Serum S100B Protein Levels Research Articles

Serum Level of S100B Protein as a Biomarker of Therapeutic Adherence in Parkinson’s Disease Patients

Pharmacological management of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is complex and may negatively impact patients' adherence to therapy. Several objective and subjective approaches are used to assess therapeutic adherence. Measurement of biological markers, that are well correlated with the effect of the medications, and that are distributed into easily accessible body fluids would be feasible approach for measuring therapeutic adherence for these medications. S100B protein has been proposed to be involved in the pathophysiology of PD. The study aims to measure the serum S100B level in PD patients and to assess its potentials to be used as a biomarker to predict therapeutic adherence in PD patients. Sixty-eight adult outpatients, of both genders, who were already diagnosed with PD, receiving different anti-Parkinson medications, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Hoehn and Yahr scale was used to determine the stage of disease; while, therapeutic adherence to treatment was assessed using the Arabic version of Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). Serum S100B level was measured by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Serum S100B level of participants was 10.55 (13.3) ng/l, and there was no significant difference between medians of S100B protein according to disease stages, P =0.975. Serum S100B level in patients with poor therapeutic adherence [14.2 (13.2) ng/l] was significantly higher than that in patients with good therapeutic adherence [3.14 (3.34)]; P = 0.008. Furthermore, serum S100B level with the MMAS-8; (r= -0.414, P = 0.001). Finally, at a cut-off point 3.57 ng/l and above, serum S100B level was shown to have good potential [area under the curve (AUC)= 0.715], as biomarker of therapeutic adherence with 70.6% sensitivity and 70.6%, specificity; P = 0.008. In conclusion, serum S100B level in PD patients is negatively correlated with therapeutic adherence level and has good potentials as biomarker of therapeutic adherence in PD patients to anti-Parkinson medications.

Evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of antipsychotics by serum quantification of protein S100B

ObjectiveThis research delves into the intricate interplay between antipsychotic medications and neuroprotection focusing on the S100B protein—a central player in the regulation of neuroapoptotic activity. MethodBlood samples were collected to assess serum S100B protein levels using an immunoassay of immunoelectrochemiluminescence. The first two samples were collected with a 3-month interval between each, and the third sample was obtained 6 months after the previous one. Changes in S100B protein levels throughout the study were assessed using Friedman's ANOVA test. This was followed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Bonferroni correction to account for multiple comparisons. ResultsThis study involved 40 patients diagnosed with severe mental disorders (34 schizophrenia, 4 schizoaffective disorder, 1 bipolar disorder, and 1 borderline personality disorder). These patients had been receiving antipsychotic treatment for an average duration of 17 years. The results revealed that the S100B protein remained within physiological levels (median values 39.0 ng/L for the first sample, median values 41.0 ng/L for the second sample, and median values 40.5 ng/L for the third sample) with no significant changes (p = 0.287), with all anti-psychotic medicaments values consistently below 50 ng/L, a lower value compared to maximum range of 105 ng/L. Importantly, there were no significant differences in S100B protein levels between patients on monotherapy and those on combination antipsychotic therapy (p = 0.873), suggesting that combination therapy did not increase neuroapoptotic activity. ConclusionsThese findings provide compelling evidence for the potential neuroprotective effects of long-term antipsychotic treatment in individuals with severe mental disorders. By maintaining physiological levels of the S100B protein, antipsychotic medications may help protect against neuronal damage and dysfunction. This research contributes valuable insights into the neuroprotective mechanisms of antipsychotic drugs, enhancing our understanding of their potential benefits in the treatment of severe mental disorders.

