Serum Levels Of Interleukin-10 Research Articles

Interleukin-37 protects against acinar cell pyroptosis in acute pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a local and/or systemic inflammatory disease that starts with acinar cell injury and necrosis; it has no effective medical treatment and thus remains a life-threatening condition. Interleukin-37 (IL-37), a natural immunomodulator, has demonstrated an antiinflammatory effect; however, the role of IL-37 in AP remains unknown. The serum IL-37 levels of 39 healthy controls and 94 patients with AP were measured. Cholecystokinin was applied to induce pancreatic acinar cell injury in vitro. Classical experimental AP models, such as caerulein, l-arginine, and taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate disodium salt, were included in the in vivo study. A transgenic mouse model with the IL-37 gene and administration of recombinant IL-37 were used to further investigate the function of IL-37 in AP. Pancreas-specific gasdermin D-knockout (GSDMD-knockout) mice were used to explore the protective mechanism of IL-37. Our results showed that serum IL-37 levels in humans were negatively correlated with the severity of AP. Furthermore, IL-37-transgenic mice and supplementation with recombinant IL-37 could both protect against AP. Mechanistically, IL-37 was able to suppress pyroptosis of injured acinar cells, and specific depletion of GSDMD in the pancreas counteracted the protective effect of IL-37. Our study demonstrates that IL-37 protects against acinar cell pyroptosis in AP.

Inter-relationship of Pro- and Anti- inflammatory Biomarkers with the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

PurposeThere has been growing evidence that inflammatory markers play a role in the development as well as severity of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study has been designed to decipher the involvement of C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNFα), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the etiopathogenesis of T2DM. Basic proceduresA total of 480 T2DM cases and 540 healthy controls were recruited for the study. Blood samples were collected from each study subject to measure the serum levels of CRP, TNFα, IL-6 and IL-10. Main findingsWe found that serum levels of CRP in mg/dl (4.2 ± 0.9), TNFα in pg/ml (34.5 ± 8.8), IL-6 in pg/ml (19.2 ± 7.2) in T2DM patients were significantly high as compared to control participants (CRP; 1.4 ± 0.6, TNFα; 12.7 ± 3.4, IL-6; 3.1 ± 1.4; P < 0.0001). The serum levels of IL-10 in pg/ml were lower in T2DM cases compared to controls (4.35 ± 1.2 vs. 9.6 ± 1.2). In addition, we observed a significant association of CRP levels with insulin resistance, obesity and dyslipidemia. Increased TNFα levels were strongly associated with female gender, Poor glycemic control and strong family history of diabetes. Poor glycemic control was significantly associated with elevated IL-6 levels. Moreover, significantly reduced IL-10 levels were found in T2DM patients with sedentary lifestyle; low educational and rural background. ConclusionsThis study showed a strong relationship between TNFα, IL-6, CRP, IL-10 and T2DM patients of Kashmiri ethnicity, treated at SMHS Hospital. Thus, supporting other studies and showing that cytokines may be good markers for T2DM development.

Qi Jing Mingmu decoction inhibits the p38 signaling pathway in conjunctivochalasis fibroblasts by down-regulation of Th17 cell differentiation

Ethnopharmacological relevanceQi Jing Mingmu (QJMM) decoction is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been widely used for the clinical treatment of conjunctivochalasis (CCH). It is an effective treatment to relieve ocular symptoms including improving tear film and promoting tear secretion. However, its effects and molecular mechanisms need to be elucidated. Aim of the studyTo determine whether QJMM decoction affected T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation of CCH patients. Materials and methodsBlood samples and conjunctival tissues were collected from CCH patients and normal controls. The fibroblasts were separately induced, and CD4+ T cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of QJMM decoction and co-cultured with CCH fibroblasts. Th17 cell numbers were then analyzed using flow cytometry. Serum levels of interleukin 17 (IL-17) and IL-22 were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The expressions of signal proteins and genes were detected using western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. ResultsCompared with normal controls, Th17 cell numbers and serum levels of IL-17 and IL-22 were elevated in patients with CCH. QJMM decoction down-regulated the expressions of IL-17, IL-22, and STAT3 of CD4+T cells from CCH patients, suggesting that QJMM decoction impeded Th17 cell differentiation. QJMM decoction-treated CD4+ T cells inhibited the expression of p38 in CCH fibroblasts. ConclusionQJMM decoction inhibited Th17 cell differentiation of CD4+T cells from CCH patients, and QJMM decoction-treated CD4+T cells down-regulated the p38 signal pathway in CCH fibroblasts. Our study showed that Th17 cells may be good candidates for clinical treatment of CCH.

