Serum Unsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Association between serum unsaturated fatty acids levels and infertility among American women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014.

Some research indicates that unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in the diet could enhance reproductive outcomes in infertile women. However, other research holds different views, possibly due to differences in the conversion rates of UFAs from various foods and bioavailability in the body. Therefore, this research examined the link between serum UFAs and infertility issues. This research included reproductive-age women participating in the 2013-2014 American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Serum levels of four UFAs, including palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), vaccenic acid (18:1n-7), oleic acid (18:1n-9), and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) were measured through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Infertility data was collected by affirmative responses to targeted questionnaire items. Associations between serum UFA levels and infertility were evaluated utilizing Poisson regression models and smooth curve fitting methods. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted. This study included 535 women, aged between 18 and 45. Poisson regression analysis, both adjusted and unadjusted for confounders, revealed no associations between palmitoleic acid, vaccenic acid, oleic acid, or linoleic acid and female infertility (all P > 0.05). However, four UFAs all showed non-linear relationships with infertility in smooth curve fitting analysis. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of the findings. This research established non-linear associations between serum UFAs and infertility in American women. Specifically, maintaining appropriate serum levels of these UFAs may lower infertility risk. These findings offer new insights and practical dietary recommendations for improving female fertility.

Association of Serum Unsaturated Fatty Acid Patterns with the Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy

Introduction: Unsaturated fatty acids play an essential role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, previous studies were mainly focused on the role of individual unsaturated fatty acid. The serum unsaturated fatty acid patterns (FAPs) in patients with DN remain to be determined. Methods: A total of 135 patients with DN (DN group) and 322 patients with type II diabetes without nephropathy (non-DN group) were included in this study. Clinical data, serum levels of unsaturated fatty acids, and other laboratory indicators were collected. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to identify risk factors for serum unsaturated fatty acid level in both groups. Serum unsaturated fatty acids were subjected to factor analysis to identify distinct FAPs. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to assess the risk of DN associated with different serum FAPs. Results: After adjusting for confounders, three types of unsaturated fatty acid including C20:5 (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]), C22:6 (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]), and C22:5 n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid n-3) were significantly associated with DN in the population. The odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of DN were 0.583 (0.374, 0.908), 0.826 (0.716, 0.954), and 0.513 (0.298, 0.883), respectively. Factor analysis revealed five major FAPs, among which FAP2 (enriched with EPA and DHA) exhibited a significant inverse association with DN. In the multivariate-adjusted model, the OR (95% CI) was 0.678 (0.493, 0.933). Additionally, a combination of DHA and EPA enriched in FAP2 further decreased extracellular matrix production induced by transforming growth factor beta 1 in podocytes and tubular cells. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that FAP2 which is enriched with DHA and EPA is associated with a reduced risk of DN. This highlights the potential of targeting FAP2 for the patients with DN.

Prospective study on the association between serum unsaturated fatty acids and insulin resistance among workers

Prospective study on the association between serum unsaturated fatty acids and insulin resistance among workers

Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR) Overexpression Reduces Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Obese Mice.

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), a mitochondrial cholesterol delivery protein, plays a beneficial role in hyperlipidemia, NAFLD, and endothelial inflammation. Elevated circulating fatty acids and low grade inflammation are known as key risk factors of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In the present study, C57BL/6J mice were fed with HFD and infected with recombinant adenovirus expressing StAR by tail-vein injection. Intraperitoneal glucose/insulin tolerance test was performed to assess the insulin sensitivity. Morphological analysis and intramuscular lipid determination were used to illustrate the adipose hypertrophy and ectopic fat accumulation in skeletal muscle. The levels of inflammatory factor and nitric oxide were determined by ELISA and classic Griess reagent methods, respectively. The fatty acids composition was analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The expression of genes associated with inflammation and insulin resistance were determined by Western blotting and qPCR to elucidate the underlying mechanism. We demonstrated that StAR overexpression ameliorated insulin resistance and systemic inflammatory response with the reduction of adipose hypertrophy and intramuscular lipid in HFD-fed mice. In addition, StAR overexpression increased serum unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and PPARγ expression in muscle and adipose tissue of obese mice. In conclusion, StAR may activate PPARγ by increasing UFAs, which leads to a protective role in systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in obese mice. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3932-3942, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

GC–TOF-MS-based serum metabolomic investigations of naked oat bran supplementation in high-fat-diet-induced dyslipidemic rats

