Serum PBI Research Articles

Inhibition of the peripheral activity of thyroid hormone by selected thio-compounds.

Approximately 40 thio-compounds of the 2-thiopyrimidine, 2-thioimidazole, 2-thiobarbituric acid and 2-thiohydantoin type were tested for their inhibitory effects on the induction of liver mitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) activity by L-thyroxine (L-T4). Of the compounds tested, 5,5-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin (DPTH) was found to be the most potent and blocked 80-90% of the GPD response to L-T4 doses as high as 40 μg injected sc per 100 g bw per day. Other compounds showing marked inhibitory activity were PTU (6-propyl- 2-thiouracil), DATB (5,5′-diallyl-2-thiobarbituric acid) and DTP (2,4-dithiopyrimidine). All of the above compounds produced elevated serum PBI concentrations when 15 jig of L-T4 was administered per 100 g bw per day. A number of other thyroxine analogs were also administered to rats receiving 0.06% PTU, DATB, DTP, 2-thiohydantoin (TH), 2-thiouracil (TU) and DPTH in the diet, but only DPTH inhibited the liver GPD response to the thyroxine analogs tested. The other thio-compo...

The inhibitory effect of lithium on thyroid hormone release in both euthyroid and thyrotoxic patients.

ABSTRACT Previous studies suggesting that lithium inhibits thyroid hormone release in thyrotoxic patients have been based on epithyroid counting or single isotope studies, both of which have technical limitations. To obviate these difficulties, we injected patients with 125I− to prelabel the thyroid, and then injected 131I-T4 to account for T4 degradation. The rate of T4 release was determined by the semilog plot of both the PB125I/131I ratio and the PB127I/131I ratio vs time in five euthyroid and six thyrotoxic patients. Lithium carbonate therapy (900 mg q.i.d.) was given for five days following a five-day control period. Peak serum lithium concentration ranged from 0.39–1.45 mEq/1. At the end of lithium treatment, the mean serum PBI had dropped 18% (p = .05) from the mean pre-treatment value in the thyrotoxic patients and was unchanged in the controls. There was a significant decrease in the mean rate of disappearance of exogenous 131I-T4 during lithium treatment, both in the hyperthyroid 36% (p < .005)...

Growth hormone in narcotic addiction.

ABSTRACT Growth hormone (GH) levels were measured in normals, methadone-treated, former heroin addicts and actively addicted male patients during and after insulin hypoglycemia. Normal GH response to adequate hypoglycemia was observed in the controls and the abstinent former addicts. Although most heroin-addicted and methadone maintained patients also responded normally, some in each category had suboptimal responses. Some of these GH hyporesponders also had subnormal cortisol responses to hypoglycemia. Serum LH, T-4, T-3 and PBI's usually were normal in both heroin addicted and methadone maintained patients regardless of the magnitude of their GH responses. There was no correlation of GH responsiveness with duration of addiction, daily average cost of addiction, dose of methadone or duration of methadone maintenance. There were no clinical stigmata of hypopituitarism in any patient. The evidence suggests a mild subtle hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction may be present in some patients characterized princi...

Effects of dieldrin and gamma BHC on serum proteins and PBI.

Effects of dieldrin and gamma BHC on serum proteins and PBI.

Effects of increasing doses of pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline amide on serum thyrotrophin levels in normal subjects.

ABSTRACT The effects of the administration of normal saline in four normal subjects and the single iv injections of synthetic pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline amide (TRH) in doses of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg in 12 healthy subjects were evaluated by clinical observations and serial measurements from −10 to + 360 minutes of serum TSH, PBI, STH, cholesterol, glucose and insulin. Normal saline and TRH 6.25 μg iv did not change the serum TSH level. The minimum iv dose of TRH increasing serum TSH within 10 minutes was 12.5 μg. Nine of 12 subjects gave maximal increases of serum TSH after TRH 100 μg and all after 200 and 400 μg. The time for the peak response varied with the dose from 15 to 60 minutes. The dose-response curves, average and individual, were complex and not linear. This was interpreted as a varying degree of stimulation of both pituitary synthesis and release of TSH by TRH. PBI changes were measured at 2 h and 6 h. Minimum dose for a significant increase of PBI was 12.5 μg and 6.25 μg of TRH for the respective times. No change in basal STH-levels occurred in 53 of 65 TRH-stimulation tests. Nine of the 12 changes in serum STH occurred in four subjects with varying basal STH-levels. No changes were found in serum cholesterol, glucose or insulin. Our results show that 50 μg of TRH can be used as a standard dose for the single iv stimulation of pituitary release of TSH. TRH stimulated both TSH and STH release in 18% of our tests.

