Era Of Services Research Articles

Enhancing E-Government Proactive Services Through Advanced Data Processing Technologies

The approach of citizens to the digital world allows the public sector to provide services that cross the frontiers of traditional citizen-administration relationships. Anticipating consumer needs, fostering more satisfying relationships, and reducing resolution times are some of the goals for a new era of electronic public sector services. A concise set of proactive systems is compiled to illustrate and analyse these options. This paper focuses on analysing the key role of Big Data and Digital Twin in public administrations as tools for providing Proactive Services (PAS). It is common for government administration to consider the use of disruptive technologies to enhance services designed to improve relationships with citizens. This paper explores the use of innovative technologies to increase the number of proactive services available within public administration (Proactive Public Services - PPS), the challenges they face, and the technical limitations that arise. A change in mindset is necessary. Paraphrasing an illustrious United States president in his inaugural address: “Ask not what citizens can do for administration – ask what administration can do for its citizens.”

Social connection and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in the Million Veteran Program cohort

People with lower levels of social connection are at increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. This extends to populations at greater risk of death by suicide, including U.S. military veterans. Despite this well-established association, it is unclear which measures of social connection are most useful in identifying veterans who could benefit from intervention to prevent suicide. To this end, we used data from the Million Veteran Program (MVP) to investigate the measures of social connection most strongly associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Our sample included 264,626 veterans who reported on three measures of social connection—marital status, household size, and perceived social support—and were assessed for suicidal thoughts and behaviors using electronic health records. Veterans who were partnered (OR = 0.78, 95% CI [0.76–0.80], p < .001), living with others (OR = 0.71, 95% CI [0.70–0.73], p < .001), or reported higher levels of social support (OR = 0.67, 95% CI [0.65–0.69], p < .001), were less likely to have suicidal thoughts and behaviors. These associations varied by veterans’ age, sex, and era of military service. When combined into a single risk score, lower levels of social connection were associated with greater likelihood of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (β = 1.42, 95% CI [1.40–1.43], p < .001). Social support, particularly positive social interactions, showed the strongest associations with suicidal thoughts and behaviors in elastic net regression models. Common measures of social connection, particularly social support, could be useful in assessing suicide risk and treatment needs for veterans.

Treatment-related beliefs and reactions among trauma-focused therapy completers and discontinuers: A qualitative examination.

Prolonged exposure (PE) and cognitive processing therapy (CPT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are effective, but some patients do not respond adequately, and dropout rates are high. Patients' beliefs about treatment and perceptions of treatment components influence treatment outcomes and may be amenable to change through intervention. The present study sought to identify beliefs and reactions to PE and CPT that differentiated completers who screened negative for a PTSD diagnosis after treatment (PTSD-), completers who screened positive for a PTSD diagnosis after treatment (PTSD+), and discontinuers who attended six or fewer sessions. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes in qualitative data collected via retrospective semistructured interviews with 51 completers (19 PTSD- after treatment, 32 PTSD+ after treatment) and 66 discontinuers of PE/CPT. Participants were demographically diverse veterans across service eras. Treatment-related beliefs and reactions differentiating these groups included perceived helpfulness of treatment, self-efficacy in engaging in treatment, anticipatory anxiety and concerns, interpretations of ongoing symptoms, and perceived consequences of treatment on functioning. Further, some patterns seemed to differ in early treatment sessions compared to during the active components of treatment. Findings point to potentially malleable targets that could be intervened upon to improve trauma-focused treatment outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Associations of military sexual harassment and assault with nonsuicidal self-injury: Examining gender and sexual orientation as moderators

Military sexual harassment (MSH) and assault (MSA) are prevalent among service members and are linked to negative psychosocial outcomes, including self-directed violence. Veterans identifying as women or as sexual or gender minorities are at heightened risk for both MSH/MSA and self-directed violence, but their relationship remains understudied in these populations. We examined associations of MSH and MSA with nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and tested whether relations varied by self-identified gender or sexual orientation in two national samples of U.S. veterans. Sample 1 included post-9/11 veterans who had recently discharged from service (n = 1,494); sample 2 included veterans from any service era (n = 1,187). Veterans self-reported MSH, MSA, gender identity and sexual orientation, and lifetime and past-month histories of NSSI. We estimated logistic regressions to examine the associations of MSH and MSA history with NSSI and evaluated gender (man or woman) and sexual orientation as moderators of these relations. Results suggested significant associations of both MSH and MSA with NSSI but largely failed to support moderation of these associations by either gender or sexual orientation identity. Screening for both MSH and MSA in veterans across gender and sexual orientation identities appears indicated in clinical assessment of NSSI.

