Serum Paraoxonase Activity Research Articles

The Effect of Exercise Training Type on Paraoxonase-1 and Lipid Profile in Rats

Background: Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an anti-atherosclerotic enzyme that protects high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) against oxidation. There are contradictory studies about the effects of exercise training on PON1 activity. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the effects of sprint and endurance exercise training on serum PON1 activity and lipid profile in rats. Methods: Twenty-four Albino Wistar rats were divided to sedentary control (SC), endurance training (ET), and sprint training (ST) groups. The animals were subjected to endurance (at a speed of 27 m/minute) and sprint (at a speed of 40 to 54 m/minute) training on a treadmill for 6 weeks, 6 days per week. Using commercial kits, PON1 activity and lipid profile levels were measured by spectrophotometry and enzymatic methods, respectively. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test at P < 0.05 level. Results: Both ET and ST regimens increased PON1 activity in the serum, and the alteration was greater following ST than ET (F1, 23 = 17.87, P = 0.001). In contrast, neither ST nor ET changed significantly the serum levels of triglyceride (F1, 23 = 0.288, P = 0.753), total cholesterol (F1, 23 = 0.385, P = 0.685), LDL (F1, 23 = 1.07, P = 0.361), and HDL (F1, 23 = 1.36, P = 0.277). In addition, serum PON1 activity was positively correlated with serum HDL levels in rats (R = 0.44, P = 0.032). Conclusions: Despite the lack of change in serum lipid profile, sprint training can lead to greater protection against lipid peroxidation than endurance training through increases in serum PON1 activity.

The Effect of Exercise Training Type on Paraoxonase-1 and Lipid Profile in Rats

Background: Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an anti-atherosclerotic enzyme that protects high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) against oxidation. There are contradictory studies about the effects of exercise training on PON1 activity. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the effects of sprint and endurance exercise training on serum PON1 activity and lipid profile in rats. Methods: Twenty-four Albino Wistar rats were divided to sedentary control (SC), endurance training (ET), and sprint training (ST) groups. The animals were subjected to endurance (at a speed of 27 m/minute) and sprint (at a speed of 40 to 54 m/minute) training on a treadmill for 6 weeks, 6 days per week. Using commercial kits, PON1 activity and lipid profile levels were measured by spectrophotometry and enzymatic methods, respectively. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test at P < 0.05 level. Results: Both ET and ST regimens increased PON1 activity in the serum, and the alteration was greater following ST than ET (F1, 23 = 17.87, P = 0.001). In contrast, neither ST nor ET changed significantly the serum levels of triglyceride (F1, 23 = 0.288, P = 0.753), total cholesterol (F1, 23 = 0.385, P = 0.685), LDL (F1, 23 = 1.07, P = 0.361), and HDL (F1, 23 = 1.36, P = 0.277). In addition, serum PON1 activity was positively correlated with serum HDL levels in rats (R = 0.44, P = 0.032). Conclusions: Despite the lack of change in serum lipid profile, sprint training can lead to greater protection against lipid peroxidation than endurance training through increases in serum PON1 activity. Keywords: Sprint Training, Endurance Training, Paraoxonase 1, Lipid Profile

Investigation of Serum Enzyme Activity of Nitric Oxide (NO), Arylesterase (ARE) and Paraoxanase (PON) in Renal Tumors

Objective: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant capacity have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, and cancers. Oxidative stress can cause tumor angiogenesis and may be carcinogenic. However, the relationship between antioxidant capacity and various cancers has been researched in several clinical trials. Materials and Methods: In this study, we aimed to identify serum Nitric Oxide (NO), Arylesterase (ARE) and paraoxonase (PON) activities in patients with renal tumors. Serum ARE, PON and NO levels were measured by spectrophotometer. Results: Increased activity of serum nitric oxide (NO) was determined in cancer group. Serum Arylesterase (ARE) were significantly lower in the patient group than the control group. Increased activity of Serum paraoxonase (PON) were detected in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results indicates that Nitric oxide (NO), arylesterase (ARE) and paraoxonase (PON) activities may play an important role in the pathogenesis of renal cell cancer.