Recurren goiter with production of an unusual iodocompound.

A 60-year old woman who was born with goiter, presented with recurrent goiter, hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism following five previous thyroid operations and a course of radiation therapy. She had elevated radioiodine uptake, thyroidal plasma radioiodine clearance, and serum TSH level, but PBI and T4 by column chromatography were low. Her urinary excretion of iodine was normal. Thyroxine turnover study showed shortened t1/2, but degradation rate was decreased. Thyroidal radioiodine uptake was only partially suppressed after a standard suppression test. Perchlorate discharge test was negative and deiodination of D131IT was normal. A biopsy of thyroid tissue was obtained after the gland was labeled with tracer dose of 125I. Chromatographic analysis of the tissue hydrolysate showed virtual absence of iodothyronines, but presence of iodotyrosines, with normal MIT/DIT ratio, and of DHPL. Identity of this substance was further confirmed by rechromatography, radio-iodination, oxidation of DHPL to form the ...

Evaluation of thyopac-3 test in comparison with triosorb resin uptake test for assessing thyroid function

Summary 1. Clinical evaluation of the Thyopac-3 test for assessing the thyroid function was carried out in comparison with the Triosorb resin uptake test. The thyopac-3 test was technically easier and quicker to perform. The thyopac-3 test requires 0.1 ml of serum, while the Triosorb test uses 1 ml of serum. 2. The Thyopac-3 test is accurate showing the negative correlation with the values of the Triosorb test and serum PBI, and the positive correlation with the serum cholesterol levels. 3. In the Triosorb test, the variation of the values in hypothyroidism was very slight, indicating that the variation 1 to 2% below the normal level shows a clinical significance. However, in the Thyopac-3 test the rate of the variation of values was greater, more than three times of the Triosorb values. Therefore, the Thyopac-3 test is more useful for the evaluation of hypothyroidism. In hyperthyroidism, the Thyopac-3 and the Triosorb values varied markedly in a similar fashion.

Studies on human adaptability to climatic conditions. 2. Seasonal variations in serum PBI on Japanese and Americans in Japan

In addition to the previous two reports submitted regarding the BMR and PBI in serum on the Japanese and American nationals, this experiment was conducted on the free fatty acids in serum of the same subjects with those in the first report, for about one year commencing in June 1969.Results are as follows:1) As for serum FFA, results were higher in Americans than in Japanese.2) As for relationship between serum FFA and the RQ in basal metabolism a significant inverse correlationship was noted in subjects with a higher serum FFA showed a higher fat combustion rate, however, this relationship was significant only for Japanese.3) Relationship between the serum FFA and BMR showed a seasonally slight different trend. While FFA and BMR correlated positively in summer, the relation inclined to be reverse during the period of cold adaptation.4) As for relationship between serum FFA and external temperature, FFA showed a high value during the season in which the temperature was higher. It was noted that there was a tendency for the FFA level to lower during low temperature season. This trend was clearly noted on Japanese nationals, however, almost no such tendency was observed in American nationals.5) A significant correlationship of FFA and PBI was not noted in this experiment.

ALTERATIONS IN THYROID HORMONE ECONOMY IN PATIENTS WITH HYDATIDIFORM MOLE

GALTON, VALERIE ANNE; INGBAR, SIDNEY H.; JIMENEZ-FONSECA, JESUS; HERSHMAN, JEROME M. Author Information

Effects of synthetic pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline-amide on serum levels of thyrotrophin, cortisol, growth hormone, insulin and PBI in normal subjects and patients with pituitary and thyroid disorders.

ABSTRACT Effects of single rapid iv injections of synthetic pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline amide (TRH) in doses of 100 and 200 μg in nine normal subjects and patients with pituitary and thyroid disorders were evaluated by clinical observation and serial measurements of serum levels of human thyrotrophin (HTSH), cortisol, growth hormone (STH), insulin and PBI. An onset of fatigue was observed in about half of the patients six to eight hours after the injection of TRH and lasted several hours. A rise in serum HTSH was detectable within 10 min after the administration of 100 μg of TRH in all normal subjects, reaching a maximum in 15 min in seven of these nine individuals and at 30 and 120 min in two subjects; and then gradually decreased over the next two hours, when the mean level was still above the baseline. Three of nine time courses of serum HTSH showed two peaks, a first at 5 to 15 min and a second at 30 to 120 min. Increases in serum PBI were measurable within 120 min after TRH. Multiple effects of TRH on HTSH, cortisol and STH levels in serum were found in six of nine normal subjects. The percentage increases were frequently larger for STH than for HTSH levels and the effect was heterogeneous on the time courses of these two hormones. An increase in serum HTSH occurred in four untreated patients with acromegaly, and a slow and prolonged response in two of three patients with primary hypothyroidism after 200 μg of TRH. One woman with Sheehan's syndrome showed no rise in serum HTSH at 100 μg of TRH but a moderate rise at 200 μg of TRH. Another patient with an operated chromophobe adenoma and panhypopituitarism responded normally to 100 μg of TRH. Clinical studies involving the use of various synthetic derivatives of TRH are needed to evaluate the clinical response of the tripeptide.

Alterations in thyroid hormone economy in patients with hydatidiform mole.

Studies of several aspects of thyroid hormone economy have been conducted in 11 patients before and after removal of a molar pregnancy. Before evacuation of the mole, all patients demonstrated moderately to greatly elevated values for thyroidal (131)I uptake, absolute iodine uptake, and serum protein-bound-(131)I. Values for serum PBI and serum thyroxine (T(4)) concentration were consistently and often greatly increased, averaging more than twice those found in normal pregnancy and three times those in normal controls. On the other hand, the maximum binding capacity of the T(4)-binding globulin (TBG) was variably affected, and ranged between the values found in normal controls and those found in normal pregnancy. Values for the absolute concentration of free T(4) in serum were, on the average, only moderately elevated, since the proportion of free T(4) was moderately low, although not as low as in normal pregnancy. Sera of patients with molar pregnancy contained high levels of thyroid stimulating activity, as assessed in the McKenzie mouse bioassay system. The stimulator displayed a more prolonged duration of action than that of TSH and did not reveal a major immunological cross-reactivity with either human or bovine TSH, differing in the latter respect from the chorionic thyrotropin of normal human placenta. Abnormalities in iodine metabolism were rapidly ameliorated after removal of the molar pregnancy, and this was associated with the disappearance from serum of the thyroid stimulator. Despite the foregoing evidence of thyroid hyperfunction and hypersecretion of T(4), patients with molar pregnancy were neither goitrous nor overtly thyrotoxic. They did display, however, high values of the urinary pigment/creatinine ratio, a possible indication of the presence of a hypermetabolic state. It is concluded that in patients with molar pregnancy, thyroid function and T(4) secretion are stimulated, often greatly so, by an unusual thyroid stimulator which is demonstrable in the blood and which is probably of molar origin. The nature of the stimulator, as well as the reasons for both the variability of the increase in TBG which occurs in molar pregnancy and the lack of frank thyrotoxicosis, remain to be clarified.

Effect of azodicarbonamide (1,1'-azobisformamide) on thyroid function.

ABSTRACT Azodicarbonamide (ADA, or 1,1′-azobisformamide) is a flour-maturing agent currently being promoted for use in the baking of commercial breads. Since ADA bears some structural resemblance to the known antithyroid agent aminotriazole (ATZ), we tested ADA for antithyroid action in rats. Rats given ADA in doses of 5 or 10% of the diet for 10 days or 4 weeks had lower 24-hr thyroidal 125I uptakes than control animals and had serum PBI levels which tended to be lower than those of the controls. However, there was no consistent goitrogenic effect of ADA, and the experimental animals showed no rise in serum TSH as estimated by radioimmunoassay. ADA in doses of 0.2, 2 and 20 mg/100 g body wt/day given parenterally caused no antithyroid effects, though rats given the highest dose showed other evidence of toxicity. The ADA reduction product biurea (BiU, or 1-carbamylsemicarbasize) caused no change in thyroid function when given orally as 5 or 10% of the diet or parenterally in doses of 2 or 20 mg/100 g body...

Effect of organochlorine insecticides on serum PBI level in occupationally exposed people.

Effect of organochlorine insecticides on serum PBI level in occupationally exposed people.

Protein-bound iodine and T4 tests after vaginal application of povidone-iodine

Serum PBI and T4 determinations were done on ten patients before and one day, one week, and one month after the use of povidone-iodine∗∗Betadine, Purdue-Frederick Company, Yonkers, New York. as a vaginal preoperative preparation. A significant rise was found at one day in the PBI but no significant change was found for the most part at one week and one month. The T4 levels were not significantly altered the first week after the use of Betadine.

Short Stature and Growth Hormone Deficiency Due to Histiocytosis X

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a common complication of histiocytosis X. Anterior pituitary function has not been previously systematically studied. Both anterior and posterior pituitary function has been evaluated in 11 children with histiocytosis. The following methods were used. Insulin hypoglycemia and arginine infusion for HGH, serum PBI, T4, and 191I uptake for thyroid function, and metyrapone stimulation for adrenal function. Concentrating ability was used as an index of vasopressin release. Gonadotropin was assessed by physical examination only. In 6 patients, only vasopressin and growth hormone (GH) response was studied. In 5 thyroid and adrenocortical evaluation was alos obtianed. Of the 11 children, 4 were of normal height for age, while 7 were below the 3rd percentile. Those children with normal height all had normal GH response. Two of them had DI with normal thyroid and adrenal function. Of the 7 children with retardation of linear growth, 6 were found to be GH deficient. The 1 child with normal GH had a strong family history of short stature. Five had DI and all were GH deficient. Thyroid studies were normal in 2 and adrenal studies in 3 of these. One child had histiocytosis of the thyroid gland with goiter and hypothyroidism. In 3 children of adolescent age with short stature, GH deficiency and DI, puberty was delayed. This study documents that histocytosis may involve the anterior and/or posterior pituitary. An adequate clinical evaluation should include study of the anterior pituitary.

Thyroid function in sibships in endemic goiter region.

ABSTRACT The genetic aspects of the etiology of endemic goiter were studied in 16 sibships of euthyroid subjects from 2 endemic and 1 nonendemic regions of Slovakia. Parameters of thyroid function, including iodine content in 24 hr urine, PBI, rate coefficient of organic binding of radioiodine in the thyroid, 131I uptake, serum thiocyanate and cholesterol levels were determined. Estimates of heritability, verified by means of analyses of variance, indicate the presence of significant genetic components in both endemic areas for the values of daily urinary iodine, serum PBI and thiocyanate, with intraclass correlation coefficients between .42 and .55. The interregional differences in the criteria obtained by radioiodine tests are of special interest: while 28–75 % of the total variation is heritable in the Carpathian Mountains, no genetic component at all is found on the Peridanubian plain.

Endemic goiter in Greece: Effects of iodized oil injection

Iodine metabolism has been studied in patients with endemic goiter in Greece following the injection of iodized oil, which reduced the size of the glands, more markedly in the diffuse goiters than in the nodular ones. Injection of labeled iodized oil resulted in a very slow diffusion from the injection site, and the local radioactivity decreased with a mean biological half-life of 70 days. Serial studies over 12 months in 34 patients with endemic goiter injected with 1 ml. of iodized oil showed an increase in the Plasma Inorganic Iodine (PII) and the urinary iodine, and a decrease in the thyroidal 131I uptake and clearance. The excess urinary iodine was in inorganic form. Extrapolation of the data suggests that a 1 ml dose would give adequate prophylaxis from iodine deficiency for 25 months. Following the iodized oil injection, the Absolute Iodine Uptake (AIU) by the thyroid increased, and so did the BEI and serum thyroxine (Tetrasorb) values whereas the Triosorb test did not show consistent results. The serum PBI increased out of proportion to the BEI, the difference being accounted for by the presence in the circulation of an iodinated albumin-like protein.