Block Medcare: Advancing Healthcare Through Blockchain Integration

In an era driven by information exchange, transparency and security hold crucial importance, particularly within the healthcare industry, where data integrity and confidentiality are paramount. This paper investigates the integration of blockchain technology in healthcare, focusing on its potential to revolutionize Electronic Health Records (EHR) management and data sharing. By leveraging Ethereum-based blockchain implementations and smart contracts, we propose a novel system that empowers patients to securely store and manage their medical data. Our research addresses critical challenges in implementing blockchain in healthcare, including scalability, user privacy, and regulatory compliance. We propose a solution that combines digital signatures, Role-Based Access Control, and a multi-layered architecture to enhance security and ensure controlled access. The system's key functions, including user registration, data append, and data retrieval, are facilitated through smart contracts, providing a secure and efficient mechanism for managing health information. To validate our approach, we developed a decentralized application (dApp) that demonstrates the practical implementation of our blockchain-based healthcare solution. The dApp incorporates user-friendly interfaces for patients, doctors, and administrators, showcasing the system's potential to streamline healthcare processes while maintaining data security and integrity. Additionally, we conducted a survey to gain insights into the perceived benefits and challenges of blockchain adoption in healthcare. The results indicate strong interest among healthcare professionals and IT experts, while also highlighting concerns about integration costs and technological complexity. Our findings underscore the transformative potential of blockchain technology in healthcare, pointing towards a new era of patient-centric and secure healthcare services. By addressing current limitations and exploring future enhancements, such as integration with IoT devices and AI-driven analytics, this research contributes to the ongoing evolution of secure, efficient, and interoperable healthcare systems.

Suicide Rates by Age and Time Among American Indian and Alaskan Native Veterans.

Although recent work has highlighted high rates of suicide among American Indian and Alaska Native individuals who served in the US military, to date, a comprehensive evaluation of age-specific suicide rates, over time, has yet to be conducted. Population-based retrospective cohort study. Average annual suicide rates (2005-2020) were computed. The cohort included 207,955 Native Veterans who were alive as of January 1, 2005, and separated from military service on or before December 31, 2020. Suicide was identified via National Death Index codes. Between 2005 and 2020, average annual, age-specific suicide rates among Native Veterans ranged from 16.32/100,000 (55+ y) to 64.49/100,000 (18-34y). Compared with other age-related cohorts, the rate among those in the youngest age cohort (18-34y) was the highest between 2005 and 2018. The 2019-2020 average annual rate for 18- to 34-year-olds (41.86/100,000) dropped below that of the middle-aged cohort (35-45y; 44.66/100,000). Across all age cohorts, firearms were the most used method of suicide [57.2% (18-34 and 35-54y) to 66.17% (55+y)]; however, a notable percentage of Veterans died by suffocation, 16.54% (55y and older), 26.71% (35-54y), and 33.21% (18-34y). Findings highlight differences in suicide rates by age groups overtime for Native Veterans irrespective of Veterans Health Administration use and across service eras, as well as means of suicide, which also differed across groups. Increased efforts are needed to identify culturally and age-relevant intervention strategies, as well as factors associated with risk, to reduce deaths among Native Veterans.

Research on the meteorological data transmission system of civil aircraft based on BeiDou satellite

Abstract With the official opening of the Beidou-3 global satellite navigation system, Beidou has entered a new era of global services, extending its service area to the whole world. With the advantages of sufficient data volume and high data security, the BeiDou-3 short message satellite communication system can provide global communication services for airlines, realize two-way data transmission between air and land, and effectively reduce the operating costs of airline companies. Aiming at the demand for low-cost civil aircraft weather data transmission proposed by domestic and foreign airline companies, the current development of civil aviation weather information transmission and the current application status of BeiDou in civil aviation were studied, and the BeiDou satellite-based civil aircraft weather data transmission system was designed. The system architecture, detailed functions and data transmission workflow were analyzed, and the message coding structure was designed using bit-based coding technology. Finally, the feasibility of the scheme is verified through the data demand analysis of weather news and the onboard flight test on a domestic aircraft. The results show that t-he BeiDou short message function has the ability to realize the weather data transmission of a civilian aircraft.

