Serum Levels Of Fasting Blood Sugar Research Articles

Age and Sex-related Chromogranin A Gene Polymorphisms and its Association with Metabolic Syndrome Components.

The purpose of this study was to determine the possible differences in genetic polymorphisms and serum levels of chromogranin A (CgA), according to age and sex, in subjects with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS). The genotyping and serum level of CgA and biochemical parameters were measured by the T-ARMS-PCR and PCR-RFLP and ELISA and spectrophotometer methods, respectively. A comparison of males with and without MetS showed significantly lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels than those of females.At ages 30-70 years, both sexes showed significant differences in triglycerides (TG), fasting blood sugar (FBS), CgA levels and waist circumference (WC) when compared to the two groups. Both sexes with MetS indicated significant differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) at ages 40-70 years, while at ages 40-59 years, there was a significant difference in HDL-C level in males.There was a significant correlation between serum levels of FBS, TG, SBP and WC (in both sexes), and CgA in subjects with MetS. Significant correlation was found between HDL-C level and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and CgA level in males and females, respectively. CgA genotype frequency (T-415C and C+87T polymorphisms) showed no significant differences between males and females with and without MetS, while there was only a significant difference in frequency of the genotypes T-415C when compared to males with and without MetS. The CgA appears to be strongly associated with MetS components in both sexes. Variation in CgA gene expression may affect the T-415C polymorphism in males. This may mean that the structure of CgA genetics differs in different ethnic groups. Differences in the serum level and expression of CgA gene may show valuable study results that it may be expected a relationship between these variables and the MetS.

The Investigation of Metabolic Syndrome Among Middle-Aged Women, Kamyaran, Iran: A Cross-sectional Study

Objectives: Physical activity and nutrition can affect some serum markers associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). We aimed to ascertain the prevalence and predictors of MetS among middle-aged women in this study. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 164 eligible middle-aged women. Sampling was performed by two-stage cluster random sampling among all the health care centers in Kamyaran, Iran. Data were collected through anthropometrics, Food Records, and International Physical Activity Questionnaires. Serum lipid profile and glycemic control indexes, calcium, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 were assayed. Blood pressure was measured. The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria were used to detection of MetS. Results: Forty-one women (25.0%; 95% CI: 18.4% to 31.6%) had MetS. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.020; 95% CI: 1.001 to 1.039), triglyceride (aOR: 1.024; 95% CI: 1.015-1.033), low physical activity: walking (aOR: 0.999; 95% CI: 0.998 0.999), dietary iron (aOR: 1.059; 95% CI: 0.989- 1.134) and waist circumference (aOR: 1.062: 95% CI; 1.020 1.105) have been detected as the MetS predictors in this study. Conclusions: Higher serum levels of FBS and triglyceride, higher iron intake and waist circumference, and low physical activity enhanced the chance of getting MetS.

The Effect of Nutrition Education Using MyPlate on Lipid Profiles, Glycemic Indices, and Inflammatory Markers in Diabetic Patients.

As a result of a nutrition transition, chronic diseases, including diabetes, have increased in Iran. Nutrition education is a cost-effective method for modifying diet and controlling diabetes. This study aimed to examine the effect of nutrition education using MyPlate recommendations on glycemic and lipid profiles and inflammatory markers in Iranian adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. A 12-week randomized clinical trial was conducted on 44 adults aged 30–50 years from Ahvaz, Iran. The participants were divided into education and control groups. The education participants were taught the MyPlate recommendations. Serum levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipid profiles, and inflammatory markers, including high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α, and adiponectin, were measured at the baseline and the end of the study. The results showed that serum levels of FBS (p = 0.014) and HbA1c (p < 0.001) decreased significantly in the education group at the end of the study. The serum level of low-density lipoprotein in the education group declined significantly at the end of the study (p = 0.043). Furthermore, the serum level of hs-CRP (p = 0.005) declined significantly while the level of adiponectin (p = 0.035) increased in the education group at the end of the study. The evidence of this study showed that nutrition education using MyPlate recommendations is an effective method for controlling diabetes complications. A longitudinal analysis with a larger sample size is recommended to confirm the evidence of this study.Trial RegistrationIranian Registry of Clinical Trials Identifier: IRCT2015031921443N2

Oxidative stress and nitrate/nitrite (NOx) status following citrulline supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