Investigation of paraoxonase 1 activity of the workers at the plant, who have long-term contact with organophosphorus compounds

Background. Liver enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) plays an important role in protection the organism from toxic effects of organophosphorus compounds (OPs) via their hydrolysis whose rate and efficiency depend on PON1 serum level activity. PON1 activity is largely determined by the polymorphic variants of the PON1 gene. Effect of long-term work with exposure to the toxic OPs on the PON1 activity is almost unknown. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of long-term work with exposure to the toxic OPs on PON1 serum enzymatic activity depending on polymorphisms Q191R, L54M, C(-108)T PON1 gene. Materials and methods. PON1 serum enzymatic activity and PON1 polymorphisms were determined in men, who were categorized in 2 groups: workers of companies providing storage and disposal of the OPs (68) and control group (37). The PON1 191, PON1 55 and PON1 108 polymorphisms were studied by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism. PON1 serum enzymatic activity was measured by a spectrophotometric method using paraoxon. Results. PON1 activity in workers with exposure to the toxic OPs relative was increased compared to the control group (p = 0,027). Differences in serum PON1 activity was shown for the carriers of certain genotypes of the PON1 gene: PON1 serum activity was higher in workers compared to controls only for LL genotype (L54M polymorphism) and C allele (C(-108)T polymorphism) carriers (p 0,001 and p = 0,002, correspondently). Conclusion. We suggest that the increase in serum PON1 activity in workers providing storage and disposal of OPs could be modulated with the polymorphic variants of the PON1 gene.

Serum Paraoxonase as an Indicator for Fatty Liver in Sheep.

IntroductionA model of fatty liver in postpartum sheep was established to measure blood paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and other biochemical indicators, which were used to predict fatty liver in sheep.Material and MethodsSheep were assigned into two experimental groups: a fatty liver group (T, n = 10) and a healthy control group (C, n = 5). PON1 enzyme activity towards paraoxon as a substrate was quantified spectrophotometrically. The results were analysed by t-test and pearson correlation coefficient. Disease was predicted by binary logistic analysis, and diagnostic thresholds were determined by receiver operatingcharacteristic (ROC) analysis.ResultsThe activity of serum PON1 in group T was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) when compared with C group, and liver lipid content and the levels of serum BHBA, NEFA, and TG were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Thresholds were lower than 74.0 U/mL for PON1, higher than 0.97 mmol/L for β-hydroxybutyrate, higher than 1.29 mmol/L for non-esterified fatty acids, higher than 0.24 mmol/L for triglycerides, and lower than 71.35 g/L for total protein.ConclusionThis study verified that PON1, BHBA, NEFA, TG, and TP could be used to predict the risk of fatty liver in sheep.

Intake of up to 3 Eggs per Day Is Associated with Changes in HDL Function and Increased Plasma Antioxidants in Healthy,Young Adults

Background: HDL function may be more important than HDL concentration in determining risk for cardiovascular disease. In addition, HDL is a carrier of carotenoids and antioxidant enzymes, which protect HDL and LDL particles against oxidation.Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the impact of consuming 0-3 eggs/d on LDL and HDL particle size, HDL function, and plasma antioxidants in a young, healthy population.Methods: Thirty-eight healthy men and women [age 18-30 y, body mass index (in kg/m2) 18.5-29.9] participated in this 14-wk crossover intervention. Subjects underwent a 2-wk washout (0 eggs/d) followed by sequentially increasing intake of 1, 2, and 3 eggs/d for 4 wk each. After each period, fasting blood was collected for analysis of lipoprotein subfractions, plasma apolipoprotein (apo) concentration, lutein and zeaxanthin concentration, and activities of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and paraoxonase-1.Results: Compared with intake of 0 eggs/d, consuming 1-3 eggs/d resulted in increased large-LDL (21-37%) and large-HDL (6-13%) particle concentrations, plasma apoAI (9-15%), and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity (5-15%) (P < 0.05 for all biomarkers). Intake of 2-3 eggs/d also promoted an 11% increase in apoAII (P < 0.05) and a 20-31% increase in plasma lutein and zeaxanthin (P < 0.05), whereas intake of 3 eggs/d resulted in a 9-16% increase in serum paraoxonase-1 activity compared with intake of 1-2 eggs/d (P < 0.05). Egg intake did not affect cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity.Conclusions: Intake of 1 egg/d was sufficient to increase HDL function and large-LDL particle concentration; however, intake of 2-3 eggs/d supported greater improvements in HDL function as well as increased plasma carotenoids. Overall, intake of ≤3 eggs/d favored a less atherogenic LDL particle profile, improved HDL function, and increased plasma antioxidants in young, healthy adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02531958.

Paraoxonase-1 activity is related to Trichinella spiralis-induced hepatitis in rats.