The present study aimed to explore the metabolic response of oat bran consumption in dyslipidemic rats by a high-throughput metabolomics approach. Four groups of Sprague–Dawley rats were used: N group (normal chow diet), M group (dyslipidemia induced by 4-week high-fat feeding, then normal chow diet), OL group and OH group (dyslipidemia induced, then normal chow diet supplemented with 10.8% or 43.4% naked oat bran). Intervention lasted for 12weeks. Gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to identify serum metabolite profiles. Results confirmed the effects of oat bran on improving lipidemic variables and showed distinct metabolomic profiles associated with diet intervention. A number of endogenous molecules were changed by high-fat diet and normalized following supplementation of naked oat bran. Elevated levels of serum unsaturated fatty acids including arachidonic acid (Log2Fold of change=0.70, P=.02 OH vs. M group), palmitoleic acid (Log2Fold of change=1.24, P=.02 OH vs. M group) and oleic acid (Log2Fold of change=0.66, P=.04 OH vs. M group) were detected after oat bran consumption. Furthermore, consumption of oat bran was also characterized by higher levels of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine. Pathway exploration found that most of the discriminant metabolites were involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids, microbial metabolism in diverse environments and biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites. These results point to potential biomarkers and underlying benefit of naked oat bran in the context of diet-induced dyslipidemia and offer some insights into the mechanism exploration.

Determination of sex-based differences in serum γ-linolenic [corrected] acid and dihomo-γ-linolenic [corrected] acid using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Because serum unsaturated fatty acids can provide useful information on disease diagnosis, the simultaneous determination of several fatty acids in small volumes of human serum would be beneficial for clinical applications. In the present study, serum fatty acids were extracted with n-heptane/chloroform from 10μL of serum collected from 26 healthy Japanese subjects (11 men, ages 23-37 years; 15 women, ages 18-37 years) after deproteinization with perchloric acid, derivatization to their methyl ester using p-toluenesulfonic acid as an acid catalyst, and subsequent separation and measurement by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the selected ion monitoring mode. Nine types of fatty acids (palmitoleic acid [PLA], oleic acid [OA], linoleic [corrected] acid [LA], γ-linolenic acid [GLA], α-linolenic acid [ALA], dihomo-GLA [DGLA], arachidonic acid [AA], eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) were analyzed in the serum within 35 min by GC-MS. The concentrations of these fatty acids in serum ranged from 3.64±0.38μM (GLA) to 413±26.3 μM (LA). Among these nine fatty acids, GLA and DGLA levels were significantly lower in women than in men (p=0.0034 and 0.0012, respectively), suggesting that there may be sex-based differences in the biosynthetic production or metabolic processes of GLA and DGLA in humans.

High-throughput and high-sensitivity quantitative analysis of serum unsaturated fatty acids by chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: Early stage diagnostic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer

In this study, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) coupled with chip-based direct-infusion nanoelectrospray ionization source (CBDInanoESI) in a negative ion mode is first employed to evaluate the effect of serum and its corresponding supernatant matrixes on the recoveries of serum free fatty acids (FFAs) based on spike-and-recovery experimental strategy by adding analytes along with analog internal standard (IS). The recoveries between serum (69.8-115.6%) and the supernatant (73.6-99.0%) matrixes are almost identical. Multiple point internal standard calibration curves between the concentration ratios of individual fatty acids to ISs, (C(17:1) as IS of C(16:1), C(18:3), C(18:2), or C(18:1) or C(21:0) as IS of C(20:4) or C(22:6)) versus their corresponding intensity ratios were constructed for C(16:1), C(18:3), C(18:2), C(18:1), C(20:4) and C(22:6), respectively, with correlation coefficients of greater than 0.99, lower limits of detection between 0.3 and 1.8 nM, and intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviations <18%), along with the linear dynamic range of three orders of magnitude. Sequentially, this advanced analytical platform was applied to perform simultaneous quantitative and qualitative analysis of multiple targets, e.g., serum supernatant unsaturated FFAs from 361 participants including 95 patients with pancreatic cancer (PC), 61 patients with pancreatitis and 205 healthy controls. Experimental results indicate that the levels of C(18:1), C(18:2), C(18:3), C(20:4) and C(22:6), as well as the level ratios of C(18:2)/C(18:1) and C(18:3)/C(18:1) of the PC patients were significantly decreased compared with those of healthy controls and the patients with pancreatitis (p < 0.01). It is worth noting that the ratio of C(18:2)/C(18:1), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (C(18:2), C(18:3), C(20:4), and C(22:6)), panel a (C(16:1), C(18:3), C(18:2), C(20:4) and C(22:6)) and panel b (C(18:2)/C(18:1) and C(18:3)/C(18:1)) performed excellent diagnostic ability, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of ≥0.869, sensitivity of ≥85.7%, and specificity of ≥86.7% for differentiating the early stage PC from non-cancer subjects, which are greatly higher than those of clinically used serum biomarker CA 19-9. More importantly, this platform can also provide a fast and easy way to quantify the levels of FFAs in less than 30 s per sample.