Clinical analysis of the epidemiology and changes in inflammatory indexes of Mycoplasma pneumonia in acute and recovery stage pediatric patients

As Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is on the rise in children and adolescents, this work explored the clinical analysis of epidemiological and inflammatory changes in children with MPP during the acute and convalescent phases, and analyzed their relationship with clinical manifestations. One hundred and twenty MP patients (experimental group) and 100 healthy children (control group) were selected as the research objects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the changes in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and procalcitonin (PCT). The proportion of children aged 3-7 years was significantly higher than that of other age groups (0-1, 1-3, and 7-14 years old) (P<0.05). The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and PCT in children with MP were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Changes in pulmonary fibrosis and serum and pleural fluid TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and PCT concentrations on chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) in children with MP with pleural effusion significantly higher than that in children without pulmonary fibrosis (P<0.05). MPP was more common in children aged 3-7 years. In addition, the changes of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and PCT in serum and pleural effusion of children with MP were of great value for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of the disease.

Unraveling the relation between vitiligo, Interleukin 17, and serum amyloid A.

There is debate concerning the precise etiopathogenesis of vitiligo. According to certain theories, a series of inflammatory responses that mediate the loss of melanocytes are caused by both cellular and humoral immune responses. It has also been demonstrated that Interleukin 17 (IL-17) promotes melanocyte death and inhibits melanogenesis through different mechanisms. Serum Amyloid A (SAA) levels are over-expressed in autoimmune diseases. Th17 cytokines are regulated by serum amyloid A proteins. To measure serum levels of IL-17 and SAA in vitiligo patients aiming to explain their possible role in disease pathogenesis and the other aim is to correlate their levels with disease activity and severity. This study included 60 vitiligo patients and 40 healthy age and sex controls. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure serum levels of SAA and IL-17. This study revealed significant increase in levels of serum IL-17 and SAA in patients than controls (p < 0.05). Both markers showed significant positive correlations with VASI score and duration of vitiligo; only IL-17 showed statistically significant positive correlation with VIDA scores. Patients with vitiligo showed a statistically significant positive connection between serum IL-17 levels and SAA (γ=0.992, p-value <0.05). Increased serum level of IL-17 and SAA in vitiligo patients together with their positive relation to vitiligo severity and the duration of the disease show that these two markers play a key role in the vitiligo development.

