Serum LDL Levels Research Articles

Plasma Cell-Free DNA as a Novel Biomarker for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) with a high rate of mortality worldwide. Plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA), mainly originating from apoptosis, necrosis, and active secretion, has been recognized as a promising biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple cancers, whereas there are no reports about cfDNA in CVDs. Here, we found an increased quantity and decreased integrity of cfDNA (cfDI) in the serum from AS patients compared with normal controls. Moreover, the reduced cfDI is inversely correlated with serum LDL levels, carotid plaque size, and carotid plaque thickness in the progression of AS. Consistently, in vivo experiments confirmed that the release and cleavage of cfDNA were increased concomitantly with the development and progression of AS in ApoE−/− mice. Our study sheds light on the potential of cfDNA and cfDI as molecular biomarkers for detecting and monitoring AS.

Potential novel biomarkers in small intestine for obesity/obesity resistance revealed by multi-omics analysis

BackgroundAlthough obesity is caused by different factors, individual susceptibility to obesity differs among people under the same circumstances. The microbiota in the caecum or fresh faeces and metabolites in blood or urine contribute to obesity resistance; however, the microbiota or metabolites in the small intestine have not been extensively studied.MethodsTo investigate the relationship between the microbiota or metabolites in the small intestine and susceptibility to obesity, eighty-eight male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks to establish two models of obesity and obesity resistance. For further study, six mice were chosen from among the obesity models, and twelve mice were randomly chosen from among the obesity resistance models. After fasting plasma glucose and behavioural testing, the mice were fed in single cages for another 4 weeks to observe their weight and food intake. All mice were sacrificed at 20 weeks of age. Serum ALT, AST, HDL, LDL, TG and TC levels were measured using an automatic biochemical analyser. The microbiota and metabolites in the small intestine contents were analysed using 16 S sequencing and an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatographic system, respectively. Transcripts in the jejunum were evaluated using full-length transcriptome sequencing and verified by qPCR.ResultsThe results showed that HFD induced depression and anxiety behaviours and higher fasting plasma glucose, ALT, AST, HDL, LDL, TG and TC levels in the obese mice; however, these levels were improved in obese resistance mice. The correlation analysis showed that the phosphatidylcholine, TG, and phosphatidylethanolamine levels were higher in obese mice and correlated positively with intestinal microflora (Desulfovibrio and Gemella) and the Cxcl10 gene. A higher abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 in obesity-resistant mice correlated negatively with the metabolite contents (neuromedin N and enkephalin L) and Pck1 gene expression and correlated positively with certain metabolites (5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, cinnamyl alcohol and 1 H-indole-3-acetamide) and genes expression (Gdf15, Igfbp6 and Spp1).ConclusionClostridium_sensu_stricto_1, neuromedin N, enkephalin L, Pck1, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, Cxcl10 and cinnamyl alcohol may be novel biomarkers in the small intestine for obesity/obesity resistance. These might be helpful for obesity prevention or for treating obese patients.

Mendelian Randomization Studies of Lifestyle-Related Risk Factors for Osteoarthritis: A PRISMA Review and Meta-Analysis.

Risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA) often exert effects over protracted time-courses. Mendelian randomization (MR) studies therefore have an advantage over conventional observational studies when studying the causal effect of long-term lifestyle-related risk factors on OA. However, given the heterogeneous design of existing MR studies on OA, the reported causal estimates of these effects remain inconsistent, thus obscuring the true extent of the biological effects of OA lifestyle-risk factors. We conducted a PRISMA systematic review and specifically included MR studies that investigated the causal effect between lifestyle-related risk factors and OA, where causal estimates for various lifestyle factors were pooled for meta-analysis. Quality of studies was assessed according to STROBE-MR guidelines. A total of 1576 studies were evaluated and 23 were included. Overall, the studies included were of high quality and had a low risk of bias. Our meta-analysis demonstrates the positive causal effect of BMI (ORIVW-random effects 1.49 [1.23–1.80]) and negative causal effects of serum calcium (ORIVW-random effects 0.69 [0.57–0.83]) and LDL levels (ORIVW-random effects 0.93 [0.90–0.96]) on OA. Despite the heterogeneous designs and estimates of causal effects provided by various MR studies, our meta-analysis suggests that lifestyle-related risk factors in the form of BMI, serum calcium, and LDL have true biological effects on the development of OA.