SEMEN CASSIAE EXTRACT REDUCES MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA AND REPERFUSION INJURY IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC BUT NOT NORMAL RATS

ObjectivesPatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), which is characterised by hyperlipidaemia, are liable to more severe and fatal myocardial infarction. Semen Cassiae is proved to reduce serum unsaturated fatty...

Genetic variants near the MGAT1 gene are associated with body weight, BMI and fatty acid metabolism among adults and children

Objective:Recently a genome-wide association analysis from five European populations identified a polymorphism located downstream of the mannosyl-(α-1,3)-glycoprotein-β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (MGAT1) gene that was associated with body-weight. In the present study, associations between MGAT1 variants combined with obesity and insulin measurements were investigated in three cohorts. Levels of fatty acids and estimated measures of Δ desaturases were also investigated among adult men.Design:Six polymorphisms downstream of MGAT1 were genotyped in a cross-sectional cohort of 1152 Swedish men. Three polymorphisms were further analyzed in a case-control study of 1076 Swedish children and in a cross-sectional study of 2249 Greek children.Results:Three polymorphisms, rs12186500 (odds ratio (OR): 1.892, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.237–2.895, P=0.003), rs1021001 (OR: 2.102, 95% CI: 1.280–3.455, P=0.003) and rs4285184 (OR: 1.587, 95% CI: 1.024–2.459, P=0.038) were associated with a higher prevalence of obesity among the adult men and a trend for obesity was observed for rs4285184 among the Swedish (OR: 1.205, 95% CI: 0.987–1.471, P=0.067) and Greek children (OR: 1.192, 95%CI: 0.978–1.454, P=0.081). Association with body weight was observed for rs12186500 (P=0.017) and rs4285184 (P=0.024) among the men. The rs1021001 and rs4285184 were also associated with body mass index (BMI) in the two Swedish cohorts and similar trends were observed among the Greek children. The combined effect size for rs1021001 and rs4285184 on BMI z-score from a meta-analysis was 0.233 (95% CI:0.093–0.373, P=0.001) and 0.147 (95% CI:0.057–0.236, P=0.001), respectively. We further observed associations between the genetic variants and fatty acids (P<0.039) and estimated measures of Δ desaturases (P<0.040), as well as interactions for rs12186500 (P<0.019) with an effect on BMI. No association was found with homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance in any cohort but increased insulin levels, insulin response and decreased insulin sensitivity were observed among the children (P<0.038).Conclusion:Genetic variants downstream MGAT1 seem to influence susceptibility to obesity. Moreover, these genetic variants affect the levels of serum unsaturated fatty acids and Δ desaturase indices, variables previously shown to correlate with obesity.

Relationships Between Serum Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Coronary Risk Factors Negative Relations Between Nervonic Acid and Obesity-Related Risk Factors

Relative increases in unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) in the diet are considered to exert beneficial effects on coronary risk factors (CRF). However, detailed analysis of the relationships between serum USFA and CRF are scanty and there is no report of the relationship between nervonic acid (NA) and CRF. The objective of the present study was to analyze the relationships between serum USFA and CRF. Body height and weight, blood pressure, fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), triacyl-glycerol (TG), HDL cholesterol (HDLc), fasting blood sugar (FBS), total fatty acid composition, leptin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in 31 men (age, 41-78 years) and 11 women (age, 54-77 years). The relationships between serum USFA, and body mass index (BMI), leptin, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), TC, TG, HDLc, FBS, and CRP were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The final results were summarized using coronary risk factor scores (CRFS) in order to assess the correlations between USFA with CRF. Oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were positively related to coronary risk factors (total CRFS = 2, 3, and 4, respectively), while nervonic acid (NA) exerted negative effects on these risk factors (total CRFS = -6 ). It is concluded NA may have preventive effects on obesity-related metabolic disorders.

Role of dietary lipids and butylated hydroxy anisol (BHA) administration on albino rats. Part I. Serum unsaturated fatty acids.

Adult male albino rats were supplemented with edible plant oils, corn maize and cotton seed oils and their semihydrogenated forms (Heliopolis and Sultan cooking fats) for a period of 3 months. In general, the supplementation of tested oils produced increasing effect on the serum levels of total C18:1, C18:2 and C20:4 unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). The increases were significant in case of feeding corn maize oil and Sultan cooking fat for total and C18:1 and C18:2 UFA. However, the degree of significance was intensified by the feeding of cotton seed oil and Heliopolis cooking fat. Supplementation of Sultan cooking fat showed a significant increase in serum level of C20:4, while the other tested oils and Heliopolis cooking fat produced very highly significant increase. Butylated hydroxy anisol (BHA) produced no effect on the level of UFA when administered with dietary tested edible lipid but its role revealed by maintaining the higher level of UFA due to administration of oils and its semihydrogenated analogous.