Diosmin and Trolox Have Anti-Arthritic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Potencies in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Arthritic Male Wistar Rats: Roles of NF-κB, iNOS, Nrf2 and MMPs.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive, autoimmune disease caused by a malfunction of the immune system. The aim of this study was to examine the anti-arthritic effects and suggest the mechanisms of actions of diosmin and trolox in male Wistar rats. Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) was used to establish RA in the animals by subcutaneous injection of 100 µL CFA/rat into plantar region of right hind leg in two consecutive days. Diosmin and/or trolox were administered orally at a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day to CFA-induced arthritic rats for 2 weeks. The normal and arthritic control groups were orally given the same equivalent volume of a vehicle (1% carboxymethyl cellulose) in which treatment agents were dissolved. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein for the detection of the total leukocyte count (TLC) and differential leukocyte count (DLC) in blood and the detection of rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-13 (IL-13), and interleukin-17 (IL-17) levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as well as markers of oxidative stress and the antioxidant defense system in serum. The right hind ankle regions of three rats from each group were dissected out and fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin for histological examination and the other three were kept at −30 °C for Western blot analysis of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) protein 50 (NF-κB p50), NF-κB p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 (MMP-1), MMP-3, and MMP-9. The CFA injection was deleterious to the ankle joint’s histological architecture, manifesting as infiltration of inflammatory cells into the articular cartilage, hyperplasia of the synovium, and erosion of the cartilage. All these effects were ameliorated by diosmin and/or trolox, with the combined dose being the most effective. The two compounds significantly lowered the elevated serum levels of RF, ACPA, TNF-α, and IL-17, as well as other pro-inflammatory mediators, such as NF-κB p50, NF-κB p65, iNOS, MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9. They also increased the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-13, and the cytoprotective transcription factor Nrf2. The compounds stimulated higher activities of antioxidants, such as glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, and reduced lipid peroxidation in the serum of arthritic rats. In conclusion, diosmin, trolox, and their combination, which was the most potent, exerted anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by suppressing NF-κB signaling, inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases, and activating Nrf2.

A Study of Autoantibodies against Some Central Nervous System Antigens and the IL-35 Serum Level in Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a debilitating mental disorder with various causes involving complex interactions between genetic factors and environmental agents. The immune system plays a vital role in the pathology and function of the nervous system. Interleukin 35(IL-35) is a regulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine that can prevent autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to investigate the role of autoantibodies against some central nervous system (CNS) antigens and IL-35 serum levels in patients with Schizophrenia. This case-control study involved 80 participants. The serum levels of IL-35 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the autoantibodies in the CNS by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The serum levels of IL-35 were decreased in patient groups compared to healthy subjects. Autoantibodies against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) were positive in 15% (6/40) and 7.5% (3/40), respectively; however, no antibodies against myelin, aquaporin-4 (AQP4), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG),voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPAR), γ-butyric acid receptor type B1 γ-butyric acid receptor type B1 (GABABR), antidipeptidyl peptidase-like protein-6 (DPPX), immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule 5 (IgLON5), Glycine receptor (R) and acetylcholine receptor (Ach R) were detected (No statistics were computed). We found that decreased serum IL-35 levels and the existence autoantibodies against NMDAR antigen may contribute to the pathogenesis of SCZ.

Naochang Tongtiao acupuncture based on brain-gut axis for acute ischemic stroke and its effect on levels of IL-17, hs-CRP and TMAO

To compare the clinical therapeutic effect on acute ischemic stroke between Naochang Tongtiao acupuncture (acupuncture for brain-gut homology) and conventional acupuncture, and to explore the possible mechanism. A total of 64 patients with acute ischemic stroke were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 32 cases in each one. Basic western medical therapy was adopted in both groups. In the observation group, Naochang Tongtiao acupuncture was applied at anterior oblique line of vertex-temporal, Zhongwan (CV 12), Guanyuan (CV 4), Tianshu (ST 25), Zusanli (ST 36), Shangjuxu (ST 37) and Xiajuxu (ST 39). In the control group, conventional acupuncture was applied. The treatment was given once a day, 6 days a week for 3 weeks in both groups. Before and after treatment, National Institution of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score, serum levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and hypersensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP), and plasma level of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) were compared in the two groups. After treatment, NIHSS scores, serum levels of IL-17 and hs-CRP, and plasma levels of TMAO were decreased compared before treatment in both groups (P<0.01), and those in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.05). Naochang Tongtiao acupuncture can improve the nerve function in patients with acute ischemic stroke, its therapeutic effect is superior to conventional acupuncture, the mechanism may relate to the regulation on inflammatory reaction and the level of intestinal flora metabolite.