Little is known about the potential adverse effects of a chronic zoonotic nematode Trichinella spiralis infection on hepatic inflammation and its relationship to paraoxonase (PON)-1 and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of T.spiralis infection on hepatic synthesis of PON1. Wistar rats were infected with 2500 first-stage larvae (L1) of T.spiralis, and serum PON1 and BuChE activities were evaluated. Hepatic expression levels of PON1, BuChE and various cytokines and chemokines [interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1] were evaluated for up to 9weeks post-infection (p.i.). The effect of these changes on the degree of hepatic apoptosis was also investigated. Trichinella spiralis infection in rats induced significant decreases in serum PON1 activities from day 2 until week 7 p.i. and BuChE activity starting from day 4 until 2weeks p.i. Moreover, T.spiralis infection increased serum pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α as well as chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α and TGF-β1 during the enteral phase of the parasite life cycle. The anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 showed significant increases during the enteral phase for the former and the muscle phase for the latter. These were associated with hepatic inflammation and apoptosis. These events typically decreased hepatic PON1 and BuChE mRNA expression. Immune responses mounted against T.spiralis infection in rats were associated with hepatic inflammation and a subsequent decrease in serum PON1 and BuChE activities.

Utility of Serum Paraoxonase Levels with reference to Severity of Organophosphorus Poisoning

ABSTRACT Introduction Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are widely used insecticides for agricultural and domestic purposes. Easy availability and less awareness regarding the toxicity caused by these compounds have resulted in high morbidity and mortality in India. Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment are required to reduce the mortality rate for which laboratory evaluation plays a vital role, in addition to various clinical scoring systems. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was carried out for a period of 2 months. Forty clinically diagnosed acute OP poisoning cases admitted in emergency units formed the study subjects. Serum was used for the estimation of cholinesterase, for both basal and salt stimulated paraoxonase (PON) activity. Peradeniya organophosphorus poisoning (POP) scale was used as a tool to categorize patients into mild (0—3 score), moderate (4—7 score), and severe (8—11 score) poisoning. Results The mean age of the study participants was 31.9 ± 14.4 years. Seventy-five percent of the participants were males and 25% were females. Chlorpyrifos was the most common OP compound consumed by the study participants. There was a significant decrease in the serum cholinesterase activity (p = 0.001) and salt-stimulated PON activity (p = 0.016) as the severity increased. Serum cholinesterase and POP score showed statistically significant negative correlation (p = 0.003). There was a linear positive correlation between serum cholinesterase and serum PON activity, but the correlation was significant only with salt-stimulated PON activity (p = 0.005). Conclusion The results suggest that subjects with higher levels of PON activity may have better detoxifying capacity toward OP poisoning. How to cite this article Rahul HV, Rani NA, Nusrath A. Utility of Serum Paraoxonase Levels with reference to Severity of Organophosphorus Poisoning. Indian J Med Biochem 2017;21(2):101-105.

Shiitake Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Lentinus edodes (Agaricomycetes): A Species with Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory, and Hepatoprotective Activities in Hypercholesterolemic Rats.

Lentinus edodes is a culinary-medicinal mushroom that has an established history of use in Asian therapies. The mushroom offers well-documented beneficial health effects such as antihypercholesterolemic, antitumor, and antibacterial activities. In this study, dried powder of L. edodes fruiting bodies was used to evaluate immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant effects in hypercholesterolemic rats. Albino rats (n = 24) were divided into 3 groups: the control (CON) group, the hypercholesterolemia-only group (HCG), and the L. edodes group (LEG). Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rats in the HCG and LEG by feeding cholesterol and cholic acid in a chow maintenance diet (CMD) for 24 days. The CON group was fed the CMD throughout the experiment. The HCG continued on the high-cholesterol diet without any L. edodes supplement. The LEG was fed the high-cholesterol diet supplemented with L. edodes for an additional 42 days. Various biological health biomarkers, such as total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, arylesterase, paraoxonase activity, and liver enzymes in serum were studied to evaluate antioxidant and hepatoprotective responses. Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in each group through a delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction. The total oxidant status decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) after administration of L. edodes in the diet. The cell-mediated immune response significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in the LEG. The significant decrease in liver enzymes supports the hepatoprotective effect of L. edodes. In conclusion, the results show the immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activities of L. edodes supplementation in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Phenotypic Variants of Paraoxonase Q192R in Bipolar Disorder, Depression and Schizophrenia

