Serum Serotonin Research Articles

Tirofiban influences serum inflammatory factors and neurotransmitter levels in acute cerebral infarction patients

This study investigated the effects of tirofiban on serum inflammatory factors and neurotransmitter levels in 122 patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI) at a Nigerian teaching hospital from January 2021 to December 2023. Patients were divided into conventional and study groups, with the study group receiving tirofiban in addition to standard treatment. Clinical efficacy and levels of Interleukin 6 (IL-6), serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and glutamic acid (Glu) were compared. Result findings showed that the research group (RG) had a significantly higher total effective rate of treatment (93.44%) compared to the conventional group. While IL-6 and TNF-α levels were similar between groups initially and at 7 days post-treatment, they were lower in the study group at 14 days post-treatment. Levels of 5-HT, DA, and Glu did not differ initially and at 7 days post-treatment but were higher in the study group at 14 days for 5-HT and DA, while Glu was lower. In conclusion, tirofiban improved clinical efficacy, reduce serum inflammatory responses, and impact neurotransmitter levels in patients with ACI.

Modified Zhizhu Pill improves the loperamide-induced slow transit constipation via gut microbiota and neurotransmitters in microbiota-gut-brain axis

BackgroundSlow-transmission constipation is a type of intractable constipation with unknown etiology and unclear pathogenesis. ObjectiveThe intention of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of Modified Zhizhu Pills on loperamide-induced slow transit constipation. MethodsThe effects of the Modified Zhizhu Pill were evaluated in a rat model of constipation induced by subcutaneous administration of loperamide. Fecal parameters (fecal count, fecal water content, and fecal hardness) were measured in constipated rats. The substance, target, and pathway basis of the Modified Zhizhu Pill on constipation was investigated using network pharmacology. The microflora in rats was determined. Serum neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine) were measured in rats and their relationship with the gut microbiota was assessed. ResultsModified Zhizhu Pill increased the number of bowel movements and fecal water content, and decreased fecal hardness and transit time. Network pharmacological analysis showed that Modified Zhizhu Pill can target multiple constipation-related targets and pathways through multiple potential active ingredients. Modified Zhizhu Pill alleviated loperamide-induced microbiota dysbiosis. Modified Zhizhu Pill increased serum 5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine. The increase in serum 5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine was associated with rat gut microbiota. ConclusionThese results suggest that Modified Zhizhu Pill may increase intestinal motility and ultimately relieve constipation by improving microecological dysbiosis and neurotransmission.

A comparative study of acupuncture combined with rehabilitation gymnastics on postoperative anal function of lower rectal cancer

BACKGROUND From the anal function, inflammatory response and other indicators, acupuncture combined with rehabilitation gymnastics was applied to patients with cancer undergoing low resection, aiming to improve the prognosis of patients. AIM To explore the effects of acupuncture combined with rehabilitation gymnastics on anal function after lower rectal cancer surgery. METHODS From January 2020 to December 2022, 128 patients who underwent rectal cancer surgery in the Department of Oncology of Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital were selected and divided into two groups using the random number table method, with 64 patients in each group. Patients in the control group were not treated with acupuncture or rehabilitation gymnastics and served as blank controls. Patients in the study group were treated with acupuncture and rehabilitation gymnastics from the 7th postoperative day. The anal incontinence scores, changes in serum interleukin-4, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 Levels, and serum motilin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and vasoactive intestinal peptide levels were compared. RESULTS There were no significant differences in serum interleukin-4, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 Levels between the groups before treatment (P > 0.05). After treatment, these levels were better than those of the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the anal incontinence scores between the groups before and 7 d after surgery (P > 0.05). Anal incontinence scores in the study group were lower than those in the control group at 14 d, 21 d, and 28 d postoperatively (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in serum motilin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or vasoactive intestinal peptide levels between the groups before treatment (P > 0.05). After treatment, these levels were higher in the study group than in the control group, and vasoactive intestinal peptide level was lower in the study group than in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Acupuncture combined with rehabilitation gymnastics can promote the recovery of anal function and reduce the inflammatory response in patients with lower rectal cancer after surgery.

Correlation between Neurotransmitters (Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin), Prognostic Nutritional Index, Glasgow Prognostic Score, Systemic Inflammatory Response Markers, and TNM Staging in a Cohort of Colorectal Neuroendocrine Tumor Patients.