Interleukin-17 Serum Level and Its Prognostic Significance in Children with Immune Thrombocytopenia

Interleukin-17 Serum Level and Its Prognostic Significance in Children with Immune Thrombocytopenia

IL-17 (gene expression) as a new biological marker for diagnosing the gastric and colorectal cancer

Background: Malignant gastrointestinal tumors such as esophageal, gastric, liver, colorectal, and pancreatic carcinomas are a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17) produced by Th17 cells, a T helper cell subset developed from an activated CD4+ T cell. IL-17 plays a potent role in T-cell mediated angiogenesis, promotes carcinogenesis and it has effects on immune resistance, proliferation and metastasis. This study was aimed to investicate the Serum IL-17 levels in Iraqi patients with GC and CRC. Materials and methods: peripheral Blood samples were collected from 30 Iraqi patient divided in to two groups 14women and 16 men with age rang 37-57 years, thay attended Gastroenterology and liver teaching hospital in Baghdad city and diagnosed with early detected (early onest) GC and CRC, and 30 healthy women and men were matched with patients as a control. IL-17 serum levels were measured using the highly sensitive Elisa kits (Human IL-17A Mini ABTS ELISA Development Kit , USA) Results:. Elisa assay demonstrated that IL-17 levels were highly expressed in GC and CRC patients, more especially in patients with early detected (early onset) disease.

Serum level of interleukin-17 in patients with psoriasis

Introduction: Psoriasis is one of the most common chronic and disabling dermatoses. Recent studies showed that interleukin-17 (IL-17) may play a role in the development of psoriasis. Objectives: In this study, serum levels of IL-17 in psoriatic patients was compared with healthy controls; besides, in patients with psoriasis, serum levels of IL-17 were compared with pre-treatment levels, after topical treatments. Patients and Methods: In this case-control study, serum levels of IL-17 were measured and compared in 30 psoriatic patients and 30 healthy individuals matched to age, gender and body mass index. After evaluating the severity of psoriasis with PASI (Psoriasis Area Severity Index), they were treated with psoriasis topical corticosteroids for four weeks. IL-17 and PASI levels were re-evaluated after the treatment without any intervention. Results: Before the start of treatment, the mean±SD of serum level of IL-17 was 6.24±4.65 pg/mL and 2.0 ± 0.75 pg/mL in psoriatic patients and control group, respectively (P=0.001). The mean±SD of PASI severity scale of patients was 10.68 ± 6.65 and 6.16±4.2 before and after treatment, respectively (P&lt;0.001). The mean±SD of serum level of IL-17 of patients before and one month after treatment were 6.24±4.65 and 3.34±1.77 pg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: In psoriatic patients, serum levels of IL-17 increased significantly compared to healthy subjects. Treatment of psoriasis with topical corticosteroids for four weeks reduced the serum level of IL-17 and the severity of disease.

Boric Acid Solution Inhibits Candida albicans Infections in Mouse Skin via the IL-23/Th17 Axis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of 3% boric acid solution (BAS) against Candida albicans (CA) infection via the interleukin-23 (IL-23)/T helper 17 cell (Th17) axis. 36 female mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, and 2 injection sites on the back of the mice were chosen at random. Group N was injected with sterile water for injection (SWFI), and Group M and Group B were injected with CA mycelium suspension. After successful model verification, the remaining mice entered the following treatments 5 days later. Group B was treated with 3% BAS, Group M was treated with SWFI, and Group N was not treated. Levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-22, and IL-23 in mouse blood were measured on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of treatment. On day 7, IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 in mouse skin were detected. Serum levels of IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 in Group M were higher than in Group N on the first day of treatment (p < 0.05). Expression levels of IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 in the epidermis of the skin lesions in Group M were higher than in Group N on day 7 (p < 0.05). The serum level of IL-17 in Group B was higher than in Group M on days 5 and 7 (p < 0.05). Serum levels of IL-22 in Group B on days 1, 5, and 7 were higher than in Group M (p < 0.05). Serum levels of IL-23 in Group B were higher than in Group M on days 3, 5, and 7 (p < 0.05). IL-17 and IL-23 in Group B reached a peak on day 5, significantly different on days 1, 3, and 7 (p < 0.05). The expression intensity of IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 in the skin lesions of Group B was higher than that of Group M on day 7 (p < 0.05). We conclude that IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 are involved in the anti-CA activity in mouse skin, and 3% BAS increased IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 to mediate these effects.

