Serum Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Levels Research Articles

A cross-sectional study to assess hypothyroid status of pregnant women at 12–16 weeks of gestation

Background: Physiological changes occur during pregnancy. These changes include metabolic, hematologic, cardiovascular, renal, and respiratory changes. In some cases, these changes may alter and lead to complications which result in adverse pregnancy outcomes. In India, hypothyroidism in pregnancy has a prevalence of 4.8–11%. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnant women at 12–16 weeks of gestation. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was planned on pregnant women attending the ANC clinic of Outpatient Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at K.L. E’S Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Center Belagavi. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was estimated in the study participants. Serum TSH levels >4.5 μIU/ml were labeled as hypothyroid pregnant women. Results: In our study, the prevalence of hypothyroidism was observed to be 8.68%. Conclusion: Hence, we conclude that all pregnant women should be screened for hypothyroidism at earlier weeks of gestation.

Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy: An Alarming Concern in a Rural Community of Eastern India.

Hypothyroidism exerts a multitude of effects on pregnant women and newborns. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of hypothyroidism and its associated factors among pregnant women. This cross-sectional study was done at a community health center in Tangi, Eastern India. A total of 436 pregnant women ≤24 weeks gestation attending the ante-natal clinic were recruited by consecutive sampling after obtaining written informed consent. Those who were a known case of any psychiatric disorder and were not able to comprehend interview questions were excluded. Estimation of serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels was done at the central laboratory of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar. Analysis was done using STATA 17.0 and presented as means or proportions. The association of hypothyroidism with various sociodemographic factors was analyzed with bivariate logistic regression. Mean age of the study participants was 23.9 years (SD: 3.65). About 31.4% of participants were found to have hypothyroidism. On bivariate logistic regression, the presence of hypothyroidism was not associated with any variable. Hypothyroidism is widely prevalent in pregnant females in rural India. Screening of high-risk pregnant females followed by appropriate management is essential.

The Association of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Levels and Lipid Profile in Euthyroid Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

Previous studies reported a relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. In this study, we aim to evaluate the impact of TSH levels on lipid profile in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and euthyroid state. Patients were selected from the Isfahan FH registry. The Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) criteria are used to detect FH. Patients were classified into no FH, possible FH, probable FH, and definite FH groups based on the DLCN scores. Patients with any cause of secondary hyperlipidemia, including hypothyroidism, were excluded from this study. The study group consisted of 103 patients with possible FH, 25 patients with definite FH, and 63 individuals with no FH. The mean TSH and LDL-C levels among participants were 2.10 ± 1.22 mU/l and 142.17 ± 62.56 mg/dl, respectively. No positive or negative correlation was found between serum TSH and total cholesterol (P value = 0.438), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.225), triglycerides (P value = 0.863), and LDL-C (P value = 0.203). We found no correlation between serum TSH levels and lipid profiles in euthyroid patients with FH.

二甲双胍对血清促甲状腺激素水平影响的研究进展

二甲双胍对血清促甲状腺激素水平影响的研究进展

Calcium and Magnesium Levels in Subclinical and Overt Hypothyroidism: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Hypothyroidism, one of the most common thyroid gland disorders, can cause electrolyte disturbances in the body. Hypothyroidism can alter mineral metabolism by changing the levels of serum calcium and magnesium. Therefore, it is essential to study any abnormalities in calcium and magnesium metabolism in patients with hypothyroidism. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the levels of calcium and magnesium in patients with hypothyroidism and to study the correlation between Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), fT3, and fT4 with calcium and magnesium in subclinical and Overt Hypothyroidism (OH). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was held from August 2019 to January 2020 in the Department of Biochemistry, BS Medical College, Bankura. A total of 150 subjects were included in the study, distributed equally among three groups: euthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and OH. Serum TSH, fT3, fT4, calcium, and magnesium levels were determined in the laboratory, and the data obtained were statistically analysed using ANOVA test and Pearson’s correlation test. Results: Out of a total of 150 subjects, 61 were female, among whom 23 had subclinical hypothyroidism and 21 had OH. There were significant differences in the mean levels of TSH, fT3, fT4, calcium, and magnesium between the SCH, OH, and euthyroid groups. The study showed that the mean serum calcium level was significantly lower in SCH and OH compared to euthyroids, while the level of serum magnesium was significantly increased in SCH and OH compared to euthyroid. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between TSH and serum calcium in both OH and SCH, while a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between TSH and serum magnesium levels in both groups. Conclusion: The present study revealed that serum magnesium levels were high while serum calcium levels were low in both subclinical hypothyroidism and OH when compared to euthyroid subjects. Additionally, calcium levels negatively correlated with TSH, while magnesium levels positively correlated with TSH levels.

Establishment of reference intervals for fT3, fT4, and TSH levels in Japanese children and adolescents.

The present study aimed to establish new reference intervals (RIs) for serum free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in Japanese children and adolescents aged 4 to 19 years. A total of 2,036 (1,611 girls, 425 boys) participants were included over a 17-year period; they all tested negative for antithyroid antibodies (TgAb, TPOAb) and were found to have no abnormalities on ultrasonography. RIs were determined by nonparametric methods. The results showed that serum fT3 was significantly higher in the 4-15-year-olds than in the 19-year-olds. The serum fT4 was significantly higher in the 4-10-year-olds than in the 19-year-olds. The serum TSH was significantly higher in the 4-12-year-olds than in the 19-year-olds. All of them gradually decreased with age to approximate the adult levels. The upper limit of TSH was lower in those aged 13 to 19 years than in adults. The differences were examined by sex. The serum fT3 was significantly higher in boys than in girls between the ages of 11 and 19 years. The serum fT4 was significantly higher in boys than in girls between the ages of 16 and 19 years. There did not seem to be any sex difference in those under 10 years of age. In conclusion, serum fT3, fT4, and TSH levels in children and adolescents differ from those in adults. It is important to evaluate thyroid function using the new RIs that are appropriate for chronological age.

Objective evaluation of thyroid function in postmenopausal women

Background: Thyroid dysfunction is more prevalent among elderly female. Assessment of thyroid dysfunction in the postmenopausal women is difficult due to their age, associated comorbidities, and ongoing treatment. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the thyroid status, presence of relative estrogen dominance and correlation of thyroid status with reproductive hormones in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: This cross-section study consists 40 postmenopausal women between age group 45 and 55 years. All participants were subjected to measure serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Based on TSH levels, subjects were divided into normal thyroid function group (n = 12) and abnormal thyroid function group (n = 12). Serum was assayed for thyroxin binding globin (TBG), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO), estrogen, progesterone, and progesterone to estrogen ratio (P: E) in subjects of both the groups. Results: Around, 12 (30%) postmenopausal women had TSH values outside the range of 0.3–6.5 μIU/mL. TPO was positive only in one subject and 12.5% showed elevated TBG levels in abnormal thyroid group. Mean estrogen levels were significantly high, mean progesterone levels were significantly low and P: E was low in abnormal thyroid level group. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed on comparing the mean values of serum estrogen, progesterone, and P: E ratio among the groups. A significant positive correlation between TSH and serum estrogen, progesterone, and P: E and inverse correlation between estrogen and P: E was observed in abnormal thyroid level group. Conclusion: The thyroid dysfunction in postmenopausal women is associated with estrogen dominance. Therefore, menopausal women should be routinely screened for thyroid dysfunction, as part of their annual examination.

Noise-induced hormonal & morphological malformations in breeding pigeons.

Environmental pollution has the potential to have a significant impact on animal's health especially on birds due to daily exposure and habitat. This experimental study was carried out for a 60 days period in which, a total of 24 pigeon birds with suitable weight (80-100 g) were kept in Animal house with suitable environmental conditions viz, controlled temperature, humidity & light source to minimize any other stress. Out of twenty-four, eighteen birds were divided into three treatment groups (6 birds in each group). Whole experiment was run in triplicate manner in breeding season. One served as Control (Group 1) and remaining three were experimental groups including Road traffic noise (Group 2), Military noise (Group 3) & Human activities noise (Group 4). Noise was applied as recorded high intensity music (1125 Hz/ 90 dB) through speakers for 5-6 hrs. daily. Blood sampling was done after 20, 40 and 60 days by sacrificing treatment birds. Noise stress significantly (p<0.05) increase the serum levels of corticosterone and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in Group 2 while significantly (p<0.05) decrease the serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) of Group 3 birds. Moreover, major fault bars formation was seen both in Group 2 and Group 3. It was concluded as that Noise stress caused rise in serum levels of Corticosterone and TSH but fall in LH and FSH. Along with fault bars formation was also prominent in all treatment groups due to stress hormone.

Incidence and risk factors of transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity: a prospective cohort study.

Transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity (THOP) is characterized by low thyroxine (T4) levels with normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. This study aimed to determine the incidence and factors associated with THOP. This prospective cohort study included neonates who were born before 37 weeks of gestation in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) between April 2017 and December 2020. Serum TSH and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were routinely screened at 3-5 days and 2, 4, and 6-8 weeks postnatally. The criteria for diagnosis of THOP were a TSH level < 7 mU/L with a FT4 level < 0.8 ng/dL at any screening timepoint. The incidence of THOP in infants born before 28, 34, and 37 weeks of gestation was 39.5 (17/43), 8.4% (29/343), and 4.8% (35/722), respectively. A multivariate analysis revealed that a gestational age of < 28 weeks (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 5.35, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.89-15.13, p=0.002); 5-min Apgar score of ≤3 (aOR: 5.72, 95% CI: 2.2-14.89, p < 0.001); and treatment with aminophylline (aOR: 2.95, 95% CI: 1.08-8.11, p=0.037), dobutamine (aOR: 4.12, 95% CI: 1.55-10.98, p=0.004), or morphine (aOR: 4.91, 95% CI: 1.29-18.74, p=0.011) were associated with an increased risk of THOP. The TSH and FT4 levels in infants with THOP returned to normal ranges by 2 weeks of age. THOP is frequently found in preterm infants. An extremely low gestational age, a low Apgar score, and the use of certain medications in the NICU are risk factors for the development of THOP. Therefore, a thyroid screening program should be implemented for evaluating congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and THOP in preterm neonates in all settings.

Thyroid hormones and FSH, LH, and prolactin correlation in infertility in women of reproductive age

Background: In the assessment of female infertility, prolactin and thyroid hormone measures, notably thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), have been regarded as essential milestones. Numerous elements of pregnancy and reproduction are impacted by thyroid dysfunction. Aims and Objective: To compare the levels of thyroid hormones with those of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin in women of reproductive age who are infertile. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 50 fertile women between the ages of 20 and 45 are compared to 110 infertile women who visit our institute’s Gynec OPD. There were 110 infertile women, of which 40 had secondary infertility and 70 had primary infertility. Using chemiluminance immunoassay, the levels of thyroid hormones and infertility hormones are assessed in all individuals. Results: TSH and prolactin had a favorable correlation with one another. In groups of infertile women, they had a negative correlation with LH, FSH, and T3. Therefore, we can conclude that the etiopathogenesis of infertility is strongly influenced by hyperprolactinemia and hypothyroidism. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is highly prevalent in infertile females in the current study. Menstrual abnormalities brought on by these illnesses may result in infertility. In addition connected to hyperprolactinemia, these individuals frequently experience ovulatory failure. Therefore, the evaluation of serum TSH and prolactin levels is necessary for all infertile women to undergo, especially those who report with menstrual abnormalities.

Prediction of the recurrence risk of Graves' disease after antithyroid drug therapy

Objective: This study aimed at observing the prognostic factors for Graves' disease (GD) recurrence after treatment with antithyroid drugs. Patients and Methods: Clinical data for 247 patients with primary GD hyperthyroidism diagnosed in the endocrinology department of our hospital between March 2014 and February 2017 were collected. Age, sex, thyroid size, thyroid hormone levels, thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb), thyroglobulin antibody, thyroid peroxidase antibody, urinary iodine, and other prognostic factors before and after treatment were analyzed and compared. Results: After ATD treatment, 151 cases were in remission and 96 cases were not. The mean age at diagnosis was 37.3 ± 14.0 years in the remission group and 31.2 ± 12.2 years in the nonremission group (P = 0.032). The levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3) in the nonremission group and remission group were 25.7 ± 8.4 and 18.3 ± 9.1 pmol/L, respectively. The proportion of patients with goiter and thyroid-associated orbitopathy was higher in the nonremission group than the remission group. Similarly, both the FT3/FT4 ratio (4.63 ± 1.08 and 3.72 ± 0.69, P= 0.020) and TRAb level (27.4 ± 10.7% and 18.1 ± 9.8%, P= 0.001) significantly increased. Logistic regression analysis indicated that high thyroid volume (odds ratio [OR] =9.647, P= 0.003), high free T3/free T4 ratio (OR = 1.541, P= 0.019), and TRAb level (OR = 1.317, P= 0.002) were independent factors influencing drug treatment failure and were associated with poor prognosis. After drug withdrawal, patients with distinctly enlarged thyroid glands, thyroid-associated eye disease, and low serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (sTSH) levels were higher in the nonremission group than in the remission group. Conclusion: GD patients with goiter, high TRAb level and high FT3/FT4 ratio had poor poor response to drugs. The recurrence rate was high in patients with thyroid-related eye disease, and sTSH delayed recovery.