Neuroendocrine tumors are uncommon in the gastrointestinal system but can develop in the majority of the body's epithelial organs. Our goal was to examine the presence and clinical application of serum dopamine (DA), serotonin (ST), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (EPI), in addition to determining the significance of the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS), and systemic inflammatory response (SIR) markers as a prognostic factor for patients with colorectal neuroendocrine tumors (CR-NETs), in various tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stages. We also wanted to identify the possible connection between them. This study included 25 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with CR-NETs and a control group consisting of 60 patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer (CRC). We used the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. This study revealed that CR-NET patients showed significantly higher serum levels of DA compared to CRC patients. We showed that serum DA was present in the early stages of CR-NETs, with increasing levels as we advanced through the TNM stages. Moreover, we found a close relationship between the levels of DA and the inflammation and nutritional status of the CR-NET patients in this study. CR-NET patients from the PNI < 47.00 subgroup had a higher level of DA than those from the PNI ≥ 47.00 subgroup. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed correlations between DA, PNI, and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR). Both hematological indices were negatively correlated with albumin (ALB). Our investigation's findings relating to the PNI, GPS, SIR, and DA indicate that these tools can be markers of nutritional and systemic inflammatory status, are simple to use, and are repeatable. Further research on this topic could provide valuable insights into which biomarkers to incorporate into clinical practice for the management of CR-NET patients.

Radiofrequency waves increase the brain levels of inflammatory biomarkers, neurotrophin and serotonin

The increase in mobile technology has raised concerns about the potential health effects of mobile phone radiation. The biological impact of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) waves emitted by electronic devices has been extensively studied and is a concern for the public, policymakers, and health researchers. The study aimed to examine the impact of 900 MHz radiofrequency waves on biomarkers such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, homocysteine, nerve growth factor, and serotonin in rats' serum and brain tissue. Thirty adult male Sprague Dawley rats (200 ± 20g) were randomly assigned to three groups (n=10): control (not exposed to RF), exposed I (2 hours per day), and exposed II (4 hours per day). The exposed groups were exposed to 900 MHz RFW for 30 consecutive days. The results showed that only the exposed group II significantly increased serum serotonin levels compared to the control group (P=0.0496). IL-1α, TNF-α, and nerve growth factor levels in brain tissue increased significantly in both exposed groups compared to the control group (P&lt;0.0001). The control group had significantly lower levels of IL-1β compared to exposed groups I (P=0.0289) and II (P=0.0004). Additionally, serotonin and homocysteine levels in the brains of exposed II were significantly higher compared to the other groups (P&lt;0.0001). The results showed disruptions in all biomarkers, indicating the potential impacts of daily exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency waves from mobile phones on brain function. This suggests that mobile phone radiation may affect brain function.

Evaluation of hazard effects of immobilization stress on the brain and heart of pregnant rats and their pups

ABSTRACT The prenatal and postnatal growth of offspring may be adversely impacted by maternal stress experienced during pregnancy. The objective of this study is to investigate the adverse effects of immobilization stress (IS) on pregnant rats and the possible complications on their offspring. Thirty female dams were randomly divided into two groups (15/group), the control group and the IS group. At gestation day 20, and post natal day7 (PND -7) the levels of serum serotonin, cortisol, and insulin and plasma glucose were assessed in dams. The congenital anomalies of offspring were also investigated. At PND-21, the brain and heart were excised from both mothers and their pups for histological and ultrastructural investigations. The results revealed significant decrease in serotonin and insulin levels, while an increase in cortisol and glucose levels in dams exposed to IS. Also, there was a remarkable reduction in the body weight of mother’s rats and their pups compared to the control. Moreover, exposure of pregnant rats to IS caused relative abortion (26%), and congenital anomalies (9.1%) along with histopathological signs in brain and cardiac tissues in mothers and their pups. Stress during pregnancy resulted in adverse effects on brain and heart in mothers and their pups.

Effect of antidepressants on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in ovariectomized depressed rats

Purpose: To investigate the effect of antidepressants on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats with depression. Methods: 48 female rats were randomly and equally assigned to six groups, namely, sham (Sn), ovariectomized depression (OD), ovariectomized depression rats treated with sertraline (ODs), citalopram (ODx), reboxetine (ODr), and venlafaxine groups (ODw). Behavioral alterations and bone-related parameters were evaluated before and after treatment. Results: After treatment, ODs, ODx, ODw, and ODr groups had higher levels of horizontal and vertical exercise scores, sugar water consumption, osteoclasts, and serum CTX-1 (p &lt; 0.05) compared to OD group. Osteocytes, serum serotonin (5-HT), osteocalcin (BGP), and type I procollagen N-terminal propeptide (PINP) were significantly decreased (p &lt; 0.05) after treatment in ODs, ODx, ODw, and ODr groups. A positive correlation was observed between 5-HT, BGP, PINP, and whole-body bone mineral density (r = 0.931, 0.907, and 0.843, p &lt; 0.05) respectively, while a negative correlation was observed between collagen type I C-terminal propeptide (CTX-I) and bone mineral density (r = -0.855, p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Antidepressants reduce bone mineral density and osteocyte proliferation, while increasing osteoclast proliferation. These effects are associated with reductions in 5-HT, PINP and BGP levels, and increase in CTX-I.

Sodium oligomannate activates the enteroendocrine-vagal afferent pathways in APP/PS1 mice.

Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) and vagal afferent neurons constitute functional sensory units of the gut, which have been implicated in bottom-up modulation of brain functions. Sodium oligomannate (GV-971) has been shown to improve cognitive functions in murine models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and recently approved for the treatment of AD patients in China. In this study, we explored whether activation of the EECs-vagal afferent pathways was involved in the therapeutic effects of GV-971. We found that an enteroendocrine cell line RIN-14B displayed spontaneous calcium oscillations due to TRPA1-mediated calcium entry; perfusion of GV-971 (50, 100 mg/L) concentration-dependently enhanced the calcium oscillations in EECs. In ex vivo murine jejunum preparation, intraluminal infusion of GV-971 (500 mg/L) significantly increased the spontaneous and distension-induced discharge rate of the vagal afferent nerves. In wild-type mice, administration of GV-971 (100 mg· kg-1 ·d-1, i.g. for 7 days) significantly elevated serum serotonin and CCK levels and increased jejunal afferent nerve activity. In 7-month-old APP/PS1 mice, administration of GV-971 for 12 weeks significantly increased jejunal afferent nerve activity and improved the cognitive deficits in behavioral tests. Sweet taste receptor inhibitor Lactisole (0.5 mM) and the TRPA1 channel blocker HC-030031 (10 µM) negated the effects of GV-971 on calcium oscillations in RIN-14B cells as well as on jejunal afferent nerve activity. In APP/PS1 mice, co-administration of Lactisole (30 mg ·kg-1 ·d-1, i.g. for 12 weeks) attenuated the effects of GV-971 on serum serotonin and CCK levels, vagal afferent firing, and cognitive behaviors. We conclude that GV-971 activates sweet taste receptors and TRPA1, either directly or indirectly, to enhance calcium entry in enteroendocrine cells, resulting in increased CCK and 5-HT release and consequent increase of vagal afferent activity. GV-971 might activate the EECs-vagal afferent pathways to modulate cognitive functions.

Feasibility of Using Serum, Plasma, and Platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine as Peripheral Biomarker for the Depression Diagnosis and Response Evaluation to Antidepressants: Animal Experimental Study.

Whether peripheral blood 5-hydroxytrptamine (5-HT) levels serve as biomarker for depression diagnosis/response evaluation has not been well determined. This work was explored to address this inconclusive issue. Animals were randomized into normal control group (NC, n = 10) and chronic unpredictable mild stress model group (CUMS-model, n = 20), respectively. Animals in CUMS-model group were subjected to chronic stress, then they were randomly subdivided into CUMS subgroup and CUMS + fluoxetine subgroup (CUMS + FLX). After FLX treatment, blood and tissues were collected. 5-HT and relevant protein expression were measured. In mice model, there was a significant increase in serum and a significant reduction in plasma 5-HT levels in CUMS-model group versus NC group, while platelet 5-HT levels change little. After FLX treatment, serum and platelet 5-HT levels were significantly decreased in CUMS + FLX subgroup, while plasma 5-HT levels had not much change versus CUMS subgroup. Chronic stress enhanced colon and platelet serotonin transporter (SERT) expression and FLX treatment mitigated SERT expression. In rats' model, there was a significant increase in serum 5-HT levels while plasma and platelet 5-HT levels showed little change in CUMS group versus NC group. After FLX treatment, serum, plasma and platelet 5-HT levels were significantly decreased in CUMS + FLX subgroup versus CUMS subgroup. The profile of relevant proteins expression changed by FLX were like those in mice. Serum 5-HT levels might serve as a potential biomarker for depression diagnosis, meanwhile serum and platelet 5-HT levels might respond to antidepressant treatment.

Enhancing Sleep Quantity and Quality with a Novel GABAergic Dietary Supplement

Purpose: The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of BH_SLP_01 (Bonafide Health Sleep Product) on sleep quality and brain wave patterns using a caffeine-induced insomnia model, and on sleep duration and latency using a pentobarbital-induced sleep model. Methods: Five male BALB/c mice were allocated per treatment arm (age: 8 weeks, body mass: 180 ± 20 g). Treatment arms included control, caffeine or phenobarbital (active) control, and BH_SLP_01. Caffeine treatment model. To induce sleep disturbance, 7.5 mg/kg caffeine was injected intraperitoneally at the 15th minute (min) of recordings, and second injections (saline or combinations) were performed at the 30th minute. Brain electrical activity was monitored and recorded for a total of two hours using electrocorticography (ECoG) recording. Serum melatonin, serotonin, and dopamine were measured by ELISA. Brain levels of MDA were measured by HPLC, and protein concentrations were determined using Western Blot analysis. Phenobarbital treatment model Groups were administered saline or BH_SLP_01, and then, 45 min later, pentobarbital (42 mg/kg) was injected. After injection, sleep latency and duration were measured. Study treatments were compared using an ANOVA and Student's unpaired t-test. Significance levels were set at p&lt;0.05. Results: Analysis of ECoG recording data revealed notable findings. In the caffeine-pretreated group, a significant increase in amplitude was observed during the 30-45 min interval, compared to control. Caffeine administration also significantly increased frequency at 75-90 and 90-105 min compared to control (p&lt;0.05). Conversely, the group treated with BH_SLP_01 displayed no significant changes in amplitude and frequency, except for a significant change in frequency at 90-105 min compared to control (p&lt;0.05). Both sleep duration and sleep latency were significantly improved for BH_SLP_01 compared to control and phenobarbital control (p&lt;0.05). In addition, serotonin, dopamine, melatonin, GABAA R2, GABAB R1, GABAB R2, 5-HT1A, GluA1, GluN1, GluN2A, Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 levels were significantly improved by BH_SLP_01 compared to control and caffeine control (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The results of these studies provide evidence for the effcacy of BH_SLP_01 to improve impaired sleep, leading to notable enhancements in markers of deep sleep. This conclusion is supported by the significant upregulation of GABA, glutamine receptors, and endogenous melatonin, all of which collectively contribute to the augmentation of both sleep quantity and quality. These findings underscore the potential of BH_SLP_01 as a promising therapeutic intervention for optimizing sleep parameters and promoting overall sleep wellness. This research was supported by Bonafide Health, LLC. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Unveiling potential adverse events associated with escitalopram oxalate: A real-world analysis based FDA adverse event reporting system database.

The study aimed to conduct a multidimensional evaluation of potential adverse events (AEs) of escitalopram oxalate based on the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database. This study utilized the reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN), and multi-item gamma-poisson shrinker (MGPS) to mine and analyze data from the FAERS database from the first quarter of 2004 to the second quarter of 2023. There was a total of 19,854 AE reports related to escitalopram oxalate, extracting 625 preferred terms (PTs), and covering 27 system organ classes (SOCs). The results showed that the number of reports by females was significantly higher than males, accounting for 57.68%. The reporting number was higher in 2018 and 2019, accounting for 9.50% and 10.18% of the total reports, respectively. The main reporters were consumers and other health professionals, accounting for 26.99% and 26.75% respectively. The majority of the reports were primarily from the United States. Newly emerging AE signals such as intentional overdose (n = 691, ROR 8.51, PRR 8.45, IC 3.05, Empirical Bayesian Geometric Mean (EBGM) 8.35), suicide attempt (n = 665, ROR 8.58, PRR 8.52, IC 3.06, EBGM 8.42), serum serotonin (n = 5, ROR 1044.78, PRR 1044.71, IC 2.56, EBGM 392.39), anti-actin antibody positive (n = 5, ROR 626.87, PRR 626.83, IC 2.56, EBGM 313.91), among others, were not mentioned in the drug's label. While escitalopram oxalate has clear benefits in the treatment of depression and other mental health disorders, the presence of AEs also suggests risks associated with its use. Particularly concerning are risks of suicide and changes in serum serotonin levels.

A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial on Lactobacillus-containing cultured milk drink as adjuvant therapy for depression in irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is frequently linked with coexisting mental illnesses. Our previous study discovered that 32.1% of IBS patients had subthreshold depression (SD), placing them at higher risk of developing major depression. Gut microbiota modulation through psychobiotics was found to influence depression via the gut-brain axis. However, the efficacy of lessening depression among IBS patients remains ambiguous. The study’s aim was to investigate the roles of cultured milk drinks containing 109 cfu Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Lactobacillus paracasei L. CASEI-01 on depression and related variables among IBS participants with SD. A total of 110 IBS participants with normal mood (NM) and SD, were randomly assigned to one of four intervention groups: IBS-NM with placebo, IBS-NM with probiotic, IBS-SD with placebo, and IBS-SD with probiotic. Each participant was required to consume two bottles of cultured milk every day for a duration of 12 weeks. The following outcomes were assessed: depression risk, quality of life, the severity of IBS, and hormonal changes. The depression scores were significantly reduced in IBS-SD with probiotic and placebo from baseline (p < 0.001). Only IBS-SD with probiotic showed a significant rise in serotonin serum levels (p < 0.05). A significantly higher life quality measures were seen in IBS-SD with probiotic, IBS-SD with placebo, and IBS-NM with placebo (p < 0.05). All groups, both placebo and probiotic, reported significant improvement in IBS severity post-intervention with a higher prevalence of remission and mild IBS (p < 0.05). Dual strains lactobacillus-containing cultured milk drink via its regulation of relevant biomarkers, is a potential anti-depressive prophylactic agent for IBS patients at risk.

Activation of ASIC3/ERK pathway by paeoniflorin improves intestinal fluid metabolism and visceral sensitivity in slow transit constipated rats.

Slow transit constipation (STC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders in children and adults worldwide. Paeoniflorin (PF), a monoterpene glycoside compound extracted from the dried root of Paeonia lactiflora, has been found to alleviate STC, but the mechanisms of its effect remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of PF on intestinal fluid metabolism and visceral sensitization in rats with compound diphenoxylate-induced STC. Based on the evaluation of the laxative effect, the abdominal withdrawal reflex test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the visceral sensitivity, fluid metabolism-related proteins, and acid-sensitive ion channel 3/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ASIC3/ERK) pathway-related molecules. PF treatment not only attenuated compound diphenoxylate-induced constipation symptoms and colonic pathological damage in rats but also ameliorated colonic fluid metabolic disorders and visceral sensitization abnormalities, as manifested by increased colonic goblet cell counts and mucin2 protein expression, decreased aquaporin3 protein expression, improved abdominal withdrawal reflex scores, reduced visceral pain threshold, upregulated serum 5-hydroxytryptamine, and downregulated vasoactive intestinal peptide levels. Furthermore, PF activated the colonic ASIC3/ERK pathway in STC rats, and ASIC3 inhibition partially counteracted PF's modulatory effects on intestinal fluid and visceral sensation. In conclusion, PF alleviated impaired intestinal fluid metabolism and abnormal visceral sensitization in STC rats and thus relieved their symptoms through activation of the ASIC3/ERK pathway.

Effects of LP533401 on vascular and bone calcification in hyperlipidemic mice

Peripheral serotonin levels are associated with cardiovascular disease risk. We previously found that serum serotonin levels are higher in hyperlipidemic mice than wild-type mice. Evidence also suggests that serotonin regulates biomineralization, in that serotonin treatment augments TNF-a-induced matrix calcification of aortic valve interstitial cells and that a selective inhibitor of peripheral serotonin, LP533401, rescues bone loss induced by ovariectomy in mice. Thus, in the present study, we examined the effects of LP533401 on both skeletal bone mineral density (BMD) and aortic calcification in both young and older hyperlipidemic mice susceptible to calcific atherosclerosis and bone loss. By serial in vivo microCT imaging, we assessed BMD and aortic calcification of Apoe−/− mice fed an atherogenic (high cholesterol) diet alone or mixed with LP533401. Results show that in the young mice, LP533401 blunted skeletal bone loss in lumbar vertebrae but not in femurs. LP533401 also blunted the initial development of aortic calcification but not its progression. Echocardiographic analysis showed that LP533401 blunted both hyperlipidemia-induced cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular dysfunction. In the older mice, LP533401 increased the BMD of lumbar vertebrae but not of femurs. The aortic calcification progressed in both controls and LP533401-treated mice, but, at post-treatment, LP533401-treated mice had significantly less aortic calcification than the controls. These findings suggest that LP533401 mitigates adverse effects of hyperlipidemia on skeletal and vascular tissues in site- and stage-dependent manners.

Superlative and Selective Sensing of Serotonin in Undiluted Human Serum Using Novel Polystyrene Sulfonate Conductive Polymer.

In the past 5 years, real-time health monitoring has become ubiquitous with the development of watches and rings that can measure and report on the physiological state. As an extension, real-time biomarker sensors, such as the continuous glucose monitor, are becoming popular for both health and performance monitoring. However, few real-time sensors for biomarkers have been made commercially available; this is primarily due to problems with cost, stability, sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility of biosensors. Therefore, simple, robust sensors are needed to expand the number of analytes that can be detected in emerging and existing wearable platforms. To address this need, we present a simple but novel sensing material. In short, we have modified the already popular PEDOT/PSS conductive polymer by completely removing the PEDOT component and thus have fabricated a polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) sensor electrodeposited on a glassy carbon (GC) base (GC-PSS). We demonstrate that coupling the GC-PSS sensor with differential pulse voltammetry creates a sensor capable of the selective and sensitive detection of serotonin. Notably, the GC-PSS sensor has a sensitivity of 179 μA μM-1 cm-2 which is 36x that of unmodified GC and an interferent-free detection limit of 10 nM, which is below the concentrations typically found in saliva, urine, and plasma. Notably, the redox potential of serotonin interfacing with the GC-PSS sensor is at -0.188 V versus Ag/AgCl, which is significantly distanced from peaks produced by common interferants found in biofluids, including serum. Therefore, this paper reports a novel, simple sensor and polymeric interface that is compatible with emerging wearable sensor platforms.

Association between fatigue, peripheral serotonin, and L-carnitine in hypothyroidism and in chronic fatigue syndrome.

Fatigue of unknown origin is a hallmark symptom in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and is also found in 20% of hypothyroidism patients despite appropriate levothyroxine treatment. Here, we suggest that in these disorders, peripheral serotonin levels are low, and elevating them to normal range with L-carnitine is accompanied with reduced fatigue. We conducted a retrospective analysis of follow-up clinical data (CFS N=12; hypothyroidism with fatigue N=40) where serum serotonin and fatigue levels were compared before vs. after 7 weeks of oral L-carnitine supplementation. After L-carnitine, serotonin increased (8-fold in CFS, Sig. = 0.002, 6-fold in hypothyroidism, Sig. < 0.001) whereas fatigue decreased (2-fold in both CFS and hypothyroidism, Sig. = 0.002 for CFS, Sig. < 0.001 for hypothyroidism). There was a negative correlation between serotonin level and fatigue (for CFS, rho = -0.49 before and -0.67 after L-carnitine; for hypothyroidism, rho = -0.24 before and -0.83 after L-carnitine). These findings suggest a new link between low peripheral serotonin, L-carnitine, and fatigue.

Recent Advances in Nanomaterials Based Optical Sensors for the Detection of Melatonin and Serotonin.

In this review paper we discussed the detection of melatonin and serotonin by using various optical methods. Melatonin and serotonin are very necessary body hormones these are also called neuroregulatory hormones secreted by pineal gland in brain by pinealocytes and shape of pineal gland is cone like. Sensitive detection of melatonin and serotonin in pharmacological samples and human serum is crucial for human beings, lots of research publications available in literature for melatonin and serotonin and we overviewed these papers. We have deeply reviewed many research papers where sensitively sensing of melatonin and serotonin occurs, by using of various interfering agents and nanomaterials. This review aims presenting colorimetry, fluorometry and spectrophotometric detection of melatonin (MEL) and serotonin (SER) by using different metal oxides, carbon nanomaterials (nanosheets, nanorods, nanofibers) and many other agents. Nanomaterials typically possess favourable optical, electrical and mechanical characteristics, they provide up new avenues for enhancing the efficacy of sensors. It is crucial to provide an optical sensors platform that is dependable, sensitive and low price. The development of sensors and biosensors to use nanomaterials for neurotransmitters has advanced significantly in recent years. There are currently many developing biomarkers in biological fluids, and bionanomaterial-based biosensor systems, as well as clinical and pharmacological settings, have garnered significant interest. Biomarkers have been found using optical devices in a quick, selective and sensitive manner. Our aim is to compile all the data that already published on MEL, SER sensing and comparison of each method, we mainly focused on principle, observations, sensitivity, selectivity, limit of detection, mechanism behind the reaction, effect of temperature, pH and concentration. In the last of this paper, we discuss some challenges of these methods and future projects.