Intramuscular administration of autologous total immunoglobulin G induces immunomodulatory effects on T cells in healthy human subjects: An open-labeled prospective single-arm trial.

Background:We hypothesized that intramuscular administration of autologous total immunoglobulin G (IgG) could induce an immunomodulatory effect in human subjects. In our previous studies, we showed that intramuscular administration of autologous total IgG could induce significant clinical improvements and increases of the serum levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in patients with atopic dermatitis.Objective:To investigate the mechanism of immunomodulation induced by intramuscular administration of autologous total IgG, we evaluated changes in T cells before and after intramuscular administrations of autologous total IgG in this study.Methods:Thirteen healthy adults received 8 intramuscular injections of 50 mg autologous total IgG for 4 weeks (from week 0 to week 4). The percentages of IL-10- or IFN-γ-producing peripheral blood T cells, as well as serum levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, and immunoglobulins, were measured at baseline (week 0) and at weeks 4, 8, and 12.Results:The percentage of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells was significantly increased at weeks 8 and 12 compared to baseline (P < .05), while the percentage of IFN-γ-producing CD3+ T cells was significantly increased at week 12 compared to baseline (P < .05). There were no significant differences in the serum levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, and immunoglobulins before and after intramuscular administration of autologous total IgG (P > .05). No serious adverse events were observed.Conclusion:Intramuscular administration of autologous total IgG induced immunomodulatory effects on T cells in healthy human subjects. This simple intervention could be a safe, effective, and economical T cell immunomodulation method for human subjects (NCT03695757).

A Prognostic Impact of Interleukin 17 (IL-17) as an Immune-Marker in Patients with Bladder Cancer.

Urinary bladder cancer is a worldwide health issue and the ninth most prevalent cancer across the globe, accounting for almost two-thirds of all urinary malignancies. Interleukin 17 (IL17) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with pivotal modulatory effects on antitumor immune responses and has been reported to play a prominent role in the occurrence and development of bladder cancer. The present study aimed to measure the quantitative serum and urine levels of IL-17 in patients with bladder cancer. Blood and urine samples were obtained from 50 diagnosed bladder cancers and 96 healthy people as a control group. The serum and urine level of IL-17 was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It has been revealed that the level of IL-17 was higher in all patients, as compared to that in controls. These results indicated that this interleukin is an indicator to predict the progression or recurrence of the disease.

Optimized Extraction of cAMP From Jujube by Ultra-High Pressure Technology and the Anti-allergic Effect for Peanut Allergy Mouse.

Jujube contains abundant cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In contrast, the extraction technology of cAMP from jujube is still to be explored. In this study, the ultra-high pressure extraction (UHPE) conditions for obtaining the maximum cAMP yield from jujube were optimized. Orthogonal array design (OAD) was applied to evaluate the effects of three variables (pressure, pressure-holding time, and liquid-to-solid ratio) by UHPE on cAMP yield. The results showed that the optimal cAMP yield (1223.2 μg/g) was derived at 300 MPa, 20 min duration, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 2.5 ml/g. In addition, as an important functional ingredient in jujube, cAMP has potential anti-allergic effect. To develop the functional characteristics of jujube, the effect of cAMP was characterized in vivo with the Balb/c mouse model of peanut allergy, which was established by subcutaneous injection of crude peanut protein extract (PN). The results showed that treatment with cAMP in PN-sensitized mice suppressed the lesions in jejunal tissues and allergic symptoms and restored spleen index. Meanwhile, cAMP treatment reduced serum levels of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), histamine, as well as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and stimulated the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), whereas the serum levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) were not affected. Our results suggested that cAMP has an anti-allergic effect in PN-sensitized mice.

