Serum Total Iron Binding Capacity Research Articles

Evaluation of Serum Iron and Ferritin Levels as Inflammatory Markers in Calves with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

Abstract Iron and ferritin have been used in human medicine for years to reveal the presence of inflammation. However, studies evaluating these parameters, especially in respiratory system diseases, are quite rare in veterinary medicine. We aimed to test the usability of serum Fe and Fe-related parameters [total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) and transferrin saturation (TS) levels] as inflammatory and diagnostic biomarkers in calves with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). To mark inflammation, some selected acute-phase proteins including serum ferritin and transferrin levels were measured because of their close relationship with iron metabolism. The material of this study consisted of 15 calves, aged 1-3 months with BRDC (Group I) and 10 healthy calves aged 1-3 months (Group II) based on the presence of respiratory clinical findings. Serum Fe, TIBC and TS levels were low and ferritin levels were high in Group I (P ≤ 0.001). The BRDC group was separated into two subgroups based on PCR results, namely Virus+ (n=9) and Virus- (n=6). The calves in the Virus+ group had significantly lower levels of Fe (P=0.001) and significantly higher values of ferritin (P=0.002), compared to the healthy group. On the basis of inter-group comparison and ROC analysis, we concluded that Fe (primarily), ferritin, TIBC and TS levels can be used as inflammatory biomarkers and possible diagnostic markers in the BRDC as useful, practical, inexpensive substitutes. As a suggestion, these parameters which are believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease, can be used as potential prognostic biomarkers in studies involving treatment.

Total iron binding capacity is a predictor for muscle loss in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Protein-energy wasting in hemodialysis (HD) patients is characterized by decreased skeletal muscle mass and plasma protein. Some previous studies reported relationships between skeletal muscle dysfunction and iron deficiency. Dialysis patients with malnutrition may have a functional iron deficiency (FID) because of inflammation. Serum total iron binding capacity (TIBC), correlated with transferrin, is a nutritional status marker in HD patients and a biomarker of iron status. The relationship between muscle loss and iron status is unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between iron status and change in skeletal muscle mass. A prospective cohort of 267 HD patients was examined for 12months. Blood samples were obtained at baseline to measure TIBC, ferritin, transferrin saturation (TSAT), and hepcidin-25. Nutritional status and changes in muscle mass were assessed by subjective global assessment, albumin, creatinine index, and percentage creatinine generation rate. At baseline, lower tertiles of TIBC were significantly related to lower muscle mass and albumin levels; they were also significantly correlated with high ferritin, hepcidin-25, and TSAT levels, as well as a higher proportion of use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Multiple regression analysis adjusted with confounders showed TIBC was an independent biomarker for decreased muscle mass and albumin. Change in muscle mass remained significantly decreased in the lower tertile of TIBC and in malnourished patients. The present study demonstrated relationships between FID and muscle loss. TIBC was an independent biomarker of muscle loss in HD patients, considering iron status, inflammation, oxidative stress, and malnutrition.

Hemoglobin Concentration during Early Pregnancy as an Accurate Predictor of Anemia during Late Pregnancy.

It is undetermined which blood variables related to iron storage during the first trimester of pregnancy could efficiently predict anemia occurring during the third trimester. Red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, ferritin, iron, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were assessed longitudinally during the first, second, and third trimesters of 231 healthy Japanese women. None of the patients had anemia in the first trimester and none used iron supplementation before the second trimester blood test. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) < 11 g/dL for the first trimester and Hb < 10.0 g/dL for the third trimester. Forty-seven (20%) women developed anemia in the third trimester. The first trimester RBC, Hb, hematocrit, and ferritin levels were significantly lower in women with third-trimester anemia than those without anemia. The first trimester hemoglobin level exhibited a greater area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve for prediction of the third trimester anemia than other blood variables; the optimal cut-off (12.6 g/dL) of hemoglobin yielded a sensitivity of 83% (39/47). First trimester hemoglobin levels were significantly better predictors of anemia during the third trimester than the indices of iron storage, including serum iron, ferritin, and TIBC levels.