The pathogenesis of diabetes is accompanied by oxidative stress. Citrulline can be considered as a potent antioxidant. The present study aimed to examine the effects of citrulline supplementation on the status of oxidative stress and serum levels of nitrite/nitrate (NOx) in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The present study comprises a double-blind placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial. The study subjects include 54 patients with T2DM chosen from specialised clinics of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The patients were allocated to one of the placebo or intervention groups. The patients in the placebo and the intervention group received one sachet of microcrystalline cellulose or l-citrulline (3g), respectively, every day for 2months. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), serum levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), citrulline and NOx were assessed before and after the intervention. Forty-five patients completed the trial. Significant decreases were found in serum levels of FBS and MDA. Serum levels of TAC, citrulline and NOx in the intervention group increased compared to those of the placebo group, after adjusting the data for the baseline values and confounders. Differences between and within the two groups were statistically nonsignificant for GPx and SOD at the end of the study. Body mass index and energy intake were not changed significantly after the intervention. The results of the present study show the positive effects of citrulline supplementation with respect to attenuating FBS levels and oxidative stress, as well as boosting NOx status, in patients with T2DM.

Comparative Effects of Curcumin versus Nano-Curcumin on Insulin Resistance, Serum Levels of Apelin and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

Background and PurposeType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and abnormalities in insulin production. Apelin is associated with insulin resistance. According to the anti-diabetic properties of curcumin, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of curcumin and nano-curcumin intake on insulin resistance and serum levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), Apelin, and lipid profile (cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL and VLDL) in T2DM rats.Materials and MethodsForty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: Control, diabetic, diabetic treated with two doses of curcumin (100 and 200 mg/kg) and diabetic treated with two doses of nano-curcumin (100 and 200 mg/kg). Induction of T2DM was performed by intraperitoneal injection of Nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) and Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg) in the fasting state. Rats received different doses of nano-curcumin and curcumin by gavage (daily) for 28 days. At the end of the intervention period, insulin resistance and serum levels of FBS, apelin and lipid profiles were measured.ResultsInsulin resistance and serum levels of FBS, Apelin, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL were significantly decreased in diabetic rats treated with curcumin and nano-curcumin (p<0.05) so that nano-curcumin in reducing lipid profile is more effective than curcumin (P<0.05). Serum level of HDL in nano-curcumin groups was significantly higher than diabetic and curcumin groups (p<0.05). Also, with increasing insulin resistance, serum level of apelin increased (P<0.05).ConclusionThe therapeutic effects of curcumin and nano-curcumin were effective in decreasing insulin resistance, serum levels of FBS, apelin and lipid profile. The dose of 100 mg/kg nano-curcumin was more effective in reducing lipid profile.

Effect of probiotics supplementation on glucose and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.

The role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of diabetes is well established. In addition, an association between gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is widely observed in previously published reports. This meta-analysis critically examines the association between gut microbiota, and oxidative stress in T2DM. A systematic search for clinical trials was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus web databases up to 1 Jan 2019. Primary search terms include "microbiota", "diabetes", and "oxidative stress". Study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. All clinical trials that compared the effects of probiotic supplementations with a control group using end points serum levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) and oxidative stress biomarkers were included. Two independent researchers screened the data extracted from the relevant studies. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) was estimated using the random or fixed effects model. Heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using Q-test. Overall, 13 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) involving 840 subjects with T2DM were included in the meta-analysis. The analysis showed that probiotics intake resulted in significant improvement in serum levels of FBS [SMD: -0.35, 95% CI: (-0.59, -0.12)], total antioxidant status (TAS) [SMD: 0.33, 95% CI: (0.11, 0.55)], total glutathione (GSH) [SMD: 0.41, 95% CI: (0.26, 0.56)] and malondialdehyde (MDA) [SMD: -0.54, 95% CI: (-0.83, -0.26)]. No significant improvement was found in HbA1C [SMD: -0.06, 95% CI:(-0.82, 0.69)], and nitric oxide (NO) [SMD:-0.24, 95% CI:(-1.10, 0.62)] levels. It seems that gut microbiota can exert beneficial effects in diabetic patients via altering oxidative stress' biomarkers. The beneficial effect of gut microbiota however was modest on FBS and non-significant on HbA1C. These results need to be confirmed by conducting more reliable RCTs. CRD42019134905. Graphical abstract Flow diagram of the study selection process.