Serum S100B Level in the Management of Pediatric Minor Head Trauma

Minor head trauma (HT) is one of the most common causes of hospitalization in children. A diagnostic test could prevent unnecessary hospitalizations and cranial computed tomographic (CCT) scans. To evaluate the effectiveness of serum S100B values in reducing exposure to CCT scans and in-hospital observation in children with minor HT. This multicenter, unblinded, prospective, interventional randomized clinical trial used a stepped-wedge cluster design to compare S100B biomonitoring and control groups at 11 centers in France. Participants included children and adolescents 16 years or younger (hereinafter referred to as children) admitted to the emergency department with minor HT. The enrollment period was November 1, 2016, to October 31, 2021, with a follow-up period of 1 month for each patient. Data were analyzed from March 7 to May 29, 2023, based on the modified intention-to-treat and per protocol populations. Children in the control group had CCT scans or were hospitalized according to current recommendations. In the S100B biomonitoring group, blood sampling took place within 3 hours after minor HT, and management depended on serum S100B protein levels. If the S100B level was within the reference range according to age, the children were discharged from the emergency department. Otherwise, children were treated as in the control group. Proportion of CCT scans performed (absence or presence of CCT scan for each patient) in the 48 hours following minor HT. A total of 2078 children were included: 926 in the control group and 1152 in the S100B biomonitoring group (1235 [59.4%] boys; median age, 3.2 [IQR, 1.0-8.5] years). Cranial CT scans were performed in 299 children (32.3%) in the control group and 112 (9.7%) in the S100B biomonitoring group. This difference of 23% (95% CI, 19%-26%) was not statistically significant (P = .44) due to an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.32. A statistically significant 50% reduction in hospitalizations (95% CI, 47%-53%) was observed in the S100B biomonitoring group (479 [41.6%] vs 849 [91.7%]; P < .001). In this randomized clinical trial of effectiveness of the serum S100B level in the management of pediatric minor HT, S100B biomonitoring yielded a reduction in the number of CCT scans and in-hospital observation when measured in accordance with the conditions defined by a clinical decision algorithm. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02819778.

Predicting Short- and Long-Term Functional Outcomes Based on Serum S100B Protein Levels in Patients with Ischemic Stroke.

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability. The neuroimaging methods are the gold standard for diagnostics. Biomarkers of cerebral ischemia are considered to be potentially helpful in the determination of the etiology and prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke. This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of serum S100B protein levels as a short- and long-term prognostic factor in patients with ischemic stroke. The study group comprised 65 patients with ischemic stroke. S100B protein levels were measured by immunoenzymatic assay. Short-term functional outcome was determined by the NIHSS score on day 1 and the difference in the NIHSS scores between day 1 and day 9 (delta NIHSS). Long-term outcome was assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (MRS) at 3 months after the stroke. At the end of the study, patients were divided into groups based on the NIHSS score on day 9 (0-8 "good" and >8 "poor"), the delta NIHSS ("no improvement" ≤0 and >0 "improvement"), and the MRS ("good" 0-2 and >2 "poor"). Differences in S100B levels between groups were analyzed with the ROC curve to establish the optimal cut-off point for S100B. The odds ratio was calculated to determine the strength of association. Correlations between S100B levels at three time points and these variables were evaluated. We revealed a statistically significant correlation between S100B levels at each measurement point (<24 h, 24-48 H, 48-72 h) and the NIHSS score on day 9 (R Spearman 0.534, 0.631, and 0.517, respectively) and the MRS score after 3 months (R Spearman 0.620, 0.657, and 0.617, respectively). No statistically significant correlation was found between S100B levels and the delta NIHSS. Analysis of the ROC curve confirmed a high sensitivity and specificity for S100B. The calculated AUC for the NIHSS on day 9 were 90.2%, 95.0%, and 82.2%, respectively, and for the MRS, 83.5%, 83.4%, and 84.0%, respectively. After determining the S100B cut-off, the odds ratio for beneficial effect (NIHSS ≤ 8 at day 9 or MRS 0-2 after 3 months) was determined for each sampling point. S100B is a useful marker for predicting short- and long-term functional outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke.

The role of oxidative stress levels and S100B levels in children with functional neurological disorder