Screening for Beta Thalassemia Carrier State Among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in a Tertiary Care Centre and Framing a Model Program for the Prevention of Beta Thalassemia.

AimThis study was carried out to detect beta (β) thalassemia heterozygous state in antenatal women and to create a validated flag in the software utilizing the screening indices to filter the samples to be subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and to define a model for the prevention of thalassemia.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was carried out for a period of two years on women attending the antenatal clinic. Complete blood count (CBC) and peripheral smear were done during their first visit. Serum iron and total iron-binding capacity were done for women who had microcytic hypochromic anemia. The samples of women without iron deficiency were processed by HPLC for hemoglobinopathies. The spouses of women who were found to have beta thalassemia trait were counseled to undergo screening, and those who consented were tested.ResultsA total of 183 antenatal women were screened for hemoglobinopathies. Βeta thalassemia trait was detected in 23.5% of them. Among the 16 red blood cell (RBC) indices analyzed, Sehgal index and Mentzer index, both with sensitivities of 97.67%, were found to be suitable. Alert flag incorporated in the software of the analyzer to detect these indices helps not to miss samples to carry out HPLC. The spouses of women with β thalassemia trait who underwent HPLC testing were 55.81%. A model screening program was designed.Conclusion Antenatal testing by HPLC should be done on all mothers having microcytic hypochromic anemia without iron deficiency. Spouse testing of the woman who was carriers denotes the success of the antenatal screening program.

Evaluation of iron status in metabolic syndrome

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of interconnected risk factors that adversely affects all the organs of the body. Oxidative stress resulting from excess tissue iron causing insulin resistance, tissue damage and other complications are observed in MetS. Objectives: To assess iron status by serum iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin saturation (TS) levels in female MetS patients. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka from March, 2019 to February, 2020 on total thirty female MetS patients aged 25 to 45 years. Thirty (30) age matched apperantly healthy female subjects were enrolled as control. Serum iron, ferritin levels, TIBC and TS were measured by standard biochemical methods. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was done by Independent sample ‘t’ test. Results: In this study, mean serum ferritin was significantly higher (p&lt;0.001) and mean serum TIBC was significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) in patients than that of controls In addition, 43.3% of MetS patients had excess ferritin and 26.67% patients had low TIBC whereas no control subjects had abnormal ferritin or TIBC and the difference between MetS and control was statistically significant. Conclusion: From the results of this study it can be concluded that higher iron status may be associated with metabolic syndrome. J Bngladesh Soc Physiol 2021;16(1): 82-87

Effects of Aqueous Ginger Extract on Some Hematology Parameters, Serum Iron, Ferritin, and Total Iron Binding Capacity in Male Mice (Mus musculus L.)

Background: Ginger is a common spice with wide range of medicinal properties, the extract have wide chemical substances play important role for many effects in humans and animals.&#x0D; Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of ginger on some hematological parameters as well as on serum iron, ferritin and total iron binding capacity.&#x0D; Subjects and methods: Thirty mice adult male be split into three groups, two treated groups and one control group (each group contains ten mice). The experimental groups were injected by intraperiton (IP) with 0.1 ml in every dose, (2 mg and 4 mg/mice) of Zingibar officinale extract was injected in treated groups, also a stander group received the distill water with the same dose.&#x0D; Results: PCV significantly rises in both dose, also Hb, RBC, MCV and MCHC appeared significant increase only in high dose. While MCH clarified not significant affect in two doses. TIBC not reach to significant differences in groups treated with two potion, whereas, rises serum iron and ferritin significantly appeared in high dose only compared with group in control at (p&lt;0.01).&#x0D; Conclusions: The ginger safe and help in iron absorption and can be beneficial as a promising therapy to prevent and treat iron deficiency anemia.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of iron deficiency without anemia among school adolescents in Mbouda, Western Cameroon