Interpersonal Skill Overview in the Creative Economy Entrepreneurs in Jakarta

Entrepreneurial concept and creative economy both have common key points that are creativity and innovation. Entrepreneurs use their creativity to create innovation in order to win the business competition. Creative economy has shifted the manufacturing era to the information services era that based on human resources. Nowadays creative economy increasingly plays an important role for Indonesian economy which can be seen in its contribution to Indonesian GDP, numbers of job field creation and export value. Interpersonal skills is necessary and crucial to determine successful of the business. This research was aims to observe and analyze the interpersonal skill of entrepreneurs in creative industry in Jakarta. This research was descriptive research with quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Quantitative data was obtained through questionnaires distributed to 150 entrepreneurs in creative industry as respondents in Jakarta and qualitative data obtained through interview to 15 selected respondents. Based on quantitative data, this research showed that according to respondents “leaders who have capability to give direction” was considered as the most important factor of interpersonal skill, while the “ability to influence others” was considered as the most important dimension. Respondents considered those interpersonal skills factor and dimension as the prominent element to determine their success in business. While based on qualitative data showed that no interpersonal skill dimension was considered as the prominent one, but each dimension will be proper for each different circumstance that they encounter.

Assessment of Service Quality on Public Satisfaction in Motor Vehicle Testing: A Study of the Transportation Department in Paser Regency

In an increasingly competitive era of public service, understanding the factors that influence public satisfaction is crucial for enhancing service quality. The primary objective of this study is to identify and analyze the impact of five service quality dimensions—tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy—on public satisfaction. This research also aims to provide recommendations for improving service quality at the Department of Transportation in Paser Regency. The study employs a quantitative approach using a survey method. Data were collected from 60 respondents who had used motor vehicle testing services within the last six months. Purposive sampling was employed to determine the sample, and data were gathered through questionnaires adapted from the SERVQUAL instrument. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships between variables. The findings indicate that of the five service quality dimensions tested, only assurance and empathy have a positive and significant impact on public satisfaction. Assurance was the most dominant factor, highlighting that the knowledge and competence of staff in providing safe and reliable services are crucial to the public. Empathy also plays a significant role, as attention and understanding of individual needs enhance satisfaction. Conversely, the dimensions of tangibles, reliability, and responsiveness did not show a significant impact on public satisfaction, suggesting that other factors might be more influential in this context. The managerial implications of these findings include the need for improvements in supporting facilities, regular training for staff, increased responsiveness, and the development of empathetic attitudes. With these measures, it is expected that service quality can be significantly improved, ultimately enhancing public satisfaction.

Identifying candidate mechanisms of comorbidity in disordered eating and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among U.S. veterans: A network analytic approach.

Comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and disordered eating (DE) symptoms is common, reflecting a possible reciprocal relationship between these disorders. Network analysis may reveal candidate mechanisms underlying their comorbidity and highlight important treatment targets. Two national samples of U.S. veterans endorsing trauma exposure self-reported PTSD and DE symptoms. The discovery sample included veterans from all service eras (n = 434). The validation sample included recently separated post-9/11 veterans (n = 507). We fit graphical lasso models to evaluate the network structure of PTSD factors based on the seven-factor "hybrid" model and DE symptoms within each sample. We used strength scores to identify the most central symptoms within the networks and identified bridge symptoms connecting PTSD and DE features. We tested for network invariance between self-identified men and women within each sample and across the studies. PTSD and DE symptoms clustered as expected within networks for each sample. The strongest nodes in the networks included both PTSD and DE features. The strongest bridge symptoms in both studies included overevaluation of shape and weight, negative affect, and avoidance. Networks were invariant across men and women in each sample and largely invariant across samples. Cross-sectional network models of PTSD and DE symptoms largely replicated across national samples of U.S. veterans and between men and women within samples. Cognitive features of both disorders, along with avoidance, may partially underlie comorbidity and represent potential treatment targets. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Streamlining trajectory map-matching: a framework leveraging spark and GPU-based stream processing

Real-time online trajectory map-matching has emerged as a critical component in the era of location-based services (LBS) and intelligent transportation systems (ITS). It refers to the process of aligning a user’s GPS trajectory data with the corresponding road network in real-time. This technology has significant implications for various industries and applications. As our reliance on LBS and ITS continues to grow, the demand for faster, more accurate, and more reliable trajectory map-matching methods becomes increasingly important. Contemporary online map-matching predominantly employs stream processing techniques. Based on stream processing frameworks, we propose a heterogeneous hybrid architecture for map-matching. The architecture integrates Spark Streaming and graphics processing unit (GPU) heterogeneous computing for the first time. The hidden Markov model is employed as the map-matching algorithm, and Spark Streaming serves as the distributed processing platform. We conduct map-matching experiments using a GPS taxi trajectory dataset in Beijing’s Haidian District. The results demonstrate that in comparison to other analogous research, our framework’s performance has increased by over ten times, possessing a superior data processing capability and lower latency. This research provides a novel approach of stream-based heterogeneous computation for processing large-scale geographic data.

Health care utilization of Hispanic/Latino veterans with epilepsy: A national population-based study.

Hispanic/Latino people with epilepsy are a growing population that has been understudied in clinical epilepsy research. U.S. veterans are at a higher risk of epilepsy due to greater exposures including traumatic brain injury. Hispanic/LatinoVeterans with Epilepsy (HL-VWEs) represent a growing population; however the treatment utilization patterns of this population have been vastly understudied. HL-VWE were identified from administrative databases during fiscal year 2019. Variables compared between Hispanic and non-Hispanic VWEs included demographics, rurality, service era, utilization of clinical services/investigations, and service-connected injury. Chi-square and Student's t tests were used for comparisons. Among 56 556 VWEs, 3247 (5.7%) were HL. HL-VWEs were younger (59.2 vs 63.2 years; p < .01) and more commonly urban-dwelling (81.6% vs 63.2%, p < .01) compared to non-HL-VWEs. They were also more likely to have served in recent missions such as the Persian Gulf War and post- 9/11 wars (p < .01). HL-VWEs had a higher utilization of all neurology services examined including neurology clinic visits, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, electroencephalography (EEG), epilepsy monitoring, and comprehensive epilepsy care (p < .01 for all). HL-VWEs were more likely to visit an emergency room or have seizure-related hospitalizations (p < .01). HL-VWEs were more likely to have a service-connected disability greater or equal to 50% (p < .01). This study is one of the largest cohorts examining HL-VWEs. We found higher utilization of services in neurology, epilepsy, and neuroimaging by HL-VWEs. HL-VWE are younger, more commonly urban-dwelling, and more likely to have served during recent combat periods and have higher amounts of service-connected disability. Given that the proportion of Hispanic veterans is projected to rise over time, more research is needed to provide the best interventions and mitigate the long-term impact of epilepsy on this diverse patient group.

Mobile money, credit to deposit ratio and monetary policy: Empirics from Ghana

The effectiveness of monetary policy in Ghana has been questionable with the advent of mobile money activities, which are gradually replacing some of the roles of commercial banks. This study investigates the effects of mobile money transactions on Ghanaian commercial banks' credit-to-deposit ratio and the effectiveness of the monetary policy rate in the era of mobile money services using ARDL techniques, Granger causality and impulse response functions.The study reveals that Ghanaian commercial banks' credit-to-deposit ratio decreases with increased mobile money transactions, indicating a substitutability relationship. Banks' credit-to-deposit ratio is impacted by non-performing loans and asset returns, while the monetary policy rate has an insignificant impact. The results from the IRFs also showed that a positive shock to monetary policy reduces banks' credit-to-deposit ratio but increases mobile money transactions and non-performing loans. For policy implications, collaboration between commercial banks and mobile money service providers can be enhanced through interoperability services.

Perception of Gen Z Customers towards Chatbots as Service Agents

Rapid advancement in Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed the dynamics of interaction between organizations and consumers. The rapid emergence and adoption of AI chatbots have ushered in a new era of convenient and efficient customer service. This paper addresses the gap of how Gen Z perceives chatbots as an alternative for service interaction, considering that this sample of the population is relatively more tech savvy and understands technology better. Utilizing semi-structured interviews for in-depth interaction, a thematic analysis reveals six key themes: trust and reliability, nature of interaction, perceived usefulness/ease of use, advantages, disadvantages, and areas of improvement. Gen Z generally views chatbots as limited in handling complex queries, highlighting the importance of human intervention and database expansion. The identified themes provide valuable insights for organizations to highlight strengths and address weaknesses in AI chatbots’ interactions with customers. The findings assist managers responsible for technology implementation in understanding customer pain points, fostering enhanced value for both users and organizations leveraging chatbots. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of user experiences to illuminate the advantages and shortcomings of chatbots as service agents.

Teleanesthesia: The Possibilities in Clinical Practice

Teleanesthesia, an innovative approach in clinical practice, involves the remote delivery and management of anesthesia services. The present article delved into the myriad possibilities and benefits of teleanesthesia, highlighting its potential to revolutionize healthcare delivery. Leveraging videoconferencing and remote monitoring, teleanesthesia addresses geographical barriers, providing improved access to anesthesia services in remote areas while minimizing patient travel and associated costs. This approach offers heightened convenience and flexibility for both patients and providers. Despite these advantages, critical considerations must be considered, which include ensuring patient safety, addressing issues of equipment reliability and connectivity, and establishing standardized protocols. The present article emphasized the need to address patient attitudes and acceptance of teleanesthesia, along with ensuring equitable access and minimizing potential disparities in healthcare delivery. Collaboration emerges as a pivotal theme, emphasizing the importance of partnerships among anesthesiologists, telehealth providers, and technology companies. By fostering collaboration, the present article envisioned a future for teleanesthesia that went beyond its current capabilities, anticipating significant advancements in anesthesia practice and in patient care, and a transformative impact on the broader landscape of healthcare delivery. The integration of teleanesthesia holds the promise of reshaping traditional healthcare models and fostering a new era of accessible and patient-centric anesthesia services. Keywords: Teleanesthesia; Telemedicine; Anesthesia practice; Healthcare services

Thermal stress and comfort assessment in urban areas using Copernicus Climate Change Service Era 5 reanalysis and collected microclimatic data

In this initial study of a research project, this paper seeks to understand the thermal conditions in the cities of Lisbon and Munich, specifically focusing on Urban Heat Island intensity and on thermal comfort using the Universal Thermal Climate Index modeling data at the Local Climate Zone scale. Based on these datasets, Munich has exhibited more unfavourable thermal conditions than Lisbon. In terms of UHII, both cities have shown that low, medium, and high rise compact urban areas and bare rock or paved areas have the highest values, while sparsely built areas have the lowest. These results differ from the UTCI, which indicates that in Lisbon and Munich, these sparsely built areas as well as areas with low plants and vegetation are the most uncomfortable. In Munich, the population was exposed to very strong heat stress, while Lisbon experienced strong heat stress conditions. Conversely, low, medium, and high rise compact urban areas and densely wooded areas in Munich, and scattered trees areas and large low-rise urban areas in Lisbon, have demonstrated the lowest monthly mean and average maximum values. These results will be further explored in future studies in the city of Lisbon and cross-checked with data obtained from roving missions. This will enable a more detailed temporal and local analysis.

Customer churn prediction in imbalanced datasets with resampling methods: A comparative study

Customer churn presents a significant challenge for businesses in the era of subscription-based services because retaining customers plays a key role in sustained growth. Existing techniques for automatic churn prediction suffer from a primary challenge inherent in datasets as their significant disproportion between majority and minority classes, which may result in model bias favoring the dominant class. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of Customer Churn Prediction (CCP) with a focus on three public highly imbalanced datasets. The explored datasets span diverse business sectors, including telecommunications, online retail, and banking. We employ a comparative analysis regarding fourteen distinct classification methods considering popular resampling strategies, namely the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) and the Adaptive Synthetic Sampling (ADASYN). In particular, we investigate a specific configuration that combines a novel two-phase resampling method predicated on both clustering and ensemble techniques in conjunction with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. Our findings demonstrate competitive effectiveness, underscoring its potential for effective imbalance correction by further enhancing prediction accuracy. Achieved results suggest that in almost all instances, the integrated approach outperforms the standalone methods across different scenarios in the three datasets, particularly in terms of the Area Under the Curve (AUC). This research represents a significant contribution to the field of churn prediction for addressing class imbalance.