The Effect of Galega officinalis on Hormonal and Metabolic Profile in a Rat Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been considered as one of the most common endocrine diseases among the females in their regenerative age with a prevalence range of 5 to 21. However, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of Galega officinalis on metabolic as well as hormonal parameters in a rodent model of PCOS. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two Wistar female rats were used (n=8/group) in the study consisting of healthy control and experimental groups. The experimental groups were divided into 3 subgroups, including rats with PCOS which received no treatment (G1), PCOS group in which G. officinalis extract was administered daily at a dose of 200 mg/kg/orally (G2) for 2 weeks, and PCOS group in which G. officinalis extract was administered daily at a dose of 400 mg/kg/orally (G3) for 2 weeks. In all experimental groups, a single intramuscular injection of estradiol valerate led to inducing PCOS. After the end of treatment period, rats in all of the studied groups were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (5/1 mg/kg), then the blood samples obtained and their serum samples were applied for testing the fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, aromatase, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and estrogen. The ovaries of rats were removed and fixed for histopathological examinations. Results: The serum levels of FBS, insulin, LH, FSH, and testosterone significantly increased in G1 in comparison to healthy rats (P < 0.05), while they were all significantly decreased in the treated groups received G. officinalis extract compared to rats affected by PCOS (P < 0.05). Moreover, the serum level of estrogen and the serum activity of aromatase were both significantly decreased in G1 in comparison to healthy rats (P < 0.05), while in treated groups, they were significantly increased compared to G1 which received no treatment (P < 0.05). Moreover, the number of follicles in ovaries affected by PCOS decreased, while both concentrations of G. officinalis extract could prevent this phenomenon. Conclusions: It seems that the extract of G. officinalis has a beneficial effect on the levels of the LH, FSH, testosterone, estradiol, aromatase, FBS, and insulin in alleviating the complications of PCOS. © 2018 The Author (s).

Correlation between Lipid parameters and gamma glutamyl transferase in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) which is a simple and reliable marker of liver fat deposition leads to hepatic insulin resistance and long term hepatic insulin resistance may lead to type 2diabetes mellitus (DM). In this context, the present study was under taken to study the serum GGT levels and its possible associations with serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-D) in type 2 DM. Material and methods: The study was conducted at HSK hospital, Bagalkot from Jan 2016 to Jun 2016. The diagnosis of DM was based on WHO criteria. Sixty subjects participated in each group (DM and Controls). Fasting sample was collected and fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, urea, creatinine, GGT, and lipid parameters were estimated. Data was analysed using SPSS software. Student’s t test and Pearson correlation was applied for quantitative data. Results: The serum levels of FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, creatinine, urea, TG and VLDL were raised significantly in cases compared to controls, whereas serum HDL was significantly decreased in cases compared to controls (p=0.000). There was statistically significant (p=0.001) positive correlation between the TGL and GGT. HDL-C was significantly, negatively correlated with GGT. Conclusion: There was positive correlation between GGT and TG, TC, LDL-C and VLDL-C, only TGL was significant, and there was significant negative correlation between HDL and GGT. Hence serum GGT can be used as marker of cardiovascular diseases in type 2 DM patients. Key words: Diabetes mellitus, Gamma Glutamyl transferase, Lipid profile

Activities of Three Erythrocyte Enzymes of Hyperglycemic Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Treated with Allium sativa Extract.

The present study sought to investigate erythrocyte glutathione S-transferases (GST), NADH-Methaemoglobin reductase (NADH-MR) and Na+/K+-ATPase activities of hypoglycemic rats treated with ethanol/water (1:2 v/v) extract of A. sativa as agent of glycemic control. Hyperglycemia was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of 0.1 mol/L alloxan monohydrate in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution (pH = 7.4); dosage = 140 mg/kg. At the end of the experimental time (t = 76 h), erythrocyte GST, NADH-MR and Na+/K+-ATPase activities as well as serum fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Serum FBS levels of control/normal (C/N) rats ranged between 72.93 ± 0.82–95.12 ± 0.92 mg/dL, whereas experimental rats without glycemic control gave: 249.41 ± 1.03–256.11 ± 1.23 mg/dL. Hyperglycemic rats treated with ethanol/water (1:2 v/v) extract of A. sativa exhibited comparative reduced serum levels of FBS alongside with erythrocyte GST, NADH-MR and Na+/K+-ATPase activities. The average relative activities of the three enzymes and corresponding order of enzyme activity in hyperglycemic rats treated with ethanol/water (1:2 v/v) extract of A. sativa was: NADH-MR = 60.99% > GST = 47.81% > Na+/K+-ATPase = 46.81%. In the same order, relative activities of the three enzymes in rats without glycemic control were: NADH-MR = 49.65% > GST = 23.69% > Na+/K+-ATPase = 17.02%. Erythrocyte GST, NADH-MR and Na+/K+-ATPase activities gave insights into the pathophysiology of diabetic state and served as biomarkers for ascertaining therapeutic control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus.