imposition of huge tax burdens on their firms. Countries with low exports, such as Nigeria, are urged to enhance local manufacturing to meet international export standards in order to alleviate the continual negative balance of payments, which is primarily fixed by the adequate export of products and services.

History of international relations development among Russia and African countries in the beginning of the XXI century

Dynamics of economic relations development among Russia and African countries in the beginning of the 21st century has been analyzed. At that time there was the economic relations strengthening among Russia and African countries, which was caused by several factors: 1) the interest of Russian companies in the resource potential of Africa; 2) the support of the Government of the Russian Federation for the export of goods and services to African countries; 3) the growth of trade among Russia and African countries; 4) the increase in investments of Russian companies in African countries. At the beginning of the 21st century, Russia and African countries strengthened their cooperation in the economic sphere. It had a positive impact on both sides, contributing to African countries development and Russian companies’ expansion in this market, and strengthening regional stability. Acting on the dual front of bilateral diplomacy and multilateralism, Russia, through the BRICS forum, must find its place on the continent. Central Africa has strengthened its economic relations with China, India, and Brazil while developing its own activities on the continent.

Stock Market Response to Exchange Rate in Nigeria

This study seeks to determine the response of Nigeria stock market to fluctuations in exchange rate. The stock market is decomposed into Market Capitalization, All Share Index, and Volume of Transactions. Secondary data were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and the World Development Index (WDI) covering the period under study (2002-2020) for this study. The analytical technique used was Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) multiple regression analysis with series of preliminary and diagnostic tests. The findings revealed that the Real Exchange Rate has a positive and significant impact on Market Capitalization while it demonstrated a negative and significant effect on All Shares Index and Volume of Transactions of the Nigerian stock market. The study concludes that it is important to regulate and stabilize the exchange rate to achieve impressive growth and performance in the Nigerian stock market. The study recommends that the Federal Government should focus on revamping other sectors of the economy, enact policies to discourage importation of certain goods and services, and create an enabling environment to encourage the production and exportation of goods and services which would save the country's foreign reserves and reduce high and adverse exchange rates. The study however suggests that stable and appreciating exchange rates are crucial for impressive and predictable stock market performance in Nigeria.

Assessing the Determinants of Services Exports of Pakistan An Application of Extended Gravity Model

The services sector plays a crucial role in Pakistan's economy based on its contribution to GDP and the engagement of most of the labour force with this sector. Services exports provide valuable foreign exchange earnings, and the focus on promoting services exports can resolve the balance of trade issue. Hence, this study investigates the key determinants influencing Pakistan's services exports with its major trading partners. The study employed an extended gravity model through fixed effect, random effect and Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) methods by using data from 2000-2022 and found out that the GDP of the partner country, FDI, employment in services, logistics performance index (LPI), and services trade restrictiveness index (STRI) are important determinants of services exports in Pakistan. Pakistan is the most restrictive economy in the South Asian region which has higher STRI, resultantly the restrictions are negatively affecting the services trade and exports of the country. Moreover, the study evaluated that the USA, UAE, China, and UK are major export markets for export services of Pakistan. Based on these findings, the study suggests that Pakistan should improve its logistics infrastructure and reduce service trade restrictions to boost services exports.

Data Processing of Used Car Export Service Flow Based on Zookeeper + Kafka

The used car export industry has shown a trend of rapid growth in recent years. The export of used cars involves data pertaining to vehicle information, market demand, logistics, customs, and numerous other aspects. These data are constantly generated in the form of streams, posing challenges to the data processing capabilities of service platforms. Traditional data processing methods struggle to meet the requirements of real-time and large-scale data processing, thus necessitating an efficient streaming data processing architecture. Based on this, this paper proposes a streaming data processing scheme for a used car export service platform utilizing Zookeeper and Kafka. It describes the architecture design and data processing flow, analyzes the advantages of the scheme in terms of reliability, scalability, and real-time performance, and demonstrates its effectiveness through experiments and case studies.

Structural Change, Growth and the Increasing Service Trade in Low and Middle Income Countries

This paper explains the increasing service export in low and middle-income countries of the world and tries to relate it with structural change and pattern of growth. The authors have constructed a theoretical model to derive hypotheses and estimated empirical results from panel regressions based on data from 34 low and middle-income countries. The theoretical results show that productivity differences caused by endogenous technological innovations and human capital formation lead to a reallocation of resources and structural change. As a result, the relative prices of the goods change. This paper shows that the growing service export is the reflection of industrial backwardness due to lack of capital, technological innovation and infrastructure. The results of panel regression also reveal that service sector-led growth and investment in human capital formation have a significant effect on service export while expenditure on R & D is so low in such countries that it has no effect on per capita income, industrial growth and service export. As investment in human capital formation is high and R&D expenditure is low, the developing countries experience unbalanced growth with an increasing share of services in GDP and export.