Background: Adolescents are a particularly vulnerable age group to iron deficiency without anemia (IDWA). This study aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risks factors of IDWA among apparently healthy school teenagers in Mbouda, West-Cameroon.Methods: The 778 blood samples were randomly collected from adolescents aged 10-19 years of four schools in Mbouda. Appropriate indicators including haemoglobin and haematocrit, serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, and total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation were determined using standard methods.Results: The overall prevalence of IDWA was 40.4%. High significant difference in the mean values of serum iron (p≤0.001), serum ferritin (p≤0.001), TIBC (p=0.007), CST (p≤0.001) were observed in participants with IDWA compared to those without IDWA. The sociodemographic risk factors of IDWA in school adolescents were school site (p=0.022; 0.14 (0.90-1.43) and period of menstruation (p=0.015; 1.48 (1.083-2.03). Consumption of roots-tubers [OR: 0.92 (0.48-1.77)] legumes [OR: 2.65 (1.91-3.67)], cereals [OR: 0.90 (0.67-1.22)], increased the risk of IDWA while consumption of vegetables [OR: 0.29 (0.22-0.39)], eggs [OR: 0.66 (0.49-0.90)], and fish-shrimp [OR: 0.172 (0.10-0.295)] decreased the risk of IDWA. Meal consumption frequency had a statistically significant association with IDWA (p≤0.001).Conclusions: This study identified that IDWA was a major public health in adolescents. This study will help in planning and implementation of the policy for prevention of IDWA in adolescents.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Iron Deficiency Anemia Among School Teenagers in Mbouda, Western Cameroon: A Cross Sectional Study

Teenagers are a particularly vulnerable age group to Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA). This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risks factors of IDA among apparently healthy school teenagers in Mbouda, West-Cameroon. Blood samples, up to 778 were randomly collected from adolescents aged 10-19 years of four schools in Mbouda. For this cross-sectional study, participants collaborated to fill a questionnaire with us on socio-economic and demographic status. The methods of 24 hours recall, and dietary history were used to determine the dietary habits, the type of food and the consumed meal frequencies during a day. Appropriate indicators including hemoglobin and hematocrit, serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, and total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation were determined using standard methods. Our findings showed that the prevalence of IDA was 82.4 % and 17.64 % in participants aged 13-19 years and 10-12 years respectively. High significant difference in the mean values of Serum Iron (p = 0.001), Serum ferritin (p&lt;0.001), TIBC (p&lt;0.001), CST (0.001) and Hemoglobin (p&lt;0.001, CI = 2) were observed in participants without IDA compared to those with IDA. The sociodemographic risk factors of IDA in school adolescents were sex [P = 0.001, OR = 0.39 (0.22–0.69)], residence areas [P = 0.001, OR = 3.30 (1.55–7.02)] and school sites [P = 0.002]. Consumption of vegetable [OR: 0.30 (0.17–0.54)], fruits, [OR: 0.26 (0.12–0.52)] and fats [OR: 0.33 (0.12–0.91)] significantly decreased the risk of IDA (p &lt;0.05), whereas the consumption of legumes [OR: 2.60 (1.57–4.32)] significantly increased the risk of IDA. This study suggested that IDA could be prevented by providing proper knowledge on the healthful diet including fats animal food sources, fruit and vegetables, improved lifestyle, and on the harmful effects of IDA to the teenager’s productivity.

Characteristics of systemic inflammation and brain iron deposition in Parkinson's disease patients.

ObjectiveThis study aimed at determining the characteristics of systemic inflammation and brain iron deposition in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients.MethodsThirty two PD patients and 30 gender‐ as well as age‐matched controls were enrolled. Serum interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐33, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, IL‐6, IL‐10, ferritin, iron, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) levels were assayed. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) was used to quantitatively analyze brain iron accumulation in the regions of interest (ROIs). Correlations between concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and biomarkers for peripheral iron metabolism, brain iron deposition were evaluated in the PD group.ResultsSerum concentrations of IL‐1β and IL‐33 were found to be significantly elevated in the PD group compared to the control group, and in early‐stage PD group compared to advanced‐stage PD group. Total QSM value for bilateral ROIs was significantly elevated in the PD group compared to the control group, and in advanced‐stage PD group compared to early‐stage PD group. There was a significant inverse correlation between serum IL‐1β concentration and total QSM value for bilateral ROIs, between serum ferritin, iron, TIBC concentrations, and total QSM value for bilateral ROIs in PD patients. However, there was no significant correlation between serum IL‐1β concentrations and serum ferritin, iron, TIBC concentrations in PD patients.InterpretationThe inflammatory state and chronic brain iron deposition progression in PD patients might be asynchronous. Alterations in systemic inflammation were not correlated with peripheral iron metabolism and might not contribute to the aggravation of brain iron deposition in PD patients.