Plasma TSH Levels in Endemic Goiter Subjects

ABSTRACT Plasma TSH levels were measured in goitrous young males living in an area of moderate iodide deficiency in the Egyptian desert (New Valley). Nongoitrous young males living in an area of the same desert where water iodide concentrations were higher (Siwa oases) and a group of normal American subjects served as controls. Plasma TSH levels were higher in the New Valley males than in either control group. Serum PBI values and urinary iodide excretions were lower in the goitrous New Valley subjects than in the Siwa controls. These data support the hypothesis that, at least in some instances, an increase in circulating TSH is a contributing factor to endemic goiter formation in subjects living in areas of mild to moderate iodide deficiency.

Seasonal variation of non-embolic cerebral infarction

IT IS well accepted today that the prevalence of diseases caused by microorganisms is altered by climatic fluctuations. The increased incidence of pulmonary infection [l] in the winter and of poliomyelitis and gastro-intestinal infections in the summer are the best examples of this and probably reflect a combination of variations in (1) the host’s susceptibilities; (2) bacterial or viral virulence; and (3) vector availability. Stroke should not have a seasonal variation unless the major causative factors underlying its precipitation, including for instance atherosclerosis and circulatory dynamics, are modified by climate and season. Such factors as eating and drinking habits vary with the temperature; summer dehydration may alter circulatory dynamics and lead to cerebral infarction. There are suggestions of a seasonal variation in cholesterol levels in a stable population of men aged 46-62. Cholesterol levels were found to be highest from November to March and lowest during the summer months, May through August [2, 31. In a similar study involving both sexes, males and females showed seasonal variations of cholesterol levels in opposite directions [4]. Protein bound iodine levels have been found to vary seasonally, the lowest values found during June, July and August with high values in September, October, February and March [4]. The gap between these suggestions of seasonal variation in serum cholesterol and PBI and the occurrence of stroke is too wide for any meaningful connection. Some evidence for a seasonal variation in atherosclerotic disease is found in studies of coronary heart disease. Death from cardiovascular disease in some parts of the United States has a peak during December to April with a low point in August and September [6, 71. The reduction of death rates during the summer months has been confirmed in studies in areas with a marked seasonal climatic variation but not in areas which are continuously warm [S]. In Australia cardiovascular deaths are higher during their winter months, June through September, and lowest during their summer months, January through April [9]. In the field of cerebrovascular disease Takakashi in Japan found that cerebral hemorrhage had a low incidence in the summer months, June to September, and a high incidence in the winter months [IO].

Effect of iodide on thyroidal iodine turnover in hyperthyroid subjects.

ABSTRACT Quantitative studies of iodine metabolism were carried out in iodide-treated hyperthyroid patients in order to observe the alterations of iodine metabolism which occur in response to clinical improvement and to the recurrence of symptoms. Twelve hyperthyroid patients were given 10 mg of iodide as KI t.i.d. and several thyroid function tests were performed at intervals of 2 weeks thereafter. Serum PBI and T3-resin sponge uptake decreased to the normal range within 2 weeks in all patients and these normal values continued until recurrence of thyrotoxicity. One, 2 and 24 hr thyroidal 131I uptakes decreased from 57.4 to 22.6%, from 68.0 to 24.4%, and from 75.1 to 19.9%, respectively, within 2 weeks of the iodide treatment. However, these values were considerably higher than those obtained from similarly treated euthyroid subjects (2.6, 2.5 and 3.4%, respectively). Thyroidal absolute iodine uptake (AIU), calculated from thyroidal clearance of 131I multiplied by serum inorganic 127I, increased about 3-...