Activity of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme varies prominently according to the PON1 Q192R genotype. The arginine (R) genotype hydrolyzes peroxided lipids more quickly and efficiently than the glutamine (Q) genotype. The Q phenotype suggests greater liability to neurodegenerative processes, cardiovascular and malignancy risks than the R phenotype. Stimulated PON/ARES ratio is associated with the PON1 Q192R polymorphism. This study aimes to assess the Q192R phenotype in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. Patients with schizophrenia (37), bipolar disorder (n=50), depression (n=43) and healthy volunteers (n=43) were enrolled. Serum PON1, stimulated paraoxonase (sPON) and aryl esterase (ARES) levels were assessed with an automatic analyzer. Clusters of sPON/ARES ratio were detected with frequency analysis in PON1. QQ, QR and RR variant groups. There were significant differences between the bipolar disorder, depression, schizophrenia and healthy volunteer groups in terms of phenotype frequencies in groups (Fisher's Exact Coefficient=18.96, p=0.003). A higher prevalence of the PON1 RR variant was found in bipolar disorder whereas the PON1 QQ variant had a higher prevalence in depression and schizophrenia as compared to others. Serum PON1 activity correlated with number of episodes in the bipolar disorder group and with SANS, SAPS scores in the schizophrenia group. Difference between bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and depression in PON1 activity and PON1 phenotype might be suggestive of different liability to lipid peroxidation and neurodegeneration between the diagnostic groups. Longitudinal studies may identify long term differences between PON1 Q192R polymorphisms in clinical outcomes and neuropathology.

Therapeutic Hypothermia Reduces Oxidative Damage and Alters Antioxidant Defenses after Cardiac Arrest.

After cardiac arrest, organ damage consequent to ischemia-reperfusion has been attributed to oxidative stress. Mild therapeutic hypothermia has been applied to reduce this damage, and it may reduce oxidative damage as well. This study aimed to compare oxidative damage and antioxidant defenses in patients treated with controlled normothermia versus mild therapeutic hypothermia during postcardiac arrest syndrome. The sample consisted of 31 patients under controlled normothermia (36°C) and 11 patients treated with 24 h mild therapeutic hypothermia (33°C), victims of in- or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Parameters were assessed at 6, 12, 36, and 72 h after cardiac arrest in the central venous blood samples. Hypothermic and normothermic patients had similar S100B levels, a biomarker of brain injury. Xanthine oxidase activity is similar between hypothermic and normothermic patients; however, it decreases posthypothermia treatment. Xanthine oxidase activity is positively correlated with lactate and S100B and inversely correlated with pH, calcium, and sodium levels. Hypothermia reduces malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels, markers of oxidative damage. Concomitantly, hypothermia increases the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase while decreasing the activity of serum paraoxonase-1. These findings suggest that mild therapeutic hypothermia reduces oxidative damage and alters antioxidant defenses in postcardiac arrest patients.

Chronic Kidney Disease and Disproportionally Increased Cardiovascular Damage: Does Oxidative Stress Explain the Burden?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are among the groups at the highest risk for cardiovascular disease and significantly shortened remaining lifespan. CKD enhances oxidative stress in the organism with ensuing cardiovascular damage. Oxidative stress in uremia is the consequence of higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, whereas attenuated clearance of pro-oxidant substances and impaired antioxidant defenses play a complementary role. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying the increased ROS production in CKD is at least partly mediated by upregulation of the intrarenal angiotensin system. Enhanced oxidative stress in the setting of the uremic milieu promotes enzymatic modification of circulating lipids and lipoproteins, protein carbamylation, endothelial dysfunction via disruption of nitric oxide (NO) pathways, and activation of inflammation, thus accelerating atherosclerosis. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and heart failure are hallmarks of CKD. NADPH oxidase activation, xanthine oxidase, mitochondrial dysfunction, and NO-ROS are the main oxidative pathways leading to LVH and the cardiorenal syndrome. Finally, a subset of antioxidant enzymes, the paraoxonases (PON), deserves special attention due to abundant clinical evidence accumulated regarding reduced serum PON1 activity in CKD as a contributor to the increased burden of cardiovascular disease. Future, meticulously designed studies are needed to assess the effects of antioxidant therapy on patients with CKD.

Possible Effects of Paraoxonase 1 Q192r Polymorphism on Serum Paraoxonase Activities of a Group of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Possible Effects of Paraoxonase 1 Q192r Polymorphism on Serum Paraoxonase Activities of a Group of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Assessment of the relationship between serum paraoxonase activity and epicardial adipose tissue in hemodialysis patients.

Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a high-density lipoprotein-associated (HDL) enzyme, which has been shown to reduce susceptibility to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) peroxidation. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a marker of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between PON-1 activity and EAT in hemodialysis (HD) patients. This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 72 (43 males) HD patients with end-stage renal disease. Serum levels for lipid profiles, C-reactive protein, calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone were measured. PON-1 activity was also measured and compared to the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of paraoxon to p-nitrophenol. Echocardiography was used to measure EAT thickness (EATT). The correlation between PON-1 and EATT was assessed, while independent predictors of EATT in HD patients were similarly assessed using multivariate regression analysis. There was a significant low mean value of PON-1 activity in HD patients compared with the control group (82.1±31.6 vs. 164.3±61.5 U/l, p=0.0001) and significant high mean value of EATT in HD patients, compared with controls (6.2±1.7 vs. 3.9±1.1mm, p=0.0001). In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between PON-1 activity and EATT (r=-0.484, p=0.0001) and a significant positive correlation between PON-1 activity and HDL-C (r=0.417, p=0.0003). PON-1, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, age, and body mass index were found to be independent predictors of EATT. Our study demonstrated that PON-1 activity was significantly lower in HD patients compared with healthy controls and that PON-1 activity was inversely correlated with EATT in this population.

The acute effect of intravenous lipopolysaccharide injection on serum and intrafollicular HDL components and gene expression in granulosa cells of the bovine dominant follicle

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an acute systemic inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the serum and follicular fluid (FF) high-density lipoprotein (HDL) components, hormone concentrations and granulosa cell gene expression. For this purpose, twenty non-lactating Jersey dairy cows were submitted to a progesterone (P4) – estradiol (E2) based synchronization protocol. Cows received a single i.v. dose of LPS (2.5 μg/kg of body weight) or saline solution (CTL Group) 2 h after P4 insert removal. Blood, granulosa cells and FF samples were collected six hours after LPS injection. Five hours after LPS injection rectal temperature was increased in LPS (P < 0.0001, 40.4 ± 0.1 °C) compared to the CTL cows (38.8 ± 0.1 °C). Serum PON1 activity was reduced by LPS injection (130.2 ± 5.1 vs. 99.6 ± 3.3 U/mL; P < 0.001), as well as HDL-cholesterol concentrations (70.3 ± 5.3 vs. 50.1 ± 6.2 mg/dL; P < 0.05). The FF E2 and P4 concentrations were not different between groups (P > 0.05). The PON1 activity in the FF was also decreased by LPS injection (P = 0.01). In comparison to CTL group, cows injected with LPS had a ten fold reduction in STAR, TLR4 and TNF mRNA expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, an intravenous LPS challenge in cows induced an acute systemic inflammatory response reducing HDL and its components in serum but not in the FF. Only PON1 activity serum reduction was reflected in the FF in the short term. Additionally, steroidogenic and inflammatory genes had reduced expression in the granulosa cells.

Influence of experimental periodontitis on cardiac oxidative stress in rats: a biochemical and histomorphometric study.

The role of oxidative stress in the process of cardiac remodeling, hypertrophy and heart failure is a current topic. The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the influences of periodontitis on levels of cardiac oxidative stress. Twenty rats were separated into two groups: control and experimental periodontitis (EP). Periodontitis was induced by placing a 3.0 silk suture in the cervix of the left and right mandibular first molar teeth for 5 wk. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed and blood samples and mandibular and ventricular cardiac tissue samples were collected. Levels of alveolar bone loss were determined using measurements performed on histological slices and radiographies. Left ventricular tissue 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, malonylaldehyde, glutathione peroxidase, total oxidant status, total antioxidant status (TAS) levels and serum paraoxonase-1 activity were evaluated biochemically. Measurements performed on the histological slices and radiographies demonstrated that applying the ligature caused obvious alveolar bone loss. Oxidative damage markers (malonylaldehyde, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, oxidative stress index: total oxidant status/TAS) were significantly higher, and antioxidant markers (glutathione peroxidase, TAS) were statistically insignificantly higher, in the hearts of rats with EP when compared to the controls. In addition, reduced serum paraoxonase-1 activity was also detected in the EP group. The pronounced increase in cardiac oxidative stress caused by periodontitis was due to an excessive increase in the production of reactive oxygen species, rather than due to decreased antioxidant capacity. The results indicate that periodontitis-related cardiac oxidative stress might be one of the mechanisms that contribute to the pathological process that leads to heart failure.