Effect of Lacticaseibacillus casei Zhang on iron status, immunity, and gut microbiota of mice fed with low-iron diet

• The low-iron diet significantly changed the structure of the gut microbiota and reduced bacterial diversity. • LCZ supplementation significantly reduced serum IL-18 level, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. • LCZ mitigated serum total iron binding capacity (TIBC) level elevation induced by the low-iron diet in mice. Nutritional iron deficiency is a common health problem. In this study, the fecal metagenomes, serum cytokine profiles, and iron status of four mouse groups (n = 8 per group), i.e., CT (control diet), LI (low-iron diet), CTL (control diet with Lacticaseibacillus casei Zhang, LCZ), and LIL (LI with LCZ) were compared after dietary intervention. Significant differences were observed in the fecal microbiota diversity and structure between groups at week 8, with diminished microbial diversity in the LI group. LCZ supplementation could regulate the microbiota diversity. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-18 significantly increased in mice received low-iron diet compared with those in the probiotic group (low-iron diet), suggesting LCZ possibly exerted anti-inflammatory effect on the low-iron diet mice. Additionally, LCZ supplementation decreased the serum total iron binding capacity (TIBC) level in mice ( P < 0.05). Altogether, our data showed that LCZ supplementation partially protected mice given low-iron diet from gut dysbiosis and improved their iron status.

Association of Serum Iron Indices with Insulin Resistance Index in Euglycaemic Offspring’s of Diabetic and Non Diabetic Parents: A Case-control Study

Introduction: Altered iron metabolism may be a risk factor for various diseases. There are studies showing that altered iron metabolism is frequently found in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, but there is lacunae of literature in offspring’s of diabetic parents. Aim: To compare serum iron indices in euglycaemic offsprings of diabetic and non diabetic parents and also to correlate serum iron indices with HOMA-IR. Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study conducted in RL Jalappa Hospital and Research Centre, Kolar, Karnataka, India, from February 2019 to January 2020. Total 80 euglycaemic healthy individuals were recruited. Out of 80 subjects 40 were cases and 40 were controls. Offspring of non diabetic parents as control group and offspring of diabetic parents as a case group were included in the study. Anthropometric measurements like weight, height was measured and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Laboratory parameters like complete haemogram, Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), serum iron markers like serum iron, serum ferritin, serum Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC), serum insulin and high sensitive C-reactive protein were analysed and compared between cases and controls. Homeostasis Model Assessment-estimated Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Results: Mean age of cases was 34.65±3.06 years and controls was 35.75±3.43 years respectively. Out of total 24 were females and 56 were males. Serum iron markers like serum iron and serum ferritin was significantly increased and serum TIBC was significantly decreased among euglycaemic offspring’s of diabetic parents compared to offspring’s of non diabetic parents. Serum ferritin (r-value=0.389,p-value=0.007) and serum iron (r-value=0.483,p-value=0.001), showed positive correlation with HOMA-IR among euglycaemic offspring’s of diabetic parents. On multiple regression analysis, in model 1 (HOMAIR as dependent variable and serum ferritin, serum iron and serum TIBC as independent variable) serum iron emerged as a significant predictor of insulin resistance, whereas after adding confounding variables like BMI, high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP), lipid profile with serum iron markers in model 2, serum iron emerged as independent predictor of insulin resistance though regression equations was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Offsprings of diabetic parents showed iron overload and insulin resistance which predisposes them to develop T2DM and serum iron can be used as one of the marker of insulin resistance among offspring of diabetic parents along with other parameters.

