Serum Lipoprotein Concentrations Research Articles

Cholesterol metabolism is decreased in patients with diminished ovarian reserve

Research questionDoes cholesterol metabolism differ in patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) compared to patients with normal ovarian reserve (NOR)? DesignThe current research included 72 women with NOR and 86 women with DOR. Data on the cholesterol metabolism in granulosa cells of these women were analysed. ResultsOn the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin injection, serum oestradiol and progesterone in the DOR group were significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein between the NOR and DOR groups. The cholesterol-regulated gene SCAP in granulosa cells from women with DOR was down-regulated (P = 0.024). Cholesterol synthesis and transport genes (e.g. IDI1, FDFT1, CYP51A1, SRB1 and STARD1) were also significantly decreased (P = 0.026, P = 0.044, P = 0.049, P = 0.004 and P < 0.001, respectively). In granulosa cells of patients with DOR, cholesterol-related substances such as coprostanone, 11A-acetoxyprogesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were significantly reduced (P = 0.0008, P = 0.0269, P = 0.0337, respectively). CYP19A1, a key steroidogenesis gene, was significantly reduced (P = 0.009). 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol decreased (P = 0.004 and P = 0.039, respectively). ConclusionDecreased cholesterol metabolism affecting steroid hormone synthesis in granulosa cells might be a possible mechanism for DOR.

Reduced Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormone Is Associated with Diabetes and Hypertension.

Recently, reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone as a more common finding in the general population and its possible association with metabolic parameters has been the focus of attention. The objective was to evaluate the cross-sectional association of thyroid hormone sensitivity with diabetes, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and its components. The study included a Tehranian representative sample of 5124 subjects aged ≥20 years participating in the Tehran Thyroid Study (2008-2011). Body weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure (BP) were measured, and serum concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins, fasting blood glucose, insulin, free thyroxine (fT4), and thyrotropin (TSH) were assayed. Thyroid hormone resistance was calculated by the Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index (TFQI) and Iranian-referenced Parametric TFQI (PTFQI) and compared with 2 other indices: Thyrotroph T4 Resistance Index (TT4RI) and TSH Index. TFQI was significantly associated with high BP MetS criterion (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.23) and diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04, 1. 30, P = .009) in euthyroid subjects after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, and Homeostasis Model Assessment Index for Insulin Resistance. TFQI was not associated with new-onset diabetes contrary to known diabetes in subgroup analysis. The results were similar for PTFQI. TSHI (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.38, P = .001) and TT4RI (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.16, P < .001) were associated only with high BP in euthyroid subjects. The new TFQI index seems to be the indicator of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone most suitable to associate its population variations with diabetes and hypertension in euthyroid subjects; however, interpretation for diabetes should be concerned with cautions, necessitating future studies.

Evaluation of α-klotho, FGF-23 and Insulin Resistance in Obese Prediabetics

Aim: Prediabetes is a condition with hyperglycemia and risk of development type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study is to determine the concentrations of blood pressure, serum lipoproteins, glucose and insulin levels as well as the concentrations of α-klotho and FGF-23 parameters. We also aim at the correlation between all these parameters in obese prediabetics and obese normoglycemics. Material methods: A total of 26 obese normoglycemic (control group) and 25 obese prediabetic individuals were included in this study. Glucose, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and cholesterols levels were analyzed as part of a routine procedure in the biochemistry laboratories of our hospital using an autoanalyzer. In order to determine α-klotho and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) levels, ELISA method was used. Result: According to the findings, a significant increase was detected in serum LDL-C, TC, HbA1c, glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR levels in the obese prediabetic group compared to the control group (p <0.05). However, serum α-klotho and FGF-23 levels were found to be significantly lower in the obese prediabetic group compared to the control group (p <0.05). α-klotho and FGF-23 values showed strong negative correlation when compared with HOMA-IR values separately (p <0.01). Conclusion: These findings suggest that α-klotho and / or FGF-23 parameters may be a marker for prediabetes. The results of our study, together with the future studies, will make a significant contribution to the literature, as prediabetes diagnostic criteria in the diabetes outpatient clinics.

Ameliorative effect of crude and solvent partitioned fractions of Gymnema sylvestre in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic and dyslipidemic Rattus norvegicus

The present study aims to evaluate the ameliorative effect of crude and solvent partitioned fractions of Gymnema sylvestre in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic and dyslipidemic rats. The extract and fractions of Gymnema sylvestre were administered to alloxan (120 mg/kg) induced diabetic rats at doses of 100, 300, and 600 mg/kg. Metformin (100 mg/kg) was used as the reference drug. All treatments were administered daily for 14 days through the oral route. Effects of the treatments on blood glucose levels, body weight, and serum lipid profiles were monitored. The results revealed that all the extracts and fractions were able to reduce the blood glucose levels and improved the body weight of diabetic rats, with more pronounced effects at the treatment of 300 mg/kg of crude methanol and ethyl acetate fraction. The blood glucose of diabetic untreated rats continued to increase up to the time of euthanization. There were significant reductions (p&lt;0.05) in the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of all the treated groups when compared to the diabetic untreated. However, a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in the serum concentration of highdensity lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL- C) was observed in the diabetic untreated rats when compared to the HDL-C levels in the treated rats. The ameliorative effect of the crude extract and the partitioned fractions on the diabetic induced alterations in serum lipid profile occurs in a significant (p&lt;0.05) dosedependent manner. In conclusion, G. sylvestre extracts possess hypoglycaemic effects and attenuated diabetic induced dyslipidemia in rats

Association of vitamin D status with metabolic and inflammatory factors in adults with obesity

Introduction: Obesity and vitamin D deficiency are both have become major public health challenges worldwide which are associated with an increased risk of metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between vitamin D status with metabolic and inflammatory markers in adults with obesity. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 90 obese subjects with vitamin D deficiency were selected as the case group and 90 obese subjects with adequate vitamin D status were selected as the control group. Demographic, anthropometric, and dietary data were collected for each participant. Then, the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting serum concentrations of glucose (FBS), insulin, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) and triglyceride (TG) as metabolic factors and serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as inflammatory marker were measured in the participants. Results: The obese subjects with vitamin D deficiency had higher serum concentrations of TC (p=0.001), LDL-C (p=0.003), hs-CRP (p=0.004), parathyroid hormone (p=0.001), and HOMA-IR (p=0.020) compared to the counterparts in the vitamin D sufficiency group. Likewise, vitamin D deficient subjects were at higher risk for having hypercholesrolemia (OR: 2.7, p=0.012), high LDL-c (OR: 2.34, p=0.017), and high hs-CRP (OR: 1.97, p=0.032) than vitamin D sufficient subjects, after controlling for confounders. Conclusion: vitamin D deficiency in obese subjects was found to be strongly related to higher risk of metabolic and inflammatory disorders.

Prediction of Metabolic Disorders Using NMR-Based Metabolomics: The Shanghai Changfeng Study.

A metabolically healthy status, whether obese or not, is a transient stage with the potential to develop into metabolic disorders during the course of life. We investigated the incidence of metabolic disorders in 1078 metabolically healthy Chinese adults from the Shanghai Changfeng Study and looked for metabolites that discriminated the participants who would develop metabolic disorders in the future. Participants were divided into metabolically healthy overweight/obesity (MHO) and metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW) groups according to their body mass index (BMI) and metabolic status. Their serum metabolomic profile was measured using a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (1H-NMR). The prevalence of diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia and metabolic syndrome was similar between the MHNW and MHO participants at baseline. After a median of 4.2years of follow-up, more MHO participants became metabolically unhealthy than MHNW participants. However, a subgroup of MHO participants who remained metabolically healthy (MHO → MHO) had a similar prevalence of metabolic disorders as the MHNW participants at the follow-up examination, despite a significant reduction in their serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and an elevation in valine, leucine, alanine and tyrosine. Further correlation analysis indicated that serum intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-CH) might be involved in the transition from metabolically healthy to unhealthy status and could be valuable to identify the MHNW and MHO with increased metabolic risks.

Effects of ammonia on growth performance, lipid metabolism and cecal microbial community of rabbits.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of ammonia on growth performance, lipid metabolism and intestinal flora of rabbits. A total of 150 female IRA rabbits (35-days-old) were randomly divided into three groups including 0 ppm (CG), 10 ppm (LAC) and 30 ppm ammonia (HAC) groups for a period of 28 days. The average daily weight gain (ADG) of rabbits was significantly reduced in LAC (-17.11%; p < 0.001) and HAC groups (-17.46%; p < 0.001) as compared with the CG. Serum concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and glucose (Glu) were increased in LAC (+80.95%; +45.99; p < 0.05) and HAC groups (+219.05%; +45.89; p < 0.001), while apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) was decreased in LAC (-58.49%; p < 0.001) and HAC groups (-36.92%; p < 0.001). The structural integrity of cecum was damaged, and the thickness of mucosa and serosa were significantly decreased in LAC and HAC. The acetate, butyrate and propionate level of cecal chyme were reduced in HAC group (-21.67%; -19.82%; -30.81%; p < 0.05). Microbial diversity and burden of Firmicutes were significantly decreased, while that of pathogenic bacteria, such as Bacteroidetes, Clostridium and Proteobacteria were increased in ammonia treated groups. Spearman’s correlation confirmed that burden of Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group showed significantly negative correlation with acetic acid (r = -0.67; p < 0.001) while Barnesiellaceae_unclassified showed significantly positive correlation with propionic acid (r = 0.50; p < 0.001). In conclusion, ammonia treatment was responsible for an imbalance of intestinal flora, which affected lipid metabolism and damaged intestinal barrier of rabbits, resulting in low growth performance due to lipid metabolism dysfunction.

Myelinated Retinal Nerve Fiber Progression in a 10-Year Follow-Up. The Beijing Eye Study 2001/2011

To assess the prevalence of myelinated retinal nerve fibers (MRNFs), the rate of their change in a 10-year follow-up, and associations with ocular and systematic parameters in a population-based cohort. Longitudinal population-based cohort study. The Beijing Eye study including 4,439 participants aged 40+ years in 2001 and was repeated in 2011, with 2,695 individuals (66.4% of the surviving) being re-examined in 2011. All participants underwent detailed physical and ocular examinations. MRNFs were diagnosed on fundus photographs and their change was assessed using a flicker method of fundus photographs. Out of 35 eyes (29 participants) with detected MRNFs at baseline (mean prevalence: 0.4% ± 0.26% per eye or 0.7% ± 0.41% per individual), 23 eyes from 20 individuals (17 [85%] participants with unilateral MRNFs) were re-examined in 2011. MRNF enlargement was detected in all 19 eyes (100%) with clear fundus photographs. The mean MRNF area increased from 4,233 ± 3,670 µm2 (range: 178-11,643 µm2) at baseline to 5,243 ± 4,092 µm2 (range: 196-13,297 µm2) at follow-up (P < .001), by 1,010 ± 1,026 µm2 (18-3,967 µm2) or by 47% ± 74% (9%-315%). A larger MRNF increase was associated with an MRNF location distant from the optic disc as compared to a juxtapapillary location (P=.001, standardized regression coefficient beta: -0.53), smaller MRNF area at baseline (P=.006, beta: -0.34), and higher serum concentration of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) (P < .001, beta: 0.57). MRNFs (mean prevalence per eye: 0.4%) showed, in association with higher LDL serum concentration and peripheral located MRNF, an enlargement during a 10-year follow-up, while in the same period no new MRNFs were detected in the total study cohort.

Peripheral Monocyte Count and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. The Tongren Health Care Study

To assess potential associations between the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and systemic parameters in a Chinese population. Cross-sectional study. The Tongren Health Care Study included individuals attending regular health care check-up examinations in the Beijing Tongren Hospital from 2017 to 2019. Detailed medical examinations and ophthalmic examinations were applied, including fundus photography. AMD was evaluated according to the Beckman Initiative guidelines. The study included 7,719 participants (mean age: 60.5 ± 8.1 years; range: 50-97 years). The prevalence of any, early, intermediate, and late AMD was 1,607 of 7,719 (20.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.1%, 21.9%), 832 of 7,719 (10.8%; 95% CI: 10.1%, 11.5%), 733 of 7,719 (9.5%; 95% CI: 8.9%, 10.2%), and 42 of 7,719 (0.50%; 95% CI: 0.40%, 0.70%), respectively. In multivariate analysis, the prevalence of any AMD increased with higher blood monocyte count (odds ratio [OR]:3.49; 95% CI: 2.26, 5.38; P < .001), after adjusting for older age (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.07; P < .001), higher serum concentration of calcium (OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.32, 4.84; P=.005), high-density lipoproteins (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.61; P < .001), and lower lipoprotein a (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.98, 0.99; P=.02). Similar findings were obtained for the prevalence of intermediate and late AMD combined. The association between higher monocyte count and higher AMD prevalence showed the highest odds ratio for the age group of 50-59 years (any AMD: OR: 4.35, P < .001; intermediate and late AMD: OR: 6.14, P < .001). Individuals with a monocyte count of ≥0.5×109/L as compared to participants with a monocyte of 0.1-0.4×109/L had a 1.45-fold increased risk for any AMD (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.27, 1.64; P < .001) and 1.58 fold increase risk for intermediate/late AMD (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.33, 1.87; P < .001). A higher prevalence of early AMD, intermediate AMD, late AMD, and any AMD was associated with a higher peripheral monocyte count. In agreement with previous studies, the observation suggests monocytes playing a role in the pathogenesis of AMD.

Effects of high fructose diet on lipid metabolism and the hepatic NF-κB/ SIRT-1 pathway

ABSTRACT The liver is the primary site for fructose metabolism; therefore, the liver is susceptible to fructose related metabolic disturbances including metabolic insulin dysfunction, dyslipidemia and inflammation. We investigated whether astaxanthin (ASX) can modify hepatic nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) expression to alter oxidative stress caused by ingestion of excess fructose in rats. The animals were divided randomly into two x two factorially arranged groups: two regimens were given either water (W) or 30% fructose in drinking water (F). These two groups were divided further into two subgroups each: two treatments, either orally with 0.2 ml olive oil (OO) or 1 mg ASX/kg/day in 0.2 ml olive oil (ASX). Fructose administration increased serum glucose, triglycerides and very low density lipoproteins, and decreased serum concentration of high density lipoproteins; fructose did not alter serum total cholesterol. Excess fructose decreased hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increased hepatic NF-κB and MDA levels. ASX treatment increased hepatic SIRT-1 and decreased hepatic NF-κB and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. ASX treatment decreased hepatic NF-κB and increased SOD levels, but did not alter MDA level in rats fed high fructose. ASX administration ameliorated oxidative stress caused by excess fructose by increasing hepatic NF-κB and SIRT-1 expression.

HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and lipid profile in patients with systemic sclerosis

ObjectiveIt is well established that patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) have a disrupted lipid profile and an increased cardiovascular risk. Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), the ability of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol to accept cholesterol from macrophages, has been linked to cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to establish whether CEC and lipid profile were impaired in SSc patients with respect to controls and whether these changes were associated with disease-related data.MethodsCross-sectional study encompassed 188 individuals: 73 SSc patients and 115 controls. CEC, using an in vitro assay, and lipoprotein serum concentrations were assessed in patients and controls. A multivariable analysis was performed to study the differences in CEC between patients and controls, and if SSc-related data could explain such differences.ResultsThe multivariable analysis adjusted for demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, and lipid-related molecules showed that total cholesterol (beta coefficient: − 22 [95%CI – 37 to – 7], p = 0.004), triglycerides (beta coefficient: 24 [95%CI 2–47], p = 0.033), lipoprotein A (beta coefficient: 22 [95%CI 2–43], p = 0.033), and CEC (beta coefficient: – 6 [95%CI − 10 to – 2]%,p = 0.002) were significantly different between patients and controls. Skin thickness, as assessed by modified Rodnan skin score, was independently associated with a lower CEC (beta coefficient: – 0.21 [95%CI – 0.37 to – 0.05]%, p = 0.011) after multivariable adjustment.ConclusionSSc patients show an abnormal lipid profile with respect to controls including CEC. Skin thickness is independent and inversely associated with CEC in SSc patients.

Combined ethanol extract of Funtumia africana and Abutilon mauritianium leaves improves the lipid profile and kidney function indices of benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats.

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland as a result of an overgrowth of prostate cells and muscles found around the prostatic transition. It is age-dependent and characterized by benign prostate enlargement (BPE), bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The study investigated the effects of a combined extract of Funtumia africana and Abutilon mauritianum leaves (CEFA) on the lipid profile and renal indices of testosterone-induced BPH in male albino rats. Thirty (30) male albino rats (100-150 g) divided into 5 groups (n = 6) were used.BPH was induced subcutaneously with 2 ml of testosterone propionate. Groups 1-3 served as normal, BPH untreated and standard drug controls respectively, while groups 4 and 5 were BPH-induced and treated with low (200 mg/kg) and high (600 mg/kg) doses of CEFA respectively. After twenty-eight days of treatment, the rats were anaesthetized, blood was collected by cardiac puncture and the sera centrifuged to determine lipid profile and renal indices using standard analytical procedures. The acute toxicity result of CEFA indicated no mortality or adverse reactions. The results of the lipid profile and renal function studies showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), urea and creatinine, and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations in the BPH control group when compared to the normal control. Treatment with CEFA caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in TAG, urea and creatinine concentrations and a significant (p < 0.05) increase in HDL-C when compared to the untreated group. No significant (p > 0.05) difference was observed in serum concentrations of TC and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the treatment groups compared to the BPH control. The histopathological result indicated no toxic insult on the kidney tissues. The findings suggest that CEFA possesses antilipidaemic properties in terms of elevation and decrease in HDL and TAG concentrations respectively. Also, CEFA possesses renoprotective potential in terms of reducing urea and creatinine concentrations.

To study biochemical markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema is considered as a progressive type of respiratory tract disease and is characterized by structural changes such as emphysema, airflow limitation, dynamic hyperinflation, air trapping, and peribronchial fibrotic remodeling of the lungs with significant systemic inflammatory components, induced by chronic exposures to smoking and/or occupational or environmental sources. Materials and Methods: This case control study was conducted on 60 subjects in which 30 were healthy controls and 30 were cases of COPD. Patients with history of respiratory disease other than COPD, cardiac diseases and neuromuscular disease were excluded. 30 healthy age and gender matched non-smoker adults were selected as control group. Results: Unpaired t test was performed and it was observed that Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride, Low Density Lipoprotein, Lactate dehydrogenase levels were significantly higher and serum concentrations of High Density Lipoprotein was decreased significantly in cases as compared to controls. Conclusion: Serum LDH levels are altered in many respiratory diseases but it has not been studied in depth in COPD patients. In view of this we conducted the study and our results shows that patients with COPD have raised serum LDH levels. Keywords: Smoking, COPD, Lactate dehydrogenase.

Toward reliable low-density lipoprotein ultrastructure prediction in clinical conditions: A small-angle X-ray scattering study on individuals with normal and high triglyceride serum levels

Atherosclerosis is the main killer in the west and therefore a major health challenge today. Total serum cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations, used as clinical markers, fail to predict the majority of cases, especially between the risk scale extremes, due to the high complexity in lipoprotein structure and composition. In particular, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a key role in atherosclerosis development, with LDL size being a parameter considered for determining the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Determining LDL size and structural parameters is challenging to address experimentally under physiological-like conditions. This article describes the biochemistry and ultrastructure of normolipidemic and hypertriglyceridemic LDL fractions and subfractions using small-angle X-ray scattering. Our results conclude that LDL particles of hypertriglyceridemic compared to healthy individuals 1) have lower LDL core melting temperature, 2) have lower cholesteryl ester ordering in their core, 3) are smaller, rounder and more spherical below melting temperature, and 4) their protein-containing shell is thinner above melting temperature.

The Impact of Wheat Bran on the Morphology and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Broiler Chickens

Simple SummaryRecently, dietary fiber has gained special attention due to its various beneficial effects on poultry. In poultry, moderate amounts of insoluble dietary fiber have been shown to be beneficial to nutrient utilization by improving the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, this study used wheat bran as a source of insoluble fiber to investigate wheat bran on digestive function in broiler chickens. The results indicate that supplementation of 30 g/kg wheat bran enhanced nutrient digestibility by improving antioxidant status, gizzard development, intestinal digestive enzyme activities and morphology in broilers. In conclusion, wheat bran could be used for improving feed efficiency in broilers.There is increasing evidence showing that moderate amounts of insoluble dietary fiber can improve nutrient utilization by positively influencing the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of wheat bran as a source of insoluble fiber on nutrient digestibility, serum antioxidant status, gastrointestinal development, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. A total of 96 one-day-old male Arbor Acre broiler chickens were assigned to two treatments with six replicate cages per treatment and eight birds per replicate for 42 d. Dietary treatments consisted of the control group (CON, control diet) and wheat bran group (WB, 30 g/kg wheat bran). Inclusion of WB increased (p < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, gross energy and crude protein on Day 42. Birds fed WB had lower (p < 0.05) serum total cholesterol concentration on Day 21, and lower (p < 0.05) serum concentrations of low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and total triglyceride on Day 42. Inclusion of WB increased (p < 0.05) serum glutathione peroxidase activity on Day 21 and superoxide dismutase activity on Day 42, but tended (p = 0.07) to decrease serum malondialdehyde concentration on Day 21, and significantly decreased (p < 0.05) serum malondialdehyde concentration on Day 42. Birds fed WB had a greater (p < 0.05) relative weight of gizzard on both Day 21 and 42. Inclusion of WB increased (p < 0.05) activities of amylase and trypsin in pancreas and jejunal mucosa on Day 21, and increased (p < 0.05) amylase activity in pancreas and jejunal mucosa. Birds fed WB had greater (p < 0.05) villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in jejunum and ileum on Day 42. In conclusion, supplementation of 30 g/kg WB enhanced nutrient digestibility by improving antioxidant status, gizzard development, intestinal digestive enzyme activities and morphology of broilers.

The influence of dietary patterns on arterial stiffness, lipid metabolism, and liver and renal function in the population of Greater Poland.

The consumption of breakfast, salty meals, red meat, whole grain products, and dark chocolate are dietary habits that influence health, but the effects on arterial stiffness have not been well-investigated. Aim. To assess the effects of selected dietary patterns on arterial stiffness, liver and renal function, inflammation, and glucose and lipid biochemical parameters. 829 patients completed health and food frequency questionnaires, and underwent anthropometric, arterial stiffness, and blood pressure measurements. Serum concentrations of lipids, glucose, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, creatinine, uric acid, and C-reactive protein were determined. The aspartate aminotransferase serum concentration was lower in the breakfast-consuming group (25.88 ±7.05 U/L) compared to non-consumers (27.75 ±10.67 U/L). A lower concentration of creatinine and alanine aminotransferase and a higher concentration of C-reactive protein was found in whole grain product consumers. Individuals consuming more red meat had higher alanine aminotransferase and low-density lipoprotein serum concentrations. Individuals with greater dark chocolate consumption had higher serum concentrations of uric acid (5.20 ±1.46 vs. 4.72 ±1.18) and more intensified arterial stiffness (peak-to-peak time 213.86 ±54.98 ms vs. 238.70 ±60.83 ms). The investigated dietary patterns had a significant impact on serum lipid concentrations, biochemical markers of liver and renal function and inflammation, and arterial stiffness. High consumption of red meat and dark chocolate intensified cardiovascular risk, contrary to the intake of whole grain products.

Serum lipids and their association with birth weight in metformin and insulin treated patients with gestational diabetes

AimsTo compare the effects of metformin and insulin treatment on maternal serum lipids in patients with gestational diabetes (GDM), and to analyse the associations between individual lipids and birth weight (BW). MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of a randomized trial comparing metformin (n = 110) and insulin (n = 107) treatment of GDM. Fasting serum lipidome was measured at baseline (the time of diagnosis, mean 30 gestational weeks, gw) and at 36 gw using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ResultsTotal and VLDL triglycerides, and VLDL cholesterol increased from baseline to 36 gw in both treatment groups. The rise in triglycerides was greater in the metformin treated patients (p < 0.01). Baseline total and VLDL triglycerides, VLDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B to A-1 ratio (apoB/apoA-1) associated positively with BW, more strongly in the metformin group. Among patients in the highest baseline VLDL cholesterol or apoB/apoA-1 quartile, those treated with insulin had lower BWs than those treated with metformin (p < 0.03). ConclusionCompared to insulin, metformin treatment of GDM led to higher maternal serum concentrations of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Especially triglycerides and cholesterol in VLDL were positively associated with BW. Women with high VLDL cholesterol or high apoB/apoA-1 may benefit from insulin treatment over metformin with respect to offspring BW.

PAH exposure is associated with enhanced risk for pediatric dyslipidemia through serum SOD reduction

BackgroundExposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is linked to abnormal lipid metabolism, but evidence regarding PAHs as risk factors for dyslipidemia is lacking. ObjectiveTo investigate the respective role and interaction of PAH exposure and antioxidant consumption in the risk for pediatric dyslipidemia. MethodsWe measured the concentrations of serum lipids, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and urinary hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) in 403 children, of which 203 were from an e-waste-exposed area (Guiyu) and 200 were from a reference area (Haojiang). Biological interactions were calculated by additive models. ResultsGuiyu children had higher serum triglyceride concentration and dyslipidemia incidence, and lower serum concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) than Haojiang children. Elevated OH-PAH concentration, and concomitant SOD reduction, were both associated with lower HDL concentration and higher hypo-HDL risk (∑3OH-Phes: B for lgHDL = −0.048, P < 0.01; OR for hypo-HDL = 3.708, 95% CI: 1.200, 11.453; SOD: BT3 for lgHDL = 0.061, P < 0.01; ORT3 for hypo-HDL = 0.168, 95% CI: 0.030, 0.941; all were adjusted for confounders). Biological interaction between phenanthrol exposure and SOD reduction was linked to dyslipidemia risk (RERI = 2.783, AP = 0.498, S = 2.537). Children with both risk factors (higher ∑3OH-Phes and lower SOD) had 5.594-times (95% CI: 1.119, 27.958) the dyslipidemia risk than children with neither risk factors (lower ∑3OH-Phes and higher SOD). ConclusionHigh PAH exposure combined with SOD reduction is recommended for predicting elevated risk for pediatric dyslipidemia. Risk assessment of PAH-related dyslipidemia should take antioxidant concentration into consideration.

Treatment Effect of Niaspan, a Controlled-release Niacin, in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia: A Placebo-controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to determine the efficacy and safety of Niaspan (Kos Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Hollywood, FL), a new controlled-release formulation of niacin, in the treatment of primary hyperlipidemia, the occurrence and severity of flushing events, and potential adverse effects, particularly hepatotoxicity. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study was conducted as a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel comparison of Niaspan in doses of 1000 mg/day and 2000 mg/day, administered once a day at bedtime. One hundred twenty-two patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels >4.14 mM/L (160 mg/dL) with dietary intervention and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol </=1.81 mM/L (70 mg/dL) were randomized to one of three treatment groups: placebo, and 1000 mg/day or 2000 mg/day of Niaspan. Safety and efficacy measures included 12-hour serum fasting lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, serum analyte levels for major organ function, flushing diaries, and adverse event records. The placebo group demonstrated no significant changes in serum lipoprotein concentrations over the treatment period of 12 weeks, except for a slight 4% increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Niaspan significantly lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 6% and 14% for the 1000 mg/day and 2000 mg/day doses, respectively. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels rose significantly, with a 17% increase occurring at the 1000 mg/day dose and a 23% increase occurring at the 2000 mg/day doses, respectively. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels rose significantly, with a 17% increase occurring at the 1000 mg/day dose and a 23% increase occurring at the 2000 mg/day dose. Niaspan (2000 mg/day) produced significant decreases of 27% and 29%, respectively, for serum lipoprotein(a) and triglyceride concentration. Although the incidence of flushing was significant, these episodes were generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION: Niaspan administered in doses of 1000 mg/day and 2000 mg/day at bedtime were well tolerated with few side effects and produced favorable effects on the major circulating lipoproteins of patients with primary dyslipidemias as specified by the enrollment criteria.

Associations between outdoor temperature and bright sunlight with metabolites in two population-based European cohorts

Background and aimsOutdoor temperature and bright sunlight may directly and/or indirectly modulate systemic metabolism. We assessed the associations between outdoor temperature and bright sunlight duration with metabolomics. Methods and resultsCross-sectional analyses were undertaken in non-diabetic individuals from the Oxford BioBank (OBB; N = 6368; mean age 47.0 years, males 44%) and the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO; N = 5916; mean age 55.6 years, males 43%) study. Data on mean outdoor bright sunlight and temperature were collected from local weather stations in the week prior to blood sampling. Fasting serum levels of 148 metabolites, including 14 lipoprotein subclasses, were measured using NMR spectroscopy. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the associations between mean outdoor temperature and bright sunlight duration with metabolomics adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, season and either outdoor temperature or bright sunlight. A higher mean outdoor temperature was associated with increased serum concentrations of lipoprotein (sub)particles (β (SE) = 0.064 (0.018) SD per 5 °C, p = 5.03e−4) and certain amino acids such as phenylalanine (0.066 (0.016) SD, p = 6.44e−05) and leucine (0.111 (0.018) SD, p = 1.25e−09). In contrast, longer duration of bright sunlight was specifically associated with lower concentrations of very low-density lipoprotein (sub)particles (e.g., VLDL cholesterol (−0.024 (0.005) SD per 1-h bright sunlight, p = 8.06e−6)). The direction of effects was generally consistent between the OBB and NEO, although effect sizes were generally larger in the OBB. ConclusionsIncreased bright sunlight duration is associated with an improved metabolic profile whilst higher outdoor temperature may adversely impact cardiometabolic health.