Lipid Metabolism of Puppies as Affected by Kind and Amount of Fat and of Dietary Carbohydrate

Feeding 37 young growing puppies diets similar in composition to those fed infants demonstrated that sucrose, Dextri-Maltose, and corn syrup are equally suitable as types of dietary carbohydrate. No significant differences were observed in rate of growth or response of blood sugar levels or serum levels of protein and total fatty acids between groups of animals fed these sugars as the major source of carbohydrate. Cholesterol levels were lowest when sucrose was fed in diets containing corn or hydrogenated coconut oil. Lactose was not acceptable as the sole source of carbohydrate for the young puppy. This may be attributed to a deficiency of the enzyme lactase in the intestinal mucosa of the puppy. Rate of growth and serum levels of unsaturated fatty acids in these animals differed from those fed sucrose, Dextri-Maltose, or corn syrup when the diet was low in linoleic acid. Differences in serum unsaturated fatty acids between puppies fed lactose and those fed sucrose, Dextri-Maltose, or corn syrup were very slight when corn oil diets were fed. It is concluded that during the period of rapid growth dietary fat affects the level and composition of serum lipids to a greater extent than does dietary carbohydrate.

Influence of acute infection on the plasma lipids and the course of eczema

1. 1. Rats placed on a diet free of certain unsaturated fatty acids develop in the early stages scaliness of the skin and in the later stages necrosis of the tail. Returning the essential acids to the food leads to immediate improvement in the skin condition. 2. 2. Infants with eczema may be given plenty of fats (corn or linseed oil) rich in unsaturated fatty acids, and some of these children show improvement. 3. 3. Examination of the plasma lipids of the rats with scaliness of the skin and the infants with eczema reveals that the unsaturated fatty acids are below the average level in the majority of the cases. After the ingestion of the acids, the serum unsaturated fatty acids usually increase to within the normal range. 4. 4. The conclusion has been reached that the low unsaturation of the serum fatty acids in infantile eczema is one of the important causes of the disease. 5. 5. In order to find out the result of a further reduction in unsaturated fatty acids, such as occurs in acute respiratory infections in infants, we subjected nine infants with eczema to periods of careful observation in the hospital. During these periods all infants had an attack of an acute disease. The skin changes were watched closely, and periodic determinations of the plasma lipids were made. 6. 6. The acute infections were accompanied by a short period of improvement in the skin condition at the onset of the disease, but this was followed by a rather rapid aggravation in the eczema. The height of the infection usually marked the peak of the flare-up in the condition of the skin, and this was also the time when the degree of unsaturation of the serum fatty acids was lowest. 7. 7. The assumption, therefore, is that the acute respiratory diseases cause the eczema to become worse through the medium of depressing the serum unsaturated fatty acids to low levels, and that improvement in the skin condition takes place during the convalescent period because there is a corresponding gradual return of the unsaturation of the fatty acids. 8. 8. In some instances the eczema responded much better to therapy after full recovery from the acute illness than before its onset. 9. 9. This has brought up the question of the influence of other factors, such as the fever, on the skin condition and infers that more studies must be carried out before definite conclusions can be drawn.

Iodine Number of Serum Fatty Acids in Acute Infections of Infants With and Without Eczema

The changes which take place in the cholesterol content of the serum during the acute infections occurring in the infants observed in the preceding paper are accompanied by a fall in the plasma total fatty acids. The serum unsaturated fatty acids have already been found to be replaced in part by more and more saturated acids during acute respiratory infections in older children. In infants the observation has been made that eczema is associated with an abnormally low serum content of unsaturated fatty acids but no study has been recorded of the influence of acute infection on the unsaturation of the serum fatty acids. This paper presents the observation made in 14 infants with acute illnesses. They are the same babies which were chosen for the cholesterol study. All blood samples obtained during and after the height of each infection were drawn between 12 and 16 hours after a meal. The first blood sample was collected as soon as possible after the infant was admitted to the hospital at the height of the disease and the second blood sample after the seventh day of convalescence. Bloor's methods were followed to determine the blood lipids. The Rosenmund-Kuhnhenn method as modified by Page, Pasternak and Burt was used to determine the iodine absorption of the serum fatty acids. The fall in plasma total fatty acids which takes place during the height of acute infections in infants is paralleled by a drop in the iodine absorption values. This signifies that in most instances the iodine number of serum fatty acids is definitely lower in the febrile period of the disease than during the period of recovery. Acute infection produces in the infant the same changes previously found to occur in the older child.