Role of oral lactoferrin as a source of iron supplementation in correction of anemia in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease stages 2–4

Background Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have multiple risk factors for anemia such as primary erythropoietin deficiency, blood loss, decreased red blood cell (RBC) survival, bone marrow suppression, iron deficiency, inflammation and infection, malnutrition, hyperparathyroidism, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, aluminum toxicity, and carnitine deficiency. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of oral bovine lactoferrin on patients with iron deficiency with CKD stages 2–4. Patients and methods This follow-up cohort clinical study was conducted on children with CKD in the conservative clinic, Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Children’s Hospital, Ain Shams University. It included 45 pediatric patients with CKD stages from 2 to 4 for 6 months without a control group. This is a follow-up case study in which all the included patients were on erythropoietin therapy ranging from 150 to 300 IU/kg once per week. The patients were subjected to history and laboratory evaluation, including hemoglobin (Hb), serum iron, serum ferritin, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), which were done for the patients at baseline and 6 months after treatment with bovine lactoferrin for 6 months. Results Blood Hb and RBC volume were significantly increased beginning from first month after oral lactoferrin therapy, serum iron and serum ferritin were significantly increased 6 months after intervention, and serum TIBC was significantly decreased after intervention. The current study had shown no significant difference between males and females regarding laboratory changes 6 months after intervention. Laboratory improvements were significantly lowest among cases with stage 4, followed by stage 3, and the highest among cases with stage 2. There was a decrease in all anemia clinical manifestations after 6 months of lactoferrin administration; the differences were significant only in easy fatigability, constipation, and gastrointestinal upset, which were the most frequent adverse effects. Conclusion Oral lactoferrin was found to be effective in treating iron-deficiency anemia regarding blood Hb, blood RBCs, serum iron, serum ferritin, and TIBC in association with erythropoietin therapy. The effect declines with the progression of CKD.

Comparative evaluation of darbepoetin therapy in non-regenerative anaemia associated with Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs

The present study describes a comparative evaluation of haemato-therapeutic response to darbepoetin therapy in non-regenerative anaemia associated with Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs. A total of 68 dogs, presented at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mannuthy with signs of anaemia, weakness, anorexia and pallor of mucous membranes were screened for nonregenerative anaemia. Twenty dogs with a reticulocyte count of &lt; 60,000/μL, haematocrit of &lt; 30 per cent and positive for B. gibsoni were selected for detailed study. The twenty dogs were divided into two groups of ten animals and were subjected to estimation of complete blood count and analysis of serum protein and iron status. Ten dogs brought to the hospital for vaccination or health check-up served as healthy control. Haematological examination revealed significant anaemia and thrombocytopenia in both the groups. Serum total protein, albumin and total iron binding capacity revealed no difference between diseased groups with the healthy control. Serum iron and percentage transferrin saturation were similar in Group I and II, but significantly higher than healthy control. To compare darbepoetin efficacy, Group I dogs were administered with clindamycin and doxycycline for three weeks, whereas Group II was given with darbepoetin at the dose rate of 0.5 μg/kg body weight at weekly intervals for three weeks in addition to clindamycin-doxycycline as in Group I. Dogs of both groups showed complete remission of clinical signs within 10 days of therapy. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in haematological parameters between the treatment groups. It can be concluded from this study that there is no added advantage of darbepoetin therapy over conventional therapies against non-regenerative anaemia associated with B. gibsoni infection in dogs.

Evaluation of Osteopontin and Malondialdehyde Level and its Correlation with Iron Status in Hypothyroidism Patients: A Case-control Study