Background/Aim: Although stressors and traumatic life events are known to be predisposing factors for developing functional neurological disorder (FND), the etiology of the disorder has not been fully elucidated. In this study, oxidative stress parameters and serum levels of S100B protein were investigated in pediatric patients with functional neurological disorder. The association of these parameters with stress factors and traumatic life events was investigated. Methods: This case-control study included a control group of 35 patients aged 8-18 years and 32 healthy subjects diagnosed with functional neurological disorder. The Childhood Trauma Scale and Dissociative Experiences Scale were applied to both groups. Serum levels of the patient and control groups were compared by blood sampling: total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and S100B. Results: It was found that the Childhood Trauma Scale total score, emotional neglect, emotional abuse, physical neglect and the Dissociative Experiences Scale were statistically significantly higher in the FND group than in the control group (P˂0.001, P˂0.001, P=0.013, P=0.017, P˂0.001). Stressors were found to be statistically significantly higher in the FND group than in the control group (P=0.020). There was no statistical difference between the FND group and control groups regarding the TAS, TOS, OSI, and S100B levels (P=0.965, P=0.228, P=0.268, P=0.517, respectively). Conclusion: Our study is the first to investigate TOS, TAS, OSI and S100B in children with FND. In our study, although stressors and traumatic experiences were significantly higher in the functional neurological disorder group compared to the control group according to the stress susceptibility model, contrary to expectations, there was no significant difference in oxidative stress parameters and serum S100B levels. It was thought that the interaction between FND, which is characterized by biopsychosocial interaction and can manifest itself with various clinical symptoms, and stress may not be linear as initially thought, and the interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors may play a more complex role. The absence of significant differences observed in oxidative stress parameters and serum S100B levels may suggest that we should focus on different pathways and different potential biomarkers that need to be investigated in the future to understand the etiology and diagnosis of FND. However, the limitations noted above may affect the generalizability of the study findings.

Serum Levels of S100B Protein and Myelin Basic Protein as a Potential Biomarkers of Recurrent Depressive Disorders.

Nowadays, nervous tissue damage proteins in serum are considered promising drug targets and biomarkers of Mood Disorders. In a cross-sectional naturalistic study, the S100B, MBP and GFAP levels in the blood serum were compared between two diagnostic groups (patients with Depressive Episode (DE, n = 28) and patients with Recurrent Depressive Disorder (RDD, n = 21)), and healthy controls (n = 25). The diagnostic value of serum markers was assessed by ROC analysis. In the DE group, we did not find changed levels of S100B, MBP and GFAP compared with controls. In the RDD group, we found decreased S100B level (p = 0.011) and increased MBP level (p = 0.015) in comparison to those in healthy controls. Provided ROC analysis indicates that MBP contributes to the development of a DE (AUC = 0.676; 95%Cl 0.525-0.826; p = 0.028), and S100B and MBP have a significant effect on the development of RDD (AUC = 0.732; 95%Cl 0.560-0.903; p = 0.013 and AUC = 0.712; 95%Cl 0.557-0.867; p = 0.015, correspondingly). The study of serum markers of nervous tissue damage in patients with a current DE indicates signs of disintegration of structural and functional relationships, dysfunction of gliotransmission, and impaired secretion of neurospecific proteins. Modified functions of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are implicated in the pathophysiology of RDD.

S100B and brain ultrasound: Novel predictors for functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients

ObjectiveStroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. This study aimed to assess the prognostic value of serum S100B protein, transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCD), and optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in predicting functional outcomes in critically ill patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). MethodsIn this prospective observational study, 80 adult AIS patients were evaluated. Serum S100B protein levels, ONSD, and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (MCA PI) were measured on days 1 and 3. Functional outcomes at 90 days were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and categorized into favourable (mRS 0–2) or unfavourable (mRS 3–6) groups. The association of demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging parameters with mRS outcomes was analyzed. ResultsPoor mRS outcomes occurred in 82.5 % of patients. Factors significantly associated with poor outcomes were female sex, higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores on days 1, 3, and 7, and larger stroke size. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that ONSD at days 1 and 3, serum S100B levels at day 1, and right MCA PI at day 1 had significant predictive value for poor mRS outcome. Multivariate analysis identified female sex, S100B on day 1, and NIHSS on days 1, 3, and 7 as independent predictors of poor mRS outcomes. ConclusionsThe combination of S100B, ONSD, and MCA PI improved the prediction of functional outcomes in critically ill AIS patients. Early S100B measurement and brain ultrasound evaluation may serve as valuable prognostic tools for guiding therapeutic decision-making. This study provides novel insights into the role of S100B and brain ultrasound in stroke outcome prediction, particularly in critically ill AIS patients.

Serum protein S-100B as a novel biomarker of diagnosis and prognosis of childhood epilepsy

BackgroundElevated levels of S-100B in serum are increasingly considered a potential biochemical marker of nervous system damage. To our knowledge, limited number of research studies have tested the serum S-100B protein levels in children with epilepsy. The objective of our study is to measure the serum levels of S-100B protein in pediatric cases with epilepsy.ResultsThe mean serum concentration of S-100B protein was 0.135 ± 0.014 mg/L in the patient group and 0.082 ± 0.018 mg/L in the control group. The patients showed significantly high S-100B protein levels compared with healthy controls (P < 0.001).ConclusionOur data suggest that increased S-100B protein levels in the serum potentially indicate neuronal damage in the brains of children with epilepsy.

High Serum S100B Protein Levels As A Predictor Of Cognitive Function Disorders In Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury Patients

Objective: To prove high serum S100B protein levels as a predictor of impaired cognitive function in patients with moderate traumatic brain injury. Method: A prospective cohort analytic observational study. The subjects are patients with a moderate degree of TBI with inclusion criteria: onset of TBI 24 hours, age 17-40 years old, and the exclusion criteria were the presence of impaired cognitive function pre-traumatic brain injury (Short IQCODE) 3), depression and multiple trauma. Patients/families/guardians who agreed to the informed consent were checked for S100B levels at &lt;24 hours, then matched with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment version Indonesia (MoCA-INA) questionnaire on day 14 after TBI. This study’s data analysis consisted of univariate and bivariate analysis using Chi-Square. The significance level is stated with p &lt;0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) assisted by the IBM SPSS version 23. Results: There were 43 research subjects; 23 in the high S100B group and 20 in the S100B group were not high. The mean age is 28 years, with a ratio of 4:1 for men and females. Most of the years, education ≥12 years. The incidence of cognitive dysfunction in patients with moderate traumatic brain injury in the high serum S100B group was 76.19%, while in the non-high serum S100B group was 23.80%, with RR = 6.85, with 95% CI between 1.78-26 .36, and p-value = 0.005. Conclusion: High serum S100B protein levels as a predictor of cognitive function disorders were statistically significant in moderate traumatic brain injury patients with a risk of 6.85 times.

Serum s100b protein levels as a neuroinflammatory biomarker of acutely relapsed paranoid schizophrenia patients.

The s100b inflammatory protein is involved in schizophrenia pathophysiology. We aim at studying the evolution of the s100b serum levels in acutely relapsed paranoid schizophrenia patients at three different time points (admission, discharge and 3 months after hospital discharge 3MAHD). Twenty-three paranoid schizophrenia inpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria participated in the research. Twenty-three healthy subjects matched by age, gender and season acted as the control group. Psychopathology was measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Serum s100b levels were determined at 12:00 and 24:00 h with an enzyme-linked immunoassay kit. Patients had significant higher serum s100b levels at admission and discharge (12:00 h) than the group of healthy subjects. At admission and discharge, s100b serum levels at 24 h had decreased compared to the 24:00 h s100b levels of the healthy subjects. At 3MAHD patients and healthy subjects had similar levels of serum s100b protein. Positive and negative PANSS scores decreased significantly between admission and discharge. Positive and negative PANSS scores decreased between discharge and 3MAHD, but these changes had no statistical significance. Our study confirms that the acute inflammatory response produced in acutely relapsed patients is reversed after 3 month of hospital discharge. The variations of serum s100b concentrations when the patients suffer from an acute relapse may be a useful predictor of disease evolution.

Post-dialysis fatigue and serum S100B protein in patients on chronic hemodialysis. A pilot study.

Aim of the present study was to assess whether post-dialysis fatigue (PDF) may be related to pre- or post-dialysis levels of serum S100B protein. Hemodialysis patients (HD) who answered to be fatigued after their hemodialysis sessions when asked: "Do you feel worse after dialysis?if they answered yes" were considered to suffer from PDF. Serum Interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10), TNF-α and S100B were assessed by ELISA kit. Thirty HD patients were studied: 22 (73.4%) reported to suffer from PDF. Serum S100B post-dialysis levels (median [IQR]=17.4μg [7.1 to 30.9]) were significantly higher than serum S100B pre-dialysis levels (median [IQR]=5μg [1.4 to 22.1]; p= 0.0001). S100B post-dialysis was significantly higher than S100B pre-dialysis either in patients with PDF or without PDF. Pre- and post-dialysis values of serum S100B and its delta did not differ significantly between patients with and without PDF and were not associated with the length of the TIRD in patients on chronic hemodialysis.

Prognostic Value of Lactate Dehydrogenase, Melanoma Inhibitory Protein, and S-100B Protein in Patients with Malignant Melanoma.

Objective This investigation probed the prognostic potential for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), melanoma inhibitory activity protein (MIA), and S-100B protein in cases of malignant melanoma. Methods 84 cases were segregated into effective cohort (n = 64) and ineffective cohort (n = 20) depending on clinical efficacy. The cases were followed up for three years and segregated into mortality cohort (n = 29) and survival cohort (n = 55) depending upon 3-year survival. Serum LDH, MIA, and S-100B levels were compared across the effective and ineffective cohorts. Serum LDH, MIA, and S-100B levels in cases of different clinical stages were comparatively analyzed, with correlations of these indicators with the clinical stage being evaluated. ROC evaluated the prognostic potential of serum LDH, MIA, and S-100B. Cases were segregated into the high-level and low-level cohorts according to serum LDH, MIA, and S-100B levels, and the survival rates of cases were compared. Results The levels of LDH, MIA, and S-100B in the effective cohort were significantly lower than those in the ineffective cohort. The AUC value of the composite indicator of serum LDH, MIA, and S-100B for effectiveness evaluation was (0.839). Serum LDH, MIA, and S-100B levels were positively linked to the clinical stage. AUC value of the composite indicator of serum LDH, MIA, and S-100B for prognosis evaluation prediction (0.942) was elevated compared to LDH (0.632), MIA (0.732), or S-100B (0.828) alone. Survival rate of cases of LDH ≥30.56 mg/L (57.14%, 32/56) was lower than that of cases of LDH <30.56 mg/L (82.14%, 23/28) (log-rank χ2 = 4.672, P < 0.05). The survival rate of MIA ≥5.34 ng/mL cases was lower than that of MIA <5.34 ng/mL cases. The survival rate of cases of S-100B ≥ 1.03ug/L was lower than that of S-100B < 1.03ug/L. Conclusion Serum LDH, MIA, and S-100B protein levels are linked to the clinical stage. The lactate dehydrogenase, melanoma inhibitory protein, and S-100B protein are of good clinical effectiveness and have the prognostic potential for cases of malignant melanoma.

Role of neuroproteins in retinal neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy

Aim. To evaluate the serum levels of S100b protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as to establish a correlation between the studied parameters and retinal neurodegeneration.Methods. In total, 80 patients with confirmed type 2 diabetes (experimental group) and 30 healthy volunteers (control group) were included in the study. All patients were examined using an RTVue-100 optic coherence tomography scanner (Optovue, USA) and a MAIA microperimeter (CenterVue, Italy). The serum levels of S100b, BDNF, and NGF were determined by a sandwich-type solid-phase enzyme immunoassay using reagents produced by R&amp;D Diagnostics Inc. (USA).Results. The serum level of S100b protein was found to be significantly (p = 0.001) higher in the experimental group, comprising 56.86 (31,12–104,02) pg/ml, compared to that in the control group of 45.19 (37.27–51.79) pg/ml. Conversely, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) showed a significant (p = 0.02) decrease to the level of 27.38 (25.15–29.12) pg/ml in the experimental group compared to the level of 30.19 (27.38–32.14) pg/ml in the control group. The serum level of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the experimental group was found to be 7.53 (5.63–10.54) pg/ml, thereby exceeding significantly (p = 0.02) the level of 5.96 (4.77–8.13) pg/ml in the control group.Conclusions. The results obtained indicate an imbalance in the serum levels of the studied neuroproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and retinal neurodegeneration signs. The identified variations require further research in order to determine the feasibility of their use as additional criteria for predicting the development of retinal neurodegeneration in such patients.

Effects of Propofol Intravenous Anesthesia on Serum NGF, S100B Protein, and Immune Function in Patients with Bladder Cancer after Resection.

Objective To explore the efficacy of intravenous propofol anesthesia on patients with bladder cancer after resection, as well as its effect on cognitive and immune function. Methods Patients with bladder cancer and received resection of bladder cancer at our hospital from May 1, 2019, to November 30, 2021, were retrospectively retrieved and included in this study. The included patients were summarized into group A (isoflurane) and group B (intravenous propofol). The anesthesia intervention effect, serum NGF level, serum S100B protein level, and immune function before surgery, 6 h after surgery, 1 d after surgery, and 3 d after surgery were compared between the two groups. Results Eighty-six patients were retrieved. The anesthesia intervention effective rate of patients in group B was significantly higher than that of patients in group A (P < 0.01). The serum NGF and S100B of patients in both groups were significantly lower on postsurgical day 1, but in the trend to returning to those before intervention level on day 3. There were also fluctuations in immune function represented by changes in CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ T cells, which showed return of function by postsurgical day 3. Conclusion The anesthetic effect of intravenous propofol in patients with bladder cancer resection is significantly more satisfactory than isoflurane, with a transient effect on serum NGF and S100B protein levels and patients' immune function, which suggests that intravenous propofol can be widely used for general anesthesia in clinical practice.