Analysis of Correlation between Serum Inflammatory Factors and Cognitive Function, Language, and Memory in Alzheimer's Disease and Its Clinical Significance.

Objective A case-control study was conducted to explore the correlation between serum inflammatory factor monitoring and cognitive function, language, and memory ability of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its clinical significance. Methods Thirty-six patients with AD treated from April 2019 to August 2021 in our hospital were enrolled as the study subjects (AD group), and 30 healthy volunteers from the physical examination center and the AD group with the same sex, age, education, and no complaints of memory loss were enrolled as the control group. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and AD Rating Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-cog) were employed to assess the cognitive function of AD and the control group. The Chinese Standard aphasia Test of China Rehabilitation Research Center (CRRCAE) was employed to assess the language function of AD and NC population. The World Health Organization-University of California, Los Angeles Auditory Word Learning Test (WHO-UCLAAV-LT) scale was employed to evaluate the memory function of AD group and control group. The levels of inflammatory factors in serum of the AD group and control group were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The serum inflammatory factors levels were compared between the AD group and the control group, and the correlation between the level of serum inflammatory factors and cognitive function, language, and memory ability in the AD group was analyzed. Results In terms of the demographic data of the two groups, there exhibited no significant difference in gender, age, education level, and other general data (P > 0.05). In terms of cognitive function, MoCA scores were remarkably lower compared to the AD group. In the comparison of memory ability, the scores of long-term delayed recognition, delayed memory, and instantaneous memory in the AD group were remarkably lower (P < 0.05). In the comparison of language ability, the scores of listening comprehension, reading, and naming in the AD group exhibited remarkably lower (P < 0.05). With regard to the levels of serum inflammatory factors, the levels of serum interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and CCL-12 in AD group were remarkably higher, while the level of TNF-β in the AD group was lower compared to the control group. Furthermore, there exhibited no significant correlation between the levels of serum IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, CCL-2, and the total scores, MoCA, and ADAS-cog, but there exhibited a positive relationship between the level of serum TNF-β and the score of MoCA scale. The correlations between IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TNF-β, CCL-2, and the scores of long-term delayed recognition, delayed memory, and instantaneous memory were analyzed in the AD group. The serum levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, CCL-2, and TNF-β were not remarkably correlated with the scores of long-term delayed recognition, delayed memory, and instantaneous memory. The correlations between IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TNF-β, CCL-2, and the scores of listening comprehension, reading, and naming were analyzed in the AD group, but with no significant correlation between the serum levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, CCL-2, TNF-α, and TNF-β and the scores of listening comprehension, reading, and naming. Conclusion Compared with the control group, the levels of serum IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and CCL-2 in patients with AD exhibited remarkably higher, while the level of serum TNF-β exhibited remarkably lower. The level of serum TNF-β was remarkably correlated with cognitive function in patients with AD, which may reflect the severity of cognitive impairment in patients with AD.

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PERIPHERAL BLOOD INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND INTERLEUKIN-21 IN PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES

Inflammation that occurs in the tumor microenvironment and in the systemic circulation correlates with disease progression and prognosis in a number of tumors. One way to assess the systemic immune response is to determine the cells/their ratio associated with inflammation, which can easily be measured with complete blood count. IL-21 has a variety of regulatory effects on both normal and tumor cells, leading to their proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.The aim of our study was to determine the level of IL-21 in patients with lymphoma-leukemia and to correlate it with the biomarkers of systemic inflammation involved in carcinogenesis - NLR, PLR, PMR, HLR, SII, dNLR.The study included patients with hematologic tumors who underwent splenectomy for therapeutic indications. The control group consisted of patients who also underwent splenectomy but not due to malignant tumor or autoimmune disease.According to our study analysis interleukin-21 levels did not differ significantly between the study and control groups. Serum levels of interleukin-21 in patients with malignant hematologic tumors are negatively correlated with dNLR.