Congenital hypothyroidism and thyroid function in a Japanese birth cohort: data from The Japan Environment and Children's Study.

The most common hormonal and metabolic disease in early childhood is congenital hypothyroidism (CH). This study aimed to describe CH in large-scale birth cohort data and summarize the results of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) levels in 2-yr-old children. Data were obtained from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), and we identified 171 children with CH detected in newborn screenings or medical records (170.5 per 100,000 population). Infants with CH are at higher risk of developing congenital diseases than those without CH. Of 171 children with CH, 20 (11.7%) were diagnosed with congenital heart defects, 33 (19.3%) had chromosomal or other congenital abnormalities, and 23 (13.5%) had Down syndrome. At the age of 2 yr old, the median and 95% reference range values for TSH and fT4 were 2.13 (0.78-5.52) μIU/mL and 1.2 (1.0-1.5) ng/dL, respectively. Moreover, boys had slightly higher TSH and fT4 levels than did girls. Data on the distribution of TSH and fT4 in 2-yr-old children should be useful for decreasing the misclassification of thyroid disorders in the pediatric population. Trial-off treatment and re-evaluation of thyroid function are needed to classify permanent congenital hypothyroidism and transient congenital hypothyroidism after 3 yr of age.

Thyroid stimulating hormone correlates with triglyceride levels but is not associated with the severity of acute ischemic stroke in patients with euthyroidism: a cross-sectional study.

Growing evidence suggests an association between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and severity of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, few studies have ruled out the potential influences of abnormal thyroid hormones when assessing this association. This study aimed to investigate the association between TSH levels and the severity of AIS patients with euthyroidism, and to explore the potential mechanism of TSH on this disease by analyzing the correlation of TSH with lipid profiles. This retrospective study consisted of 345 patients with normal T3 and T4 levels admitted for first-ever cerebral ischemic stroke. Baseline data of participant were collecte. Laboratory data, including serum levels of TSH and lipid profiles were measured in our hospital's clinical laboratory on admission. Stroke severity was recorded using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Associations between TSH levels and disease severity were analyzed with logistic regression analysis. Correlations between TSH and lipid profiles were analyzed with Spearman's rank correlation analysis. Among the 345 patients with AIS, the median age was 63 years (63±12 years), 106 patients (30.7%) were female, 237 (68.7%) patients were mild-severity and 108 (31.3%) patients were severity. Data analysis showed that higher serum TSH levels were associated with the mild severity of patients with AIS (P=0.042 in Kruskal-Wallis test, P=0.025 in logistic regression analysis, and P=0.044 in multiple logistic regression), but not in AIS patients with euthyroidism (P=0.078, P=0.337, respectively). Furthermore, TSH levels were correlated with triglycerides (TG) levels not only in total patients (r=0.135, P=0.012) but also in the patients with euthyroidism (r=0.133, P=0.018). TSH levels are associated with the severity of AIS patients, but not in patients with euthyroidism, predicting that stratified management of TSH may be beneficial in patients with AIS. Moreover, TSH levels are correlated with TG levels in patients with AIS.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates NR4A3 expression in the pituitary thyrotrophs of proestrus rats.

The secretion of several hypothalamic peptide hormones is activated during the preovulatory period. Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is one such hormone with reproductive and/or metabolic significance. However, it remains unclear whether thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-producing thyrotrophs are produced during the preovulatory period. We previously found a transient increase in the expression of the nuclear receptor NR4A3, a well-known immediate early gene, in the proestrus afternoon in the anterior pituitary glands of rats. To investigate the relationship between TRH secretion and pituitary NR4A3 expression during proestrus, we used proestrus and thyroidectomized rats to identify NR4A3-expressing cells and examined the regulation of Nr4a3 gene expression via the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. The percentage of NR4A3-expressing cells increased in thyrotrophs at 14:00 h of proestrus. Incubation of rat primary pituitary cells with TRH transiently stimulated Nr4a3 expression. Thyroidectomy to attenuate the negative feedback effects led to increased serum TSH levels and Nr4a3 gene expression in the anterior pituitary, whereas thyroxine (T4) administration conversely suppressed Nr4a3 expression. Additionally, the administration of T4 or TRH antibodies significantly suppressed the increase in Nr4a3 expression at 14:00 h of proestrus. These results demonstrate that pituitary NR4A3 expression is regulated by the HPT axis, and that TRH stimulates thyrotrophs and induces NR4A3 expression during the proestrus afternoon. This suggests the potential involvement of NR4A3 in the regulation of the HPT axis during pre- and post-ovulatory periods.

A Study of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetes and thyroid dysfunctions are closely related to endocrine disorders. Research has shown that there is a clear connection between hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, increased glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and abnormal thyroid function. Hypothyroidism is relatively common in diabetic patients, particularly in those with suboptimal glycemic control. As a result, screening for thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients can aid in the early identification and treatment of hypothyroidism, potentially reducing the risk of complications associated with the condition. Objectives: Correlation of TSH and HbA1c in diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, between February 2022 and February 2023. A total of 120 patients with diabetes attending the department without any prior history of thyroid disease or any factor that may affect thyroid function were included in this study. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and HbA1c were done in all subjects. Results: The result showed that the mean age was 57.68 years with female preponderance (58.33%) and increased mean levels of HbA1c (7.8850%) and TSH (13.566 micro IU/mL). In our study, the mean serum TSH level was significantly higher in uncontrolled diabetes than that in controlled diabetes patients. HbA1c also showed a positive correlation (r = 0.574; P &lt; 0.001) with thyroid abnormality. Conclusions: Conducting thyroid function screenings on diabetic patients can aid in the identification of asymptomatic hypothyroid patients. Early detection of underlying thyroid dysfunction facilitates timely treatment, which may enhance glycemic control and ultimately improve the quality of life for diabetic patients.

Preterm yenidoğanlarda gebelik yaşına göre küçük olmak ile tiroid fonksiyon testleri arasındaki ilişki

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and clinical outcomes in preterm, small for gestational age (SGA) infants.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The premature newborns (gestational age of ≤30 weeks) were divided into two groups as SGA and non-SGA. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) levels, the frequency of congenital hypothyroidism (CH), demographic and clinical characteristics, morbidity and mortality rate were compared between the groups.&#x0D; Results: A total of 430 premature newborns, 72 in the SGA group and 358 in the non-SGA group were included. The frequency of CH, morbidity, demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between two groups. The mortality rate was higher in SGA (36.1%) than in non-SGA group (13.6%). Serum fT4 level was lower in SGA group (1.04±0.30 ng/dl) compared to the non-SGA group (1.24±0.33 ng/dl). The serum TSH level was higher in SGA group (9.91 ± 5.6 uIU/L) than in non-SGA group (6.6 ± 5.2 uIU/L).&#x0D; Conclusion: The frequency of thyroid dysfunction was higher in preterm SGA infants compared to non-SGA, which was due to transiently high TSH and low fT4 concentrations. Therefore, thyroid function tests should be monitored periodically in preterm and SGA infants.

Predictive factors for hypothyroidy after hemithyroidectomy.

Background: Hemithyroidectomy is one of the most common procedures performed. It is used to treat patients with benign unilateral nodules. Hemithyroidectomy results in fewer risks of hypothyroidism and the need for thyroid hormone replacement therapy. The present study was designed to identify potential clinicopathologic risk factors associated with the onset of biochemical hypothyroidism. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all patients who underwent hemithyroidectomy between 2004 and 2019. Hypothyroidism was defined as a serum thyrotropin level greater than 5 mIU/L. The patients were analyzed for age, sex, preoperative and postoperative thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), state, side, and volume of the remaining lobe, and histologic diagnosis. Results: Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 30.8% of 214 patients. This complication appeared in the first year in 83.3% of the cases. A preoperative TSH level greater than 1.32 mIU/l, a remaining volume of the lobe less than 3 ml, and the presence of thyroiditis were associated with a significant increase in the risk of developing hypothyroidism (p<0.01). There were no significant differences in age, sex, state, and side of the remaining lobe. The mean thyroxine dose was 57 ± 26 micrograms. Conclusions: The risk of hypothyroidism after hemithyroidectomy should be assessed prior to surgery. Close monitoring is recommended in patients at high risk of developing this complication. However, all patients who undergo hemithyroidectomy should be monitored at least for the first year.