Serum S100B and NSE Levels Correlate With Infarct Size and Bladder-Bowel Involvement Among Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients.

Objectives Stroke is a major global health concern. Due to limited availability of neuroimaging particularly in rural and regional areas in India as well as its limitation, the interest in use of biochemical markers for stroke diagnosis, severity, and prognosis is increasing. Only a handful of studies on stroke biomarkers have been conducted in India. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the correlation of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) levels with stroke severity according to infarct size in acute ischemic stroke patients. Material and Methods Sixty stroke patients were recruited for the study and were evaluated. Noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain was performed for all patients within 48 hours of onset of symptoms. Infarct volume was measured by evaluating dimensions in three planes on CT head. Serum NSE and S100B levels were measured by commercially available immunoassay kits. Continuous data was represented as mean ± standard deviation. Categorical data was expressed in terms of percentages and proportions. Pearson's correlation coefficient was applied to assess correlation between NSE and S100B and infarct size. Infarct size was classified arbitrarily into three groups according to infarct volume (low, moderate, and large) and analysis of variance was applied for comparing mean S100B and NSE levels in the three groups. To assess the independent predictors of infarct size among stroke cases, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used. Association between serum S100B or NSE levels and clinical features was done by the Mann–Whitney U test. Results Correlation between serum S100B protein levels and NSE with larger infarct volume was highly significant ( r (S100B) = 0.611, p (S100B) < 0.0001; r (NSE) = 0.258, p (NSE) = 0.047). Using multivariate regression analysis, bladder and bowel involvement, prior stroke history, and dyslipidemia among stroke patients correlated with a larger infarct size. Mann–Whitney U test showed both NSE and S100B levels were significantly associated with bladder bowel involvement among stroke cases. Conclusion There was a positive correlation between serum S100B and NSE levels with infarct size. In addition, bladder-bowel involvement among stroke patients was associated with increased S100B levels. Therefore, levels of protein S100B and NSE may serve as indicator of infarct size and may be predictors of severe clinical presentations of acute ischemic stroke.

Serum S100B Protein Concentrations in SGA/FGR newborns.

Fetal growth restriction is associated with chronic fetal hypoxia, poor perinatal outcome and increased perinatal mortality. There are no reliable methods to detect cell damage in the central nervous system (CNS) in these patients. The findings of increased an acidic calcium-binding protein (S100B) concentration in biological fluids of infants after brain injury have supported the use of S100B as a biochemical marker of CNS damage. The purpose of the study was to assess blood S100B concentrations in small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) newborns and to evaluate the usefulness of S100B for early detection of hypoxia. The investigation was carried out between November 2011 and April 2014. Serum S100B protein level was assessed in cord blood collected from newborns after birth. Medical records of mothers of neonates studied were reviewed for pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), preeclampsia, maternal smoking during pregnancy and abnormalities in umbilical artery (UA) Doppler ultrasound examination. The study was carried out in 88 SGA neonates and 80 AGA neonates. The median value of S100B protein concentration in the SGA study group was significantly higher than in AGA controls (p < 0.001). Cord blood serum S100B concentration in SGA neonates with prenatal normal UA Doppler ultrasound findings (n = 32) did not differ from that SGA neonates with abnormal prenatal UA Doppler findings (n = 25) (p = 0.74), but was significantly higher than in AGA newborns (p < 0.001). Elevated S100B protein levels in cord blood collected from SGA newborns may be helpful in detecting infants at higher risk of postnatal neurologic disturbances at an early stage.

Evaluation of Serum S100B Levels in Male Children Younger than 6 Years Old with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Psychiatric and Biochemical Perspective

Aim: Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder. The S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B) is among the markers of astrocyte activation as well as brain damage. Herein, it was aimed to evaluate S100B levels to determine whether there is a relation with the severity of autism spectrum disorder and establish possible causes of different results among the studies in the literature from a psychiatric and biochemical perspective. Material and Methods: Twenty-five male children with autism spectrum disorder were included as the study group along with twenty-seven male children as the control group. The childhood autism rating scale and the autism behavior checklist were applied. Serum S100B protein levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The mean serum S100B level was 1008.61±171.34 pg/mL in the study group and 1060.14±182.83 pg/mL in the control group, and no statistically significant difference was found between the groups (p=0.300). Based on the childhood autism rating scale scores, 60% (n=15) of the children with autism spectrum disorder had severe autism, whereas 40% (n=10) had mild-to-moderate autism. There was no significant difference in terms of the serum S100B levels between the groups of autism spectrum disorder severity (p=0.935) or according to the autistic regression status (p=0.667). Conclusion: For S100B to be accepted as a reliable biomarker for autism spectrum disorder, more studies considering some factors with larger samples should be performed. Moreover, to understand the effect of biochemical methodology on the results, further studies are suggested on this subject.

No association between children's febrile seizures and S100B protein levels: A meta-analysis

BackgroundIn recent years, studies have examined the relationship between febrile seizures in children and S100B protein with contradictory results. We systematically evaluated the relationship between children's febrile seizures and S100B protein levels. MethodsWe used Stata 11.0 software to conduct a meta-analysis of the included studies published in The China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, Wanfang, Chinese Biology Medicine Disc, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases as well as clinical trial registries in China, Europe, and the United States. ResultsSix case-control studies were finally included in the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the serum S100B protein level of children with febrile seizures was 0.72 higher than the serum S100B protein level of healthy children (Z=6.85, 95% CI 0.52∼0.93, P<0.05). There was no difference in the serum S100B protein level between the children with febrile seizures and children with fever but without seizures (Z=0.70, 95% CI -0.20∼0.41, P>0.05). ConclusionThe level of serum S100B protein in children with febrile seizures was higher than that of healthy children and was statistically significant, whereas the increase in children with higher fever without seizures was not statistically significant. Because there was only a difference in serum S100B protein levels between children with febrile seizures and healthy children but not in febrile children without seizures as the strongest confounding factors for the results, febrile seizures do not elevate the level of S100B protein levels any more than fever.

The Effect of Biomarkers and Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter in Determining Mortality in non-Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

AimAlthough radiological methods are sufficient for the diagnosis of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), additional biomarkers are needed to predict prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of serum S100B protein, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) levels and, Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter (ONSD) on mortality and clinical severity in patients with spontaneous SAH. Materials and methodsFifty-six patients who were diagnosed with SAH after first evaluation in the emergency department (ED) were included in the study group; Forty-six patients who were admitted to the ED with headache of non-intracranial etiology, were included as the control group. Cerebral computed tomography (CT) images and peripheral blood samples were obtained from all patients; at the time of diagnosis and 24 h after diagnosis. Serum S100B protein and GFAP levels were measured from the blood samples and ONSD was measured on CT. ResultsSerum S100B protein and GFAP levels and, ONSDs at the time of diagnosis and 24 h after diagnosis were significantly higher in the study group (p < 0.05). Both GFAP levels and ONSD at the time of diagnosis and 24 h after the diagnosis were found to be related with increased mortality (p < 0.05). A similar association was found for serum S100B protein levels 24 h after the diagnosis, but not at the time of diagnosis (p = 0.540). ConclusionSerum S100B protein and GFAP levels and, ONSD were increased in patients with spontaneous SAH. All parameters were found to be associated with increased mortality.

Effect of acupuncture combined with rehabilitation on cognitive and motor functions in poststroke patients.

The aim of the study was to explore the effect of acupuncture combined with rehabilitation on cognitive and motor functions in poststroke patients. All patients were divided into Group A and Group B based on different interventions (Group A: acupuncture + conventional rehabilitation, Group B: conventional rehabilitation alone). Acupuncture was conducted once a day, five times a week for 8 weeks, and rehabilitation (including physical therapy and occupational therapy) was conducted for 2 hr per session, once a day, five times a week for 8 weeks. Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) were used to assess the motor and cognitive functions at baseline and the end of 8 weeks. After the intervention, FMA and MMSE scores were improved significantly in the two groups (p <.05), compared with the scores prior to intervention. After 8 weeks of intervention, a statistically significant difference in the FMA and MMSE scores was observed between the Group A and the Group B. The results suggested that the combined intervention is more effective than the conventional rehabilitation alone in improving cognitive and motor functions in poststroke patients.