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a clinical condition characterised by abnormally low thyroid hormone production. Hypothyroidism is associated with increased Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) and decreased Osteopontin (OPN), iron and ferritin level. Aim: To evaluate OPN and MDA level and its correlation with iron status in hypothyroidism subjects also to compare the OPN, MDA, iron, ferritin and TIBC levels in cases with the controls. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was done at Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, in collaboration with Muzaffarnagar Medical College, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar pradesh, India from September 2018 to September 2020. The current study involved a total of 240 female participants. There were 120 female hypothyroidism (cases) and 120 female normal healthy (control) participants of the same age group in the current study (30-60 years). Blood samples were collected from all participants and analysed for OPN, MDA, iron, ferritin and TIBC. OPN was estimated using sandwich- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. MDA was estimated by Kei satoh method. Serum Ferritin was estimated by Immunoturbidimetric on Access 2 Immunoassay Beckman Coulter and serum iron and TIBC were estimated by Beckman Coulter AU480 Clinical Chemistry Analyser. Pearson's correlation was used to evaluate the association between these parameters, which were represented as mean with Standard Deviation (SD). Results: Female hypothyroidism subjects had significantly (p-value &lt;0.001 for all) increased body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist hip ratio than controls. Study showed increased levels of MDA and TIBC and decreased levels of serum OPN, ferritin and iron in hypothyroid subjects as compared to controls. A significant positive correlation was found between OPN vs ferritin (r=0.465, p-value &lt;0.001), OPN vs iron (r=0.521, p-value &lt;0.001) , MDA vs TIBC (r-value=0.591, p-value &lt;0.001), whereas significant negative correlation was found between OPN vs TIBC (r=-0.454, p-value &lt;0.001), OPN vs MDA (r=-0.501, p-value &lt;0.001), MDA vs ferritin (r=-0.543, p-value &lt;0.001) and MDA vs iron (r=-0.573, p-value &lt;0.001). Conclusion: The decreased levels of OPN and increased level of MDA in hypothyroidism subject, which increases risk of iron deficiency anaemia in hypothyroidism patients. Furthermore, OPN and MDA were well correlated with ferritin, iron and TIBC in hypothyroidism subjects. As a result, these aspects should be considered while assessing risks of iron deficiency anaemia in hypothyroidism.

Antitumor and Antibacterial Efficacy of Gallium Nanoparticles Coated by Ellagic Acid.

Cancer is a mortality contributor worldwide, and breast cancer is the most common among women. Despite the numerous breast cancer therapeutic strategies, they either have limitations or sometimes are resisted by cancer, so new approaches are needed to tackle those restrictions. Nanotechnology offers exciting leaps in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, especially breast cancer. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the newly synthesized gallium nanoparticles coated by Ellagic acid (EA-GaNPs) on the induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in female rats and their antibacterial activities comparison with standard antibiotics (Ketoconazole (100 μg/ml) and Gentamycin (4 μg/ml)) by disc diffusion method using eight different microbial species. The antitumor efficacy of EA-GaNPs was conducted both in vitro and in in vivo. The result of antimicrobial activity of EA-Ga NPs (1 mg/1 mL) revealed moderate toxicity behavior against Gram-positive {Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria {Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgarfs) also, antifungal activity was detected against {Aspergillus terreus). In vitro study showed that EA-GaNPs inhibited human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) proliferation with IC50 of 2.86 μg/ml. Although in vivo; the administration of EA-GaNPs to DMBA-treated rats ameliorated the hyperplastic state of mammary gland carcinogenesis induced by DMBA. Additionally, EA-GaNPs administration significantly modulated the activities of ALT and AST, as well as the levels of urea and creatinine in serum. Also, EA-GaNPs administration improved the antioxidant state by increasing Superoxide dismutase activity and GSH content, and decreasing malondialdehyde content in the mammary tissue, besides enhancing the apoptotic activity through elevating the levels of caspase-3 and decreasing the protein intensities of protein kinase B & phosphatidyl inositide 3-kinases. Furthermore, a significant decrease in serum Total iron-binding capacity accompanied by a significant increase in the level of calcium was noted. So, it can be concluded that the newly synthesized nanoparticles EA-GaNPs have an efficient antitumor activity that was manifested by reduction of the viability on the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) in vitro. Also, in vivo against the chemically induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in a female rat model. Histopathological findings were in harmony with biochemical and molecular results showing the effectiveness of EA-GaNPs against mammary carcinogenesis. Therefore, EA-GaNPs could be a promising, potent anti-cancer compound.

TMT Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Effects of Transport Stress on Iron Metabolism in the Liver of Chicken

Simple SummaryTransport stress (TS) can impact the physiology and psychology of broilers, and this can be an important factor affecting liver iron metabolism in broilers. By establishing a transport model group, broilers (n = 144) reared under the same conditions were allocated into six groups and transported duration for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h. The results showed that the enrichment of iron content in the liver was the highest at a transport duration of 4 h, so the effect of transport duration of 4 h on iron metabolism was further investigated using TMT quantitative proteomic analysis. It was found that TS caused the enrichment of iron ions in the liver, TMT identified FTH1, IREB2, and HEPH as key proteins affecting iron metabolism, and key genes regulating iron homeostasis were validated using RT-PCR.Abnormal iron metabolism can cause oxidative stress in broilers, and transport stress (TS) may potentially influence iron metabolism. However, the mechanisms by which TS affects iron metabolism are unclear. This study used quantitative proteome analysis based on tandem mass tag (TMT) to investigate the effects of TS on liver iron metabolism in broilers. Broilers (n = 24) reared under the same conditions were selected randomly into the transported group for 4 h (T2) and non-transported group (T1). Results showed that the serum iron level and total iron-binding capacity of broilers in the T2 were significantly higher than those in the T1 (p < 0.05). The liver iron content of broilers in the T2 (0.498 ± 0.058 mg·gprot−1) was significantly higher than that in the T1 (0.357 ± 0.035 mg·gprot−1), and the iron-stained sections showed that TS caused the enrichment of iron in the liver. We identified 1139 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Twelve DEPs associated with iron metabolism were identified, of which eight were up-regulated, and four were down-regulated in T2 compared with T1. Prediction of the protein interaction network for DEPs showed that FTH1, IREB2, and HEPH play vital roles in this network. The results provide new insights into the effects of TS on broilers’ liver iron metabolism.

Evaluation of risk factors for catheter-related infections with gram-negative bacteria in Tehran, Iran

Introduction: Catheter infection is due to gram-negative, gram-positive bacteria, and fungi. Gram-positive bacteria are the most prevalent cause of catheter infection, although gram-negative bacteria seem to have escalated in recent years, which may have numerous risk factors. In this report, we intended to study these risk factors. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for catheter-related infections caused by gram-negative bacteria in hemodialysis patients, to prevent catheter-related infections, which are unfortunately abundant. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on128 hemodialysis patients known cases Hasheminejad hospital in Tehran, Iran in 2019. Patients were assigned into two groups as the case group (catheter-related infection caused by gram-negative bacteria) (n=64) and the control group (catheter-related infection caused by gram-positive bacteria) (n=64). Risk factors for catheter-related infection, including hemoglobin, phosphorus, albumin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), catheter insertion site, urinary tract infection (UTI), urinary tract manipulation, and urinary tract anomalies were obtained and analyzed via SPSS version 26. Results: Two groups were significantly different in serum albumin level (3.7±0.5 g/dL in gram-negative group and 3.9 ± 0.5 g/dL in gram-positive group; P=0.009) and in UTI (23.4 % in gram-negative group and 7.8 % in gram-positive group; P=0.015). Additionally, no significant differences were observed in serum ferritin, phosphorus, ESR, CRP, TIBC, duration, and site of catheter insertion. Regression analysis shows that, for every unit increase in albumin, the chance of developing a gram-negative catheter infection is 0.356, or about one-third. In other words, with decreasing each unit of albumin, the chance of a gram-negative catheter infection is 2.8 times (reverse 0.356). Conclusion: Serum albumin levels were significantly low in gram-negative group. Moreover, UTIs were significantly higher in this group. It is also important to consider hypoalbuminemia and UTI as risk factors for catheter infection with gram-negative bacteria.

Association Between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Serum Iron Profile.

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is reported to be the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in cases of upper gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. There is paucity of research between the possible association of H. pylori and iron stores and iron deficiency anemia (IDA). In this study, we will determine if there is an association between serum total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), serum iron and ferritin levels, and H. pylori infection.Methods: This case-control study was conducted in the gastroenterology ward of a major hospital in Pakistan from December 2020 to April 2021. Three hundred patients diagnosed with H. pylori were enrolled along with 300 participants in the control group. H. pylori was confirmed or excluded with the help of Giemsa stained gastric biopsy specimens. Blood was sent to the laboratory to test for ferritin, serum iron, and TIBC. Each sample was drawn in the morning to avoid any fluctuations.Results: The mean serum iron level was significantly lower in participants with H. pylori infection compared to those who did not have H. pylori infection (110.72 ± 28.38 ug/dL vs. 162.5 ± 21.18 ug/dL; p-value: <0.0001). Serum ferritin level was significantly higher in participants with H. pylori infection (536.82 ± 117.0 ng/dL vs. 391.31 ± 101.54 ng/dL; p-value: <0.0001).Conclusion: In comparison with the control group, TIBC and serum iron levels were found to be lower in the case group.