The Variability of Tryptophan Metabolism in Patients with Mixed Type of Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Patients with a mixed type of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-M) experience constipation and diarrhea, which alternate between weeks or months. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is still little understood. The aim of the study was mainly to evaluate the urinary excretion of selected tryptophan (TRP) metabolites during the constipation and diarrhea periods of this syndrome. In 36 patients with IBS-M and 36 healthy people, serum serotonin level was measured by ELISA and urinary levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), kynurenine (KYN) and indican (3-IS) were determined using the LC-MS/MS method. The levels of all above metabolites were higher in the patient group, and increased significantly during the diarrheal period of IBS-M. In particular, the changes concerned 5-HIAA (3.67 ± 0.86 vs. 4.59 ± 0.95 mg/gCr, p < 0.001) and 3-IS (80.2 ± 17.4 vs. 93.7 ± 25.1 mg/g/Cr, p < 0.001). These changes coexisted with gut microbiome changes, assessed using hydrogen-methane and ammonia breath tests. In conclusion, the variability of TRP metabolism and the gut microbiome may cause the alternation of IBS-M symptoms.

The effectiveness of five-element music therapy for post-stroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionFive-element music therapy is widely utilized as a complementary approach in stroke rehabilitation, particularly for addressing post-stroke depression (PSD). This study systematically evaluates the clinical impact of five-element music therapy on individuals experiencing PSD. MethodsA comprehensive search of nine electronic databases, encompassing published and unpublished gray literature up to February 15, 2022, was conducted. Two investigators independently reviewed and extracted data, evaluating bias risk according to predefined criteria. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. ResultsInclusive of 20 studies involving 1561 individuals with PSD, the meta-analysis revealed a significant difference in favor of five-element music therapy for relieving depression (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −1.34 to −0.81, P < 0.00001), improving daily living abilities (SMD = 2.49, 95% CI 1.00 to 3.98, P < 0.00001), and elevating serum 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) levels (SMD = 0.87, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.17, P < 0.00001). ConclusionFive-element music therapy demonstrated efficacy in improving depressive symptoms, daily living skills, and serum 5-HT levels in individuals experiencing PSD.The review was registered on International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (registration number CRD 42022332282).

Butyrate acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the 5-HT transporter to decrease availability of 5-HT in the ileum.

Radiation therapy-induced gastrointestinal distress is partly associated with the elimination of gut microbiota. The effectiveness of 5-HT receptor antagonists to treat radiation therapy-induced emesis implies a pathophysiological role of 5-HT. Peripheral 5-HT is derived from intestinal epithelium. We have investigated the role of gut microbiota in regulating intestinal 5-HT availability. A radiation therapy murine model accompanied by faecal microbiota transplantation from donors fed different diets was investigated, and mouse ileal organoids were used for mechanistic studies. The clinical relevance was validated by a small-scale human study. Short-term high-fat diet (HFD) induced gut bacteria to produce butyrate. Irradiated mice receiving HFD-induced microbiome had the lowest ileal levels of 5-HT, compared with other recipients. Treatment with butyrate increased 5-HT uptake in mouse ileal organoids, assayed by the real-time tracking of a fluorescent substrate for monoamine transporters. Silencing the 5-HT transporter (SERT) in the organoids abolished butyrate-stimulated 5-HT uptake. The competitive tests using different types of selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors suggested that butyrate acted as a positive allosteric modulator of SERT. In human gut microbiota, butyrate production was associated with the interconversion between acetate and butyrate. Faecal contents of both acetate and butyrate were negatively associated with serum 5-HT, but only butyrate was positively correlated with body mass index in humans. Short-term HFD may be beneficial for alleviating gastrointestinal reactions by increasing butyrate to suppress local 5-HT levels and providing energy to cancer patients given radiation therapy.