395 - Decrease Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) Activities in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Background High-density lipoprotein (HDL)-bound paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is mechanistically related to oxidative stress, inflammation and atherosclerosis and this multirole nature positions the enzyme as potential pathogenic player and candidate biomarker for many diseases. Our previous results suggest a significant derangement in redox balance already present in the prodromal stage of dementia and an association between decline serum PON-1 activities and conversion of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) or vascular dementia (VAD). Download : Download high-res image (185KB) Download : Download full-size image Aims 1) evaluate the role of PON-1 in a larger population, including patients with LOAD-VAD mixed dementia (MD); 2) explore a possible association between PON-1 and multiple sclerosis (MS); 3) evaluate if cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of PON-1 activities might be useful biomarkers for MS. Results We found that serum arylesterase, but not paraoxonase, levels of PON-1 were significantly lower in patients affected by MCI (n=232), VAD (n=65), LOAD (n=175), MD (n=88) as well as those with MS (n=104) as compared to healthy controls. Notably, the most pronounced decline in this activity was shown by MD (-18%, p Conclusion Overall our data suggest that a depressed arylesterase activity could be a common denominator of different neurological diseases which, independently of their ethiopathogenesis and pathophysiology, appear to be all characterized by an altered systemic redox balance.

Acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and paraoxonase 1 activities in rats treated with cannabis, tramadol or both.

To investigate the effect of Cannabis sativa resin and/or tramadol, two commonly drugs of abuse on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities as a possible cholinergic biomarkers of neurotoxicity induced by these agents. Rats were treated with cannabis resin (5, 10 or 20mg/kg) (equivalent to the active constituent Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol), tramadol (5, 10 and 20mg/kg) or tramadol (10mg/kg) combined with cannabis resin (5, 10 and 20mg/kg) subcutaneously daily for 6 weeks. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities were measured in brain and serum. We also measured the activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON1) in serum of rats treated with these agents. (i) AChE activity in brain increased after 10-20mg/kg cannabis resin (by 16.3-36.5%). AChE activity in brain did not change after treatment with 5-20mg/kg tramadol. The administration of both cannabis resin (5, 10 or 20mg/kg) and tramadol (10mg/kg) resulted in decreased brain AChE activity by 14.1%, 12.9% and 13.6%, respectively; (ii) BChE activity in serum was markedly and dose-dependently inhibited by cannabis resin (by 60.9-76.9%). BChE activity also decreased by 17.6-36.5% by 10-20mg/kg tramadol and by 57.2-63.9% by the cannabis resin/tramadol combined treatment; (iii) Cannabis resin at doses of 20mg/kg increased serum PON1 activity by 25.7%. In contrast, tramadol given at 5, 10 and 20mg/kg resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in serum PON1 activity by 19%, 36.7%, and 46.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, treatment with cannabis resin plus tramadol resulted in 40.2%, 35.8%, 30.7% inhibition of PON1 activity compared to the saline group. These data suggest that cannabis resin exerts different effects on AChE and BChE activities which could contribute to the memory problems and the decline in cognitive function in chronic users.

Alterations in serum paraoxonase-1 activity and lipid profile in chronic alcoholic patients infected with Strongyloides stercoralis

The objective of this study was to investigate paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity, cortisol levels, and the lipid profile in the sera of alcoholic and non-alcoholic Strongyloides stercoralis-infected and uninfected individuals in a sample of 276 individuals attended at the National Health System in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The activity of PON1 was measured by the Beltowski method, serum lipids, and cortisol levels using commercial kits. PON1 activity was low in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic individuals infected with S. stercoralis. A positive correlation was observed between PON1 activity and cortisol concentration in alcoholic individuals who were not infected with S. stercoralis; whereas a negative correlation occurred in S. stercoralis-infected nonalcoholic individuals. The levels of triglycerides, LDL-C, and VLDL-C in S. stercoralis-infected alcoholic individuals were significantly lower than in uninfected alcoholic individuals. The high level of HDL-C and the low level of LDL-C, VLDL, triglycerides and PON1 activity in alcoholic patients infected with S. stercoralis evidenced an anti-atherogenic pattern.

Relation of MPV with serum PON-1 activity and BA-IMT in diabetic patients with respect to obesity and diabetic complications

Relation of MPV with serum PON-1 activity and BA-IMT in diabetic patients with respect to obesity and diabetic complications