Ict Sector Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis Of Ukraine And Other 7 Eastern European Countries

Ukraine’s ICT sector remains one of the most promising industries in the country, as it continues to grow and develop despite difficult economic and political conditions. Through comparative analysis, this paper evaluates Ukraine's ICT sector performance and competitiveness within the region. The conducted research confirms the proper development of the ICT infrastructure, human capital and ICT services export by Ukraine’s ICT sector. However, there has been a decline in Ukraine's scientific and research activities, in particular, a reduction in the number of scientists and ICT patents issued, a decline in GERD as a % of GDP and the volume of high-tech exports. We noted that the main competitive disadvantage of Ukraine’s ICT sector is opaque and ineffective domestic legislation on the protection of property rights, combating corruption, ensuring economic freedoms, etc., which in turn prevents the ICT sector of Ukraine from strengthening its own competitive advantages and reduces its investment attractiveness. Finally, we emphasized the need for a multilateral approach to restructuring Ukraine’s ICT sector, taking into account domestic legislation update, strengthening security measures to protect the ICT infrastructure, and further development of highly qualified human capital for the ICT sector.

Environmental policies and green technologies: Impacts on energy sustainability in the African continental free trade area

This research focuses on environmental pollution, a significant concern today due to energy use. Improving ecological sustainability suggests a framework for sustainable energy behaviours. This paper reviews the advances in environmental policies and green technology in designing efficient energy systems, but some gaps remain. The variables considered in this research are analyzed through Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) models to determine their effects on energy structures and the environment in 31 of the 55 countries within the AFCFTA. Some main results show that one percentage point improvement in environmental legislation leads to decreased ecological footprints by 9.11 % (DOLS) and 20.98 % (FMOLS). On the other hand, a one percent increase in green innovations reduces ecological footprints by 0.6 % (DOLS) and 1 % (FMOLS). Also, service imports reduce sustainability by decreasing it by 2.98 % (DOLS) and 1.47 % (FMOLS), while service exports improve sustainability by increasing it by 1.59 % (DOLS) and 1. 09 % (FMOLS). Thus, these results underscore the need to maintain and strengthen environmental legislation and encourage green investments, as well as the importance of green innovation environmental policies and renewable energy to enhance environmental quality.

Креативная индустрия в системе стратегических экономических приоритетов

The creative industry is becoming a key factor in strategic development. The article describes strategic opportunities and threats for creative industry businesses across Russia, as well as their impact on economic growth. The author used the method of statistical analysis to examine the export of creative goods and services and assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the creative sector. The research relied on the theory of strategy and the methodology of strategizing developed by Professor Vladimir L. Kvint. The USA and China are leaders in the export of creative goods. Russia demonstrates very slow growth, which is associated with external shocks and sanctions. The current strategic trends include export structure diversification and IT sector growth. To gain competitive advantage, domestic creative businesses need state support for human capital and project development, e.g., technology transfer centers, startup support, etc.

БЪЛГАРСКИЯТ ИЗНОС В УСЛОВИЯТА НА ЧЛЕНСТВО В ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЯ СЪЮЗ

The purpose of this report is to provide a brief overview of the change in Bulgarian exports under the conditions of our membership in the European Union. It looks at the benefits and challenges that arise from participating in the single market. Through the analysis, we will be able to establish the current state of Bulgarian exports, the factors influencing it and proposals for improving trade flows. Statistical data highlighting trends in the export of goods and services are also presented. Trade relations with neighboring countries and opportunities for trade expansion are analyzed.

Export of Russian Higher Education Services: Tools and Current Results

The research aim is to analyze how the tools for promoting export of Russian higher education as a service have changed (if they have) and identify the results of their application. The study is based on the analysis of Russian official and departmental documents regulating educational export, as well as statistical data on Russian higher education system. Literature analysis indicates growing research interest in educational export, but there is no common methodology for assessing its effectiveness. Using indicators elaborated by researchers and analysts, authors try to classify the specific instruments for higher education export and access their results at the country level and the National Research Tomsk State University (TSU). It is concluded that Russia uses three groups of tools to promote higher education export to generate income, attract talents and improve the living conditions of students. The effectiveness of these tools is relative due to external circumstances (COVID-2019 pandemic, the sanctions regime against Russia) and the higher education system itself, for which the interpretation of education as a service is relatively new. The case of TSU shows that provincial universities mainly educate students from the CIS countries, and they were able to relatively quickly reorient their activities. At the same time, Russia faces increased competition with other countries in the CIS, and the high cost of education export instruments (the creation of branches, joint educational programs) forces them to make additional efforts to recruit students even at traditional directions of education export.

Digital Dynamics in BRICS: Exploring Digital Access and Policy Challenges

As the global economy continues to digitize, BRICS nations are at a pivotal juncture in leveraging digital technologies for economic growth. This paper investigates the dynamics of digitalization in these countries focusing on the three major parameters of digitalization- internet penetration, cost of internet and digital payment. It also analyses government strategies in these countries. As BRICS accounting for a significant share of global GDP yet experiencing disparities in digital service export and adoption, understanding these dynamics is essential for adopting comprehensive policies that harness their digital potential. The research highlights the historical context of BRICS as an influential economic bloc, its rapid digital transformation influenced by emerging technologies. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of internet penetration as a fundamental enabler of socio-economic activities, correlating better internet infrastructure with increased economic participation. Employing a comparative analysis methodology, this research examines the performance of individual BRICS nations, revealing challenges and opportunities in enhancing connectivity and fostering financial inclusion through digital payment systems. The study also analyses the relationship between cost of internet and internet users in the BRICS countries. This study ultimately aims to put forward analysis about the diverse digital ecosystems within BRICS, advocating for collaborative strategies to navigate inherent challenges while maximizing economic growth and inclusivity.