Assessment of some immune markers in typhoid-patients

A case-control study was carried out in the General Teaching Hospital in Balad City, Iraq. Eighty-eight male and female were included in this study; 58 typhoid-patients infected with S.typhi and 30 healthy individuals as controls. Acute typhoid-patients have been diagnosed according to positive blood culture and IgM and chronic typhoid-patients have been diagnosed according to positive stool culture and IgG. Four immunological markers have been measured in all individuals' serum; interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 17 (IL-17), cluster of differentiation 8 (CD 8) and cluster of differentiation 22 (CD 22) using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). We diagnosed 32 and 26 patients infected with acute and chronic infection respectively, the results proved a significant increase (P-value=&lt;0.05) in all markers in acute and chronic infections as compare with control. A significant differences P-value (0.0003 and &lt;0.0001) has been proved between acute and chronic infection in IL-4 and IL-17 respectively. While, there was no significant differences P-value (0.13 and 0.32) between acute and chronic infection in CD8 and CD22 respectively. Conclusions: IL-4, IL-17, CD8 and CD22 serum levels increase in typhoid-patients caused by S.typhi in humans.

The Effect of Strenuous Endurance Training in Combination with Zingiber Supplementation on Serum Interleukin-17 and Skeletal Muscle Total Oxidant in Male Rats

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of strenuous endurance training (ET) with ginger extract supplementation on resting levels of serum interleukin-17 (IL-17) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of muscle in male Wistar rats. Methods: Forty rats were divided randomly into five groups: control (n = 8), Sham (n = 8), zingier (n = 8), ET (n = 8), and ET + zingiber (n = 8). The training protocols consisted of ET on a treadmill for 8 weeks (5 days a week). Ginger extract (100 g/kg body weight) was injected subcutaneously in the ginger group and ET + zingiber group for 8 weeks (3 days a week) from the beginning of the second week. Forty-eight hours after the last training session and 4 hours of overnight fasting, blood and tissue samples were collected. The serum concentration of IL-17 was measured using the ELISA method by BT kit, China. TAC concentration of muscle tissue was measured using the colorimetric method with ZELBIO kits, Germany. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe’ post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. Results: This study showed that after 8 weeks, serum levels of IL-17 were significantly higher in the ET groups than in the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Also, serum IL-17 was significantly decreased in the ET + ginger group than the endurance group (P &lt; 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in TAC of muscle tissue in the ET, ginger, and ET + ginger groups than the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that 8 weeks of endurance training, combined with ginger supplementation, significantly reduced the inflammatory marker of IL-17. Therefore, ginger supplementation with endurance training seems to have a protective role against oxidative and inflammatory factors.

Decreased Netrin-1 in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease Patients.

Background and ObjectiveInflammatory mediators are closely associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Netrin-1 is an axon guidance protein and despite its capacity to function as a neuroimmune guidance signal, its role in AD or MCI is poorly understood. In addition, the association among netrin-1, cognitive impairment and serum inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis (TNF-α) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine serum levels of IL-17, TNF-α and netrin-1in a cohort of AD and MCI patients, and to study the relationship between these cytokines and cognitive status, as well as to assess the possible relationships between netrin-1 levels and inflammatory molecules.MethodsSerum concentrations of netrin-1, TNF-α and IL-17 were determined in 20 AD patients, 22 MCI patients and 22 healthy controls using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, neuropsychological evaluations and psychometric assessments were performed in all subjects.ResultsSerum netrin-1 levels were decreased in AD and MCI patients and were positively correlated with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. In contrast, serum TNF-α and IL-17 levels were elevated in AD and MCI cohorts and negatively correlated with MMSE scores. Serum netrin-1 levels were inversely related with TNF-α and IL-17 levels in AD, but not MCI, patients.ConclusionBased on the findings reported here, netrin-1 may serve as a marker for the early recognition of dementia and predict cognitive impairment.