Serum Antioxidant Enzyme Levels Research Articles

Ameliorative Potential of Ginger for Mitigating Liver Damage Caused by Fluopyram in Male Albino Rats

Fluopyram is a widely used new generation broad spectrum fungicide and a variety of biochemical and histopathological alterations in the livers of albino rats. These include inflammatory cells, dilated sinusoids, haemorrhage, dilation of central veins, congestion and presence of erythrocytes. Significant increase in blood alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), acid phosphatise (ACP) and decrease in alkaline phosphatise (AKP) enzyme levels were seen in high dose of fluopyram treated rats as compared to control. The oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes showed a significant reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Rats treated with fluopyram and ginger showed improved histopathological changes in liver. Ginger extract also showed decreased serum levels of malondialdehyde and raised serum levels of antioxidant enzymes. According to the current study, strong antioxidant activity of ginger mediates its protective effect against fluopyram induced liver damage.

Impact of Heat Stress on Lactating Egyptian Buffaloes (Bubalis bubalis): Physiological, Hormonal and Oxidative Responses

Heat stress typically causes substantial financial losses because it lowers animal performance, morbidity, and mortality. It is essential to comprehend the physiological reactions and biochemical alterations through different body homeostasis during various environmental seasons to prevent harmful impacts of heat stress. Objective of this experiment was to evaluate the different seasonal dynamics of the Egyptian buffaloes' oxidative, hormonal, metabolic and physiological responses to the country's summer season climate. Throughout the year, the physiological reactions of twenty lactating water buffaloes were measured. These responses included rectal temperature (RT), respiration rate (RR) and body surface temperature (BST), in addition to serum hormonal, oxidative/antioxidant, and metabolic indices. Significant increases in RR and BST were detected in summer season in relation to winter season when the temperature-humidity index (THI) was higher (>80). The heat stress during the summer season was associated with lower serum antioxidant enzyme levels and higher oxidative stress. Serum cortisol and hepato-renal functional bio-indicators were also significantly elevated in the summer and autumn. In comparison to former seasons, the levels of growth hormone (GH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) were also much reduced in the autumn and summer. THI was found to have a negative relation with physiological and antioxidant indices, but a positive relation with serum cortisol and malondialdahyde (MDA) levels. According to our findings, lactating Egyptian buffaloes have considerable heat stress during the summer season, which necessitates greater managerial measures to prevent animal welfare concerns and economic losses.

Corrigendum: Effects of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one on serum levels of antioxidant enzymes in hyperlipidemic rats

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Adipo-myokine Irisin, a Promising Antioxidant against Nicotine Induced Oxidative Stress in BALB/c mice.

To determine the role of r-irisin in attenuating nicotine-induced oxidative stress by estimating serum oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes in BALB/c mice. This 18 month experimental study was carried out at Foundation University Islamabad and National Institute of Health starting in 2020. Thirty healthy BALB/c mice were divided into three groups. Group-I (control group) received normal saline 1ml/kg body weight intra-peritoneally daily for 28 days. Experimental group, Group-II received nicotine 2mg/kg body weight intra-peritoneally, for 28 days to induce oxidative stress. Experimental Group-III was given r-irisin 0.5 μg/g body weight/day via tail vein injection, for the last 14 days in addition to intraperitoneal nicotine for 28 days. On 29th day, intra-cardiac blood samples were taken for estimation of serum antioxidant enzymes [Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Reduced Glutathione (GSH) and Catalases (CAT)], and Thiobarbituric Acid-Reactive Substances (TBARS) levels as lipid peroxidation marker using ELISA. SPSS version 24 was used for statistical analysis. Significant difference in parameters across groups was calculated using one way ANOVA. P-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Group-II showed statistically significant increase in serum lipid peroxidation marker (TBARS) levels (p<0.001) and reduction in serum anti-oxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH) levels (p< 0.001) as compared to Group-I. In Group-III, with co administration of r-irisin, significant improvement in antioxidant enzymes levels and reduction in TBARS levels was observed (p< 0.001) as compared to Group-II. Irisin ameliorates nicotine induced oxidative stress by improving serum anti-oxidant enzyme levels and reducing serum lipid peroxidation marker.

The Apoptotic, Oxidative and Histological Changes Induced by Different Diameters of Sphere Gold Nanoparticles (GNPs) with Special Emphasis on the Hepatoprotective Role of Quercetin.

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as pharmaceutical and drug delivery tools exhibited harmful effects on human health and other living species. Quercetin (Qur) reveals various pharmacological effects specially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic. This study is directed to investigate hepatotoxicity of GNPs, in addition, to assess the impact of Qur in mitigating the toxicological effects of GNPs. Groups of rats were treated with or without sphere GNPs (10, 20 and 50 nm) and Qur (200 mg/kg b.wt.). Blood and liver samples from euthanized rats were subjected to biochemical, hematological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical investigations. In comparison with 20 and 50 nm treated groups, the 10 nm GNPs significantly increased serum hepatic enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin. These 10 nm GNPs were associated with oxidative stress and markedly decreased antioxidant enzymes: catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Immunohistochemically, 10 nm GNPs expressed intense positive signals in nuclei of hepatocytes when stained with anti-caspase-3 antibody confirming extensive apoptosis. Pre-cotreatment with Qur decreased all tested hepatic enzymes and increased serum level of antioxidant enzymes compared to 10 nm GNPs. Qur treatment strongly exhibited anti-Ki67 antibody (proliferative marker) indicating high proliferation of hepatic parenchyma. Histopathologically, 10 nm GNPs revealed diffuse hydropic degenerations, severe sinusoidal congestion, coagulative necrosis, sever steatosis and diffuse hemosiderosis within the hepatic parenchyma. Qur treatment ameliorated most of these pathological effects. The smaller diameters of GNPs induce potential oxidative stress, cytotoxic, and apoptotic effects in hepatic tissues rather than larger ones. In addition, Qur demonstrated a significant prophylactic role against hepatotoxicity of GNPs.

The effects of rutin supplement on blood pressure markers, some serum antioxidant enzymes, and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with placebo.

This trial aimed to investigate the effects of rutin supplement in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. In this trial with a double-blind and controlled design, fifty patients were randomly divided into intervention (n = 25) and control groups (n = 25) and were treated with 1 g of rutin or placebo for three months, respectively. At the baseline and end of the intervention, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), pulse pressure (PP), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), serum levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and quality of life (QOL) parameters, were evaluated. Rutin consumption caused a significant reduction in SBP, DBP, PP, MAP, and HR, with a significant increase in SOD, CAT, and GPx and some QOL parameters (emotional limitations, energy and freshness, mental health, social performance, and general health) compared with baseline (p for all <0.05). Also, the mean changes of emotional limitations, energy and freshness, mental health, and general health (unadjusted p for all <0.05) and GPX and SOD (adjusted p for all <0.05) were significantly higher in the rutin group compared with the placebo group. Although, in the supplement group compared with the placebo group, the mean changes of SBP, DBP, MAP, PP, and HR were significantly lower (adjusted p for all <0.05). Rutin consumption improved blood pressure, the levels of antioxidant enzymes, and QOL in patients with T2DM.

Efectos de la suplementación con hesperidina en la codorniz japonesa Cordonix cordonix japonica sobre la química sanguínea, la capacidad antioxidante, la histopatología intestinal y la microflora fecal

This study was conducted to determine the effects of hesperidin, a flavonoid added to quail diets, on blood serum, enzymes in tissues, intestinal histomorphology and fecal microflora. In the study, first treatment [(control) (0g hesperidin/kg feed)], second treatment [(HES1) (1 g hesperidin/kg feed)], third treatment [(HES2) (2 g hesperidin/kg feed)] was added to with the basal diet through 35 d. The study was carried out with 3 main groups, 20 quails with 5 sub-repeats in each group and a total of 300 quails. At the end of the study, blood, liver and thigh muscle tissue and fecal samples were taken. Alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) decreased in the HES1 group but increased in the HES2 group compared to the control group (P&lt;0.05). Aspartate transaminase (AST) increased in the HES1 group compared to the control group and decreased in the HES2 group (P&lt;0.05). Amylase, on the other hand, showed a regular increase in HES1 and HES2 groups to which hesperidin was added to the control group in hesperidin added groups (P&lt;0.05). The tissue antioxidant GSH, CAT and SOD enzyme parameters showed a significant increase in the hesperidin added groups compared to the control group, and this increase was found to be significant compared to the control group (P&lt;0.05). In intestinal histomorphology, in hesperidin treatment groups increased the height of villus in the cecum tissue; in colon tissue, it was determined that hesperidin added groups increased villus height but decreased crypt depth (P&lt;0.05). Consequently, diets hesperidin with treatments positively is thought to affect the lipid, thigh, liver and serum antioxidant enzyme levels, intestinal histomorphology and fecal microflora in quail.

Effects of 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one on serum levels of antioxidant enzymes in hyperlipidemic rats

Hyperlipidemia triggers oxidative stress caused by an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant levels due to the excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The increase of ROS can decrease antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-Methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one is exogenous antioxidants isolated from mahogany seeds (Swietenia macrophylla King). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one on serum levels of SOD, CAT, and GPx in hyperglycemic rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into the following six groups: (N) normal group, (HL) hyperlipidemia group, (P) hyperlipidemia group with simvastatin, F10, F30, and F90 hyperlipidemia group with 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one 10, 30 and 90 mg/200g body weight (BW), respectively. Hyperlipidemia was induced by feed enriched with cholesterol and cholic acid. Treatments were administered orally by gavages. After 4 weeks of treatments, blood sample was drawn and serum levels of SOD, CAT, and GPx enzymes were analyzed using a spectrophotometric method. Serum levels of SOD, CAT, and GPx in hyperlipidemic rats treated with 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one at dose 10, 30 and 90 mg/200g BW were higher than HL group. In addition, no significantly different on serum SOD and CAT between group F90 and group P was observed (p&gt;0.05)

Ghrelin: A Potent Nephro-protective Agent against Nicotine Induced Kidney Damage in Mice

Background: Kidneys are the major organs responsible for elimination of toxic metabolites from the body. Apart from this kidneys play a vital role in maintaining body fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, red blood cells production and vitamin D activation. Aim: To evaluate role of ghrelin in ameliorating nicotine induced kidney damage by estimating renal function test and serum antioxidant enzymes in BALB/c mice. Methodology: It was a Randomized Control Trial. Healthy male BALB/c mice (n=27) were taken from NIH Islamabad and sorted into 3 groups (nine each). Group I was labeled as control group and given intra-peritoneal normal saline for 29 days. Group II was labeled as nicotine group and received intra-peritoneal nicotine for 29 days. Group III was labeled as ghrelin + nicotine and received intra-peritoneal ghrelin on alternate days and nicotine daily for 29 days. On 30th day intra-cardiac sampling was done for estimation of renal function test and serum antioxidant enzyme levels. Data was evaluated by using SPSS version 23. One way ANOVA and post hoc tukey’s test were applied. Results: In group II, nicotine administration led to decrease level of antioxidants enzymes and significant deterioration of renal function test in comparison with group I. In group III, administration of ghrelin along with nicotine prevented the fall in antioxidant enzymes and restored renal function test back to normal. Practical Implication: Ghrelin a newly discovered peptide has shown to have anti-oxidant properties and thus has potential to reduce the onset and progression of different diseases. It can directly remove reactive oxygen species or can increase the levels of anti-oxidant enzymes thus nullifying oxidative damage. Conclusion: It was concluded that ghrelin by virtue of its anti-oxidant properties protects against nicotine induced kidney damage as reflected through restoration of serum antioxidant enzymes and renal function test. Keywords: Ghrelin, Oxidative Stress, Nicotine, Anti-oxidant Enzymes.

A Short-Term Safety Evaluation of Silbinol®- an Extract from Pterocarpus marsupium in Healthy Adults- a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

Background: Pterostilbene is an active molecule from the bark of the Pterocarpus marsupium tree with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical safety of a standardized P. marsupium extract (PME) containing 90% pterostilbene (200 mg per day) in healthy adults. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 60 healthy adult participants (27 males and 33 females) were randomized to receive PME-100 mg or placebo capsule twice a day for two months. The primary objectives of the study were to assess any changes in laboratory parameters, vital signs, and the occurrence of adverse events from screening to the final visit. Serum antioxidant enzyme levels were evaluated as a secondary outcome. Results: The hematological, lipid, glycemic, thyroid profiles and liver and renal functions remained within the normal range in all participants, with no difference between PME and placebo. Vital signs, including blood pressure, pulse rate, body weight, body mass index and electrocardiogram, did not reveal any significant differences between the PME and placebo groups at the beginning and end of the study. No serious adverse events were observed in any participant throughout the study period. The serum antioxidant profile was not significantly different between the treatment groups, although the glutathione levels were relatively higher in the PME group. Conclusions: Scientific evaluation of clinical safety of standardized extract is mandatory for its use as a supplement for various health benefits. The results of this study convincingly establish the safety of PME (>90% Pterostilbene) at 200 mg/day (100 mg bid) for human use. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Bangalore with the registration number CTRI/2019/08/020736.

Düşük Doz Doksisiklin ve Kişniş ile Tedavi Edilen Deneysel Periodontitisde Serum Antioksidan Seviyelerinin ve İnflamatuar Hücre Yoğunluğunun Karşılaştırılması

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of systemically-administered Coriandrum sativum L (CSL) and low dose doxycycline (LDD) on serum levels of antioxidant enzymes and intensity of inflammatory cells in rats with experimental periodontitis. &#x0D; Material and Methods: Forty adult male Wistar Albino rats were divided randomly into 5 groups as follows: group 1: periodontally healthy (control); group 2: periodontitis; group 3: periodontitis+CSL (32mg/kg); group 4: periodontitis+CSL (200mg/kg); group 5: periodontitis+LDD (6 mg/kg). Serum gingival superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) levels were evaluated by ELISA. The intensity of inflammatory cells were evaluated by histopathologically.&#x0D; Results: SOD levels were statistically lowest in group 1 and statistically were highest in group 2 than those of other groups. There was a statistical difference in SOD levels in paired comparisons of groups 1 and 2 with other groups. Its level did not have statistically significant among groups 3, 4 and 5. CAT levels were statistically lowest in group 2 than those of other groups, and no differences were reported among groups 1, 3, 4, and 5. GSH-Px levels did not have statistically significant among groups. Inflammatory cell infiltration was found to be statistically higher in groups 2 and 4 compared to group 1, and no statistical significance was reported among groups 1, 3, and 5.&#x0D; Conclusion: CSL and LDD application groups did not show differences in terms of serum SOD, serum CAT, and intensity of inflammatory cells. Therefore, we suggest that the different dosages of CSL should be examined in the treatment of periodontitis.

Increased Serum Levels of the Antioxidant Enzymes (Superoxide Dismutase-3 and Catalase) in Response to SCUBA Diving

Background and Objectives Physical activity under high pressure such as scuba diving can cause oxidative stress. This study aims to investigate the effect of diving at a depth of 10 meters for 20 minutes on serum levels of antioxidant enzymes in male divers. Subjects and Methods In this quasi-experimental study, participants were 6 male divers who were selected from the divers of the Red Crescent rescue team in Yasuj, Iran. First, blood samples were taken from the subjects. Then, in less than five minutes, they reached the desired depth (10 meters) and started diving for 20 minutes. When they began to come up the surface, they had a safety stop at a depth of 3 meters for 5 minutes. When they reached the water surface, blood sampling was performed again immediately. Paired t-test was used for statistical analysis of data (P≤0.05). Results After diving, a significant increase was reported in serum levels of catalase (P=0.009) and superoxide dismutase-3 (P=0.002), compared to the pre-test phase. Conclusion Scuba diving at a depth of 10 meters for 20 minutes increases the serum levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase-3, which indicates the effect of diving on increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes.

The improving role of savory (Satureja hortensis) essential oil for Caspian roach (Rutilus caspicus) fry: Growth, haematological, immunological, and antioxidant parameters and resistance to salinity stress

Essential oils (EOs) due to their bioactive compounds can be considered suitable dietary supplements to achieve sustainable aquaculture. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of Caspian roach fry (Rutilus caspicus) diet with different doses of savory essential oil (SEO) (Satureja hortensis) on growth performance, haematological parameters, serum and mucus immunological indices, serum antioxidant indices, and salinity stress resistance. Caspian roach fry (2.29 ± 0.07 g) were fed with four experimental diets including basal diet as control, and basal diet incorporated with 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg diet of SEO (SEO1, SEO2, and SEO3 respectively) for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) as well as highest final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed in fish given the SEO2 diet (P < 0.05). The SEO3 group showed the lowest FW, WG, and SGR which was significantly lower than other groups (P < 0.05). Survival rate of the SEO1 and SEO2 treated groups showed a significant increase compared to the SEO3 and control groups (P < 0.05) with the highest rates found in fish received SEO2. All groups receiving SEO showed significantly higher haemoglobin (Hb) and number of white blood cells than control group (P < 0.05). The best serum levels of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed in fish treated with SEO2, which showed a significantly different from the control group (P < 0.05). All SEO treated fish showed significant increase in serum total immunoglobulin (total Ig), lysozyme (LYZ), and alternative complement pathway haemolytic activity (ACH50) compared to the control group (P < 0.05) with SEO2 showing the best results. Also significant improvement of mucus total Ig, LYZ, ACH50, protease and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were found in treatments receiving SEO compared to those of control group (P < 0.05). All SEO treatments showed significantly higher resistance to salinity stress than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Overall, our results revealed that SEO inclusion can improve growth performance, antioxidant enzymes activities, immune responses as well as resistance of R. caspicus and 200 mg/kg diet is recommended.

Protective Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Orange Peel on PCNA and FSH-R Gene Expression in Histological Damage and Oxidative Stress Due to Ovarian Torsion in Adult Rats

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of orange peel on proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSH-R) gene expression in histological injuries and acid stress caused by ovarian torsion in adult rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 32 adult female rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. In group 1 (Sham), the abdominal wall was cut without applying torsion and in group 2, ovarian torsion was performed for 2 hours, followed by detorsion for 2 weeks. The hydro-alcoholic extract of orange peel was added to their diet for two weeks in group 3, followed by ovarian torsion for 2 hours and detorsion for 2 hours. Group 4 received the orange peel extract for two weeks and after then ovarian resection for the evaluation of histological damage and blood sampling to examine the serum level of antioxidant enzymes, as well as the expression of PCNA and FSH-R genes in the ovarian tissue. Results: Histological changes in the ovary tissue of rats showed that torsion and detorsion have destructive effects on the ovarian tissue, and torsion/detorsion led to a reduction in the expression of PCNA and FSH-R (P &lt; 0.05). Based on biochemical and hormonal results, the ovarian torsion resulted in an imbalance in the oxidative stress markers and hormone profile of rats. Finally, the administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of orange peel due to its high antioxidant properties improves these effects. Conclusions: In general, administering an appropriate dose of the hydroalcoholic extract of orange peel for two consecutive weeks in the diet had a protective effect on the ovarian tissue at the risk of torsion/detorsion.

Dietary supplementation of Aspergillus niger-expressed glucose oxidase ameliorates weaning stress and improves growth performance in weaning pigs.

Weaning is one of the most stressful events in the pig's life, which disrupts physiological balance and leads to oxidative stress. It is reported that glucose oxidase supplementation could alleviate oxidative stress in animals by increasing the concentration of antioxidant enzymes in vivo. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Aspergillus niger-expressed glucose oxidase (AN-GOX) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, faecal microbiota, faecal gas emission and serum antioxidant enzyme parameters in weaning pigs. A total of 120 21-day-old weaning pigs [(Yorkshire ×Landrace) × Duroc] with an initial body weight of 6.54±0.55kg were used in a 21-day experiment (phase 1, days 1-7; phase 2, days 8-21) with a completely randomized block design. Pigs were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups with 6 replicate pens per treatment and 5 pigs per pen (2 barrows and 3 gilts). Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.01, 0.03 or 0.05% AN-GOX (1000unit/g). The results of this study showed that average daily gain during days 1-7 and 1-21 and the concentrations of serum glutathione peroxidase and glutathione increased linearly at graduated doses of AN-GOX increased in the diet. However, dietary supplementation of AN-GOX had no effects on the apparent nutrient digestibility, faecal microbiota and faecal gas emission. In conclusion, supplementing AN-GOX to the diet of weaning pigs ameliorated weaning stress, which manifested as the increase in serum antioxidant enzyme levels, thus improving growth performance. The suitable dosage of AN-GOX used in the diet of weaning pigs was 0.05%.

Antioxidant and immune responses of broiler chickens supplemented with Rhazya stricta extract in drinking water.

Background and Aim:Rhazya stricta is a herbal plant widely used in traditional medicine due to its proficiency and naturalness with few side effects. In this study, we investigated the impact of using an R. stricta extract supplement on broiler chickens’ performance, especially the immune system.Materials and Methods:In addition to the control group, one group received the methanol extract of R. stricta in drinking water for the first 2 weeks before being challenged with sheep erythrocytes (SRBCs), while the other group was challenged with SRBCs without receiving the R. stricta treatment. We evaluated cellular immunity by determining the phagocytic activity and lymphocyte (L) proliferation and assessed humoral immunity by quantification of the serum total IgM and IgG. We measured the serum levels of antioxidant enzymes and performed a histological examination of the spleen and the bursa of Fabricius (BF).Results:Our results indicate a significant enhancement in cellular immunity in the group supplemented with R. stricta as demonstrated by a significant increase in the phagocytic activity, L proliferation, and percentages of circulating L (p<0.05). The chickens treated with R. stricta exhibit an enhanced humoral response shown by a significant elevation in the serum levels of the total antibodies of the IgM and IgG isotypes, along with a notable increase in BF activity. Furthermore, R. stricta supplementation is associated with a significant increase in the serum levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase (p<0.05), along with a significant improvement in broilers’ general performance, body weight, and feed efficiency.Conclusion:Our results suggest an immunomodulatory effect for the methanol extract of R. stricta and highlight the potential use of this plant in preventive and therapeutic medicine.

Ameliorative effects of endurance training and Matricaria chamomilla flowers hydroethanolic extract on cognitive deficit in type 2 diabetes rats

Diabetes mellitus is mainly associated with degeneration of the central nervous system, which eventually leads to cognitive deficit. Although some studies suggest that exercise can improve the cognitive decline associated with diabetes, the potential effects of endurance training (ET) accompanied by Matricaria chamomilla (M.ch) flowers extract on cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes has been poorly understood.Forty male Wistar rats were randomized into 5 equal groups of 8: healthy-sedentary (H-sed), diabetes-sedentary (D-sed), diabetes-endurance training (D-ET), diabetes-Matricaria chamomilla. (D-M.ch), and diabetes-endurance training-Matricaria chamomilla. (D-ET-M.ch). Nicotinamide (110 mg/kg, i.p.) and Streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.p.) were utilized to initiate type 2 diabetes. Then, ET (5 days/week) and M.ch (200 mg/kg body weight/daily) were administered for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of the experiment, cognitive functions were assessed using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test and a passive avoidance paradigm using a shuttle box device. Subsequently, using crystal violet staining, neuron necrosis was examined in the CA3 area of the hippocampus.Diabetic rats showed cognitive impairment following an increase in the number of necrotic cells in region CA3 of the hippocampal tissue. Also, diabetes increased serum levels of lipid peroxidation and decreased total antioxidant capacity in serum and hippocampal tissue. ET + M.ch treatment prevented the necrosis of neurons in the hippocampal tissue. Following positive changes in hippocampal tissue and serum antioxidant enzyme levels, an improvement was observed in the cognitive impairment of the diabetic rats receiving ET + M.ch.Therefore the results showed that treatment with ET + M.ch could ameliorate memory and inactive avoidance in diabetic rats. Hence, the use of ET + M.ch interventions is proposed as a new therapeutic perspective on the death of hippocampal neurons and cognitive deficit caused by diabetes.

Characterization of antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects of extra virgin olive oil against doxorubicin induced cardiomyopathy in rats

Context: The medicinal uses of olive fruit oil (Olea europaea) are clearly documented as an anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic (type-2 DM), and to protect against heart diseases. Aims: To evaluate the therapeutic influence of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) as an antihypertensive and cardioprotective against doxorubicin (DXR) induced cardiomyopathy in rats. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into five groups as group 1 (normal control), group 2 (disease control i.e., DXR-treated) and groups 3, 4 and 5 as therapeutic groups (i.e., DXR- treated rats plus 2.5%, 5%, and 10% EVOO in diet respectively). Cardiac injury was induced by the administration of DXR. Cardioprotective, anti-hypertensive and antioxidant potential of EVOO were studied by measuring different blood, serum, and tissue biomarkers, enzymes and hemodynamic parameters in disease control and experimental rat groups. Results: Hemodynamic parameters were significantly reduced in rats administered with 2.5%, 5%, and 10% EVOO as compared to group 2 rats at p&lt;0.05, p&lt;0.01, and p&lt;0.001 respectively. Serum levels of creatinine kinase, troponin T, CK-MB and LDH were found markedly reduced in rats fed with 10% dietary EVOO as compared to disease control rats (p&lt;0.01). Serum levels of antioxidant enzymes like GSH and SOD were found significantly higher in group 5 rats as compared to group 2 at p&lt;0.01, and p&lt;0.001, respectively. Conclusions: Dietary administration of EVOO has the potential to reduce drug-induced cardiomyopathies and sustained use of EVOO in diet could be cardioprotective and useful against high blood pressure.

Resveratrol ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis via activation of SIRT1‐Nrf2 signaling pathway

The present study was designed to explore the biological role of resveratrol (RES) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the underlying mechanism. The adjuvant-induced arthritic rats were administered RES on the 12th day after model establishment, and then arthritis assessment, oxidative stress measurement, histological examination, and immunohistochemical staining were performed. The primary rat fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were isolated and treated with RES in vitro and then cell proliferation and apoptosis assay were examined. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, luciferase reporter assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination, western blot, and quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were performed to investigate the mechanisms. RES administration decreased arthritis scores and serum levels of antioxidant enzymes, attenuated paw swelling, synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cartilage degradation, as well as inhibited synoviocyte proliferation in synovial tissues. Further investigation indicated that RES inhibited ROS production and FLS proliferation through activating the silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. NF-κB was confirmed to negatively regulate miR-29a-3p and miR-23a-3p expression by directly binding to its promoter. Mechanistic analyses further revealed that Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology (ECH)-associated protein 1 (Keap1), a negative regulator of Nrf2, was a downstream target of miR-29a-3p, while miR-23a-3p directly targeted cullin3 (cul3), a master regulator of ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2. Together, the present study provided evidence that RES ameliorated RA through activation of Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway via SIRT1/NF-κB/miR-29a-3p/Keap1 and SIRT1/NF-κB/miR-23a-3p/cul3 signaling pathway.

Wu Shan Shen Cha (Malus asiatica Nakai. Leaves)-Derived Flavonoids Alleviate Alcohol-Induced Gastric Injury in Mice via an Anti-Oxidative Mechanism.

Wu Shan Shen Cha is the leaf of Malus asiatica Nakai., a special type of tea that is consumed in the same way as green tea. To study the effect of Wu Shan Shen Cha-derived flavonoids (WSSCF) on lesions in the stomach, a 15% hydrochloric acid–95% ethanol (volume ratio 4:6) solution was used to induce gastric injury in mice. The degree of gastric injury was assessed using tissue specimens, and the effects of WSSCF on the serum levels of antioxidant enzymes were investigated. The results showed that WSSCF could alleviate the damage of the gastric mucosa and gastric wall caused by the hydrochloric acid–ethanol solution, decrease the tissue and serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in mice with gastric injury, and increase the serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). The results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed that WSSCF could increase the mRNA expression of Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, catalase (CAT), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in tissue specimens from mice with gastric injury and decrease the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). At the same time, the results of the high concentration of WSSCF (WSSCFH) group were closer to those of the drug (ranitidine) treatment group. Wu Shan Shen Cha-derived flavonoids had a good antioxidant effect, so as to play a preventive role in alcoholic gastric injury.