Study of Relationship Between Iron Deficiency and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Females.

Iron is essential for the normal functioning of thyroid peroxidase and iron deficiency is very commonly encountered during pregnancy. Thyroid disorders and iron deficiency are associated with obstetrical and fetal complications. The aim of the study was to find out the relationship between iron deficiency and thyroid function in pregnant females during first trimester. The present cross-sectional observational study was conducted among first trimester pregnant females at the Department of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Biochemistry at Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi. Hundredpregnant women were included in this study. On the basis of serum ferritin value, the study population was divided into two groups namely iron deficient and non-iron deficient. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), FT4, and anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) values were then compared between the two groups. In the present study, 68% of the females were iron deficient. In the Iron deficient group, serum TSH and anti-TPO levels were significantly higher as compared to that in the non-iron deficient group (35.29% vs. 6.25% and 22.06% vs. 3.13%; p=0.001 and 0.018, respectively). A positive correlation was obtained between FT4 and ferritin with correlationcoefficient of 0.907 and p-value of 0.0001. Serum TSH levels and serum anti-TPO levels were inversely correlated with ferritin. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that iron deficiency was associated with an increased risk ofsubclinical hypothyroidismwith odds ratio (OR)8.182(95% CI: 1.798-37.234, p=0.007) and raised anti-TPO with OR 8.77 (95% CI: 1.105-69.681; p=0.040). Iron deficiency is frequent during the first trimester of pregnancy and is associated with an increased risk of subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity.

Study the changing that happen in the concentration of thyroid hormones values in healthy persons of Wasit Province

The principal hormones of thyroid gland are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The current study was carried out to investigate the effect of age, gender of Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in normal healthy individuals were measure in healthy subject. Methods: Serum levels of T4, T3 and TSH in 534 normal healthy individuals belonging to different districts to Wasit Province, of deferent parts to the city center alkarama and al Zahra AL-Hai AL-Aziziya AL-Nomania Wasit, Iraq, were examined. Serum T4 , T3 and TSH were analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA) method). Results: Levels of T4, T3 and TSH ranged from61 to 051 ηmol/L, 0.6 to 3.1 ηmol/L and 0.3–4.8 μIU/L respectively. The levels of T4 hormones show significant change from the reference values were the other hormones T3 and TSH show slightly changes but not significant that are used in clinical laboratories depend by WHO Conclusion:, It is concluded that the age, gender, all have an appreciable effect on the levels T4, T3 and TSH hormones.

Homoeopathic Treatment of Young Females with Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Prospective Observational Study

Abstract Introduction Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is defined as elevated levels of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (TSH: 5–20 μIU/mL; normal range: 0.15–3.5 μIU/mL) with normal serum levels of free thyroid hormones mainly free T4 (0.89–1.76 ng/dL). SCH does not affect the development process very much and hence there are no universally accepted recommendations for its treatment but it is important to have optimal thyroid function for normal growth and development in children; it may progress to overt hypothyroidism and other health issues. So, its diagnosis in early stage of life and hence its treatment will definitely benefit the growing children. Objective The objective of this study is to review the role of homoeopathy in SCH in younger aged females. Method Total 212 cases were screened, 54 diagnosed cases of SCH were enrolled on the basis of inclusion criteria and 4 cases dropped out from the study. Total 50 cases were given individualised homoeopathic medicines based on repertorisation of totality of symptoms and in consultation with Materia Medica. Result Results showed significant difference after comparing pre- and post-treatment values using paired t-test; the difference in mean values of Serum TSH values was found to be statistically significant (p-value &lt; 0.00001). At baseline, the mean TSH level was 7.158 μIU/mL which decreased to 4.368 μIU/mL (p &lt; 0.00001). Conclusion This study indicates the positive role of homoeopathic therapy in the management of SCH. Such study with bigger sample size through randomised controlled trial is needed for further validation.