Students’ Intention to Learn and Academic Performance in the Blended Learning Environment: The Role of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots

In the era of universal digitalization, new technologies and services are being created, among which we can highlight the development of chatbot technologies that can be effectively used in the educational process and that will be of interest to representatives of the younger generations. The current study aims to reveal the influence of artificial intelligence chatbot integration on students’ intention to learn and their academic performance in the blended learning environment. The research framework includes 7 key indicators: Satisfaction (SAT), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Attitude (ATD), Subjective Norms (SN), and Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), Continuance Intention to Learn (CIL) and academic performance (AP), which are evaluated in traditional blended learning setting (N=104) and blended learning based on artificial intelligence chatbot (N=107). For comparison we used the average scores, standard deviations (σ) of students on 23 items and student’s t-test for independent samples. We also calculated Pearson correlation coefficient for all analyzed. The results of the current study confirmed the positive influence of artificial intelligence usage during the blended learning as it increases students’ attitude, satisfaction and perceived usefulness which directly and highly affects the intention to continue learning and academic performance.

Enhancing the Competitiveness of Enterprises Through Creativity in a Global Economy

This paper covers a comprehensive study of creativity as a means of enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises in a global economy. The article is intended to describe globalization issues and opportunities faced by enterprises today. The era of services and innovation has replaced traditional production, marking the transition of society to the knowledge-based economy, where creativity plays a crucial role. Correspondingly, this research is aimed at determining the importance of creativity for enterprises by justifying a wide range of aspects covered by it. Significance of creativity for entrepreneurship is demonstrated with help of analysis of creativity through intensive processes of McDonaldization and Disneyization as well as one of top skills, which helps businesses to increase efficiency and take advantage over competitors. The article presents the way how an enterprise can acquire a competitive advantage through creativity. The research concludes with conceptualization of the study of entrepreneurial creativity to nurture the competitiveness of companies and firms.

WAN optimization techniques: Exploring BGP attributes across industries

Wide Area Network (WAN) optimization has become a critical focus for industries seeking to enhance network performance, particularly in the era of digital transformation and cloud-based services. This paper explores the role of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) attributes as a key element in WAN optimization across various industries. BGP, as the protocol responsible for routing data between autonomous systems on the internet, plays a significant role in determining the efficiency and reliability of data transmission across WANs. By leveraging specific BGP attributes, organizations can optimize network paths, reduce latency, and improve overall network performance. The paper begins by providing an overview of WAN optimization techniques and the importance of BGP in modern network architecture. It then delves into the specific BGP attributes that are instrumental in optimizing WAN performance, including Local Preference, AS Path, MED (Multi-Exit Discriminator), and BGP Communities. The discussion includes how these attributes can be manipulated to achieve optimal routing decisions, prioritize traffic, and manage bandwidth more effectively. Case studies from various industries, including financial services, healthcare, manufacturing, and telecommunications, are presented to illustrate the practical applications and benefits of BGP-based WAN optimization. These examples highlight how organizations have successfully implemented BGP attribute manipulation to address industry-specific challenges such as ensuring low-latency communication, maintaining high availability, and supporting large-scale data transfers. The paper also addresses the challenges associated with BGP attribute manipulation, including the complexities of configuration and the potential risks of misconfigurations leading to network instability. It concludes with a discussion on emerging trends in WAN optimization, such as the integration of software-defined WAN (SD-WAN) technologies and the role of machine learning in automating and enhancing BGP-based optimizations. In summary, this paper provides a comprehensive exploration of how BGP attributes can be leveraged for WAN optimization across different industries, offering insights into best practices and future directions in network performance enhancement. Keywords: WAN, Optimization, Techniques, BGP, Attributes.