Взаємозв’язок показників обміну заліза і тиреоїдного гомеостазу у дітей із сидеропенією та йододефіцитом

Relationships between the iron metabolism indexes and thyroid homeostasis in children were investigated. For that purpose, 68 healthy children aged 6 to 11 years were examined (35 boys and 33 girls) with adequate iron and iodine supply (n =16), latent sideropenia (n = 16), mild iodine deficiency (n = 18) and combination of latent iron deficiency and mild iodine deficiency (n = 18). We found that in 13% of boys with latent sideropenia, 78% of boys and as many girls with mild iodine deficiency, 90% of boys and 88% of girls with combined iodine and iron deficiency, the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level in blood serum ranged from 2.5 to 4.2 mIU/l under the reference data of free triiodothyronine (fT3) and thyroxine (fT4). This observation points for development of minimal thyroid insufficiency (MTI). According to the TSH/fT4 index, MTI was found in 30% of boys and 38% of girls with combined iodine and iron deficiency. These children form the group of risk for development of subclinical hypothyroidism and require mandatory individual correction of MTI by administration of potassium iodide. We found direct moderate correlations between the contents of fT3 and fT4 in serum and the hemoglobin level (Hb) in blood, between the contents of the serum iron and ferritin (r from 0.42 to 0.64). We found also an inverse moderate correlation between the serum TSH content and indexes of iron metabolism (r from –0.56 to –0.61), and a direct moderate correlation between the TSH and total serum iron-binding capacity (r = 0.54). Therefore, iron deficiency can be considered a risk factor for the development of thyroid insufficiency, which requires control of functional capacity of thyroid gland in case of iron depot depletion. The most vulnerable period for the formation of thyroid dysfunction is a prepubertal age regardless of gender. The advisability of determining the indicators of iron metabolism and its correction under conditions of latent sideropenia, mild iodine deficiency and their combination for the prevention of MTI development was justified.

The Importance of Iron Administration in Correcting Anaemia After Major Surgery.

IntroductionPostoperative anaemia can affect more than 90% of patients undergoing major surgeries. Patients develop an absolute iron deficiency in the face of significant blood loss or preoperative anaemia and major surgery. Studies have shown the negative impact of these factors on transfusion requirements, infections, increased hospitalisation and long-term morbidities.Aim of the studyThe research was performed to determine the correlation between intravenous iron administration in the postoperative period and improved haemoglobin correction trend.Material and methodsA prospective study was conducted to screen and treat iron deficiency in patients undergoing major surgery associated with significant bleeding. For iron deficiency anaemia screening, in the postoperative period, the following bioumoral parameters were assessed: haemoglobin, serum iron, transferrin saturation (TSAT), and ferritin, direct serum total iron-binding capacity (dTIBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH). In addition, serum glucose, fibrinogen, urea, creatinine and lactate values were also collected.ResultsTwenty-one patients undergoing major surgeries (52,38% were emergency and 47,61% elective interventions) were included in the study. Iron deficiency, as defined by ferritin 100-300 μg/L along with transferrin saturation (TSAT) < 20 %, mean corpuscular volume (MVC) < 92 fL, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) < 33 g/dL, serum iron < 10 μmol/L and direct serum total iron-binding capacity (dTIBC) > 36 μmol/L, was identified in all cases. To correct the deficit and optimise the haematological status, all patients received intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (500-1000 mg, single dose). Using Quadratic statistical analysis, the trend of haemoglobin correction was found to be a favourable one.ConclusionThe administration of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in the postoperative period showed the beneficial effect of this type of intervention on the haemoglobin correction trend in these groups of patients.