The Link between ANRIL Gene RS4977574 Polymorphism and Common Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular Complications: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study in Ukrainian Population.

Materials and Methods 195 patients with ACS, 200 patients with LAS, and 234 control subjects were enrolled in this case-control study. Real-time PCR was used for ANRIL rs4977574 genotyping. SPSS software package (version 17.0, IBM, USA) was used for data analysis. Results A significant association between rs4977574 polymorphism and the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications was found under the recessive model regardless of adjustment for nongenetic risk factors (OR = 1.551; p = 0.025). Moreover, the link between rs4977574 locus and serum levels of total cholesterol (p = 0.021) and LDL (p = 0.022) was detected. A separate analysis in subgroups demonstrated the association of rs4977574 polymorphism with increased risk of ACS under the recessive model (OR = 1.501; p = 0.048). No relation between rs4977574 site and LAS development was revealed (p > 0.05). Conclusion Obtained data suggested that ANRIL rs4977574-GG genotype can be a possible genetic marker for the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications in Ukrainian population.

Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on Hypogonadism in Chronic Renal Failure

Hypogonadism in male patients with chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus has been known separately; up to now, the effect of these two diseases together on testosterone deficiency and the impact of testosterone deficiency on metabolic values have not been known precisely, therefore in this study we aimed to investigate testosterone deficiency in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure. Eighty-seven chronic renal failure patients and 45 control patients who were followed at endocrinology and nephrology clinics were included in the study. After exclusion criteria, the patients were divided into two groups according to diabetes mellitus status. Groups were compared according to testosterone levels. Testosterone deficiency and good groups were compared to blood glucose, Hba1c, and lipid profile levels. The mean age of 87 CRF patients and 45 people in the control group were similar (59.85 ± 9.99 and 56.67 ± 8.56, respectively, p= 0.16). Testosterone deficiency was 24.1% (21/87) in CRF group and 8.8% (4/45) in control group (p= 0.04). The total testosterone levels were notably lower in the diabetic-CRF patients, 3.44 ± 1.3 vs. 4.26 ± 1.46 mg/dl (p= 0.02). The testosterone deficient CRF group had higher blood glucose and HbA1c according to the testosterone sufficient group. (161.20 ± 61.24 mg/dl vs 133.25 ± 59.87 mg/dl blood glucose, p= 0.04 and 7.54 ± 1.46 vs 6.79 ± 1.14 % HbA1c, p= 0.04). Serum triglyceride and LDL levels did not significantly change between groups (p= 0.20 and 0.76, respectively). Testosterone deficiency in male CRF patients is not uncommon. Male patients with both T2DM and CRF have more common testosterone deficiency. In testosterone-sufficient patients, blood glucose regulation was better. Therefore, in these patients, it may be helpful not to neglect testosterone deficiency, which affects gonadal function, body metabolism, and cardiac and skeletal health.

Combined administration of Gegen Yinlian decoctio n and metformin ameliorates liver metabolic disorder in rats by regulating miR 195 5p/IRS1/PI3K/AKT axis

Purpose: To investigate the effect of Gegen Yinlian decoction (GYD), made from lobed kudzuvine root, baicalensis, huanglian and liquorice, and metformin on liver metabolism dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats.
 Methods: Wistar rats were treated with high-fat diet and a single intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injection to establish T2DM model. Thereafter, the T2DM-rats were treated with GYD and metformin (GYD/metformin). Serum triglyceride (TG), TC, LDL, and HDL levels, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance of the rats were evaluated. Furthermore, the effects of GYD/metformin treatment on the expressions of the related genes were determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunoblot assay.
 Results: After GYD-metformin treatment, the metabolic indicators in T2DM rats significantly improved (p < 0.05). However, there was decrease in t liver miR-1955p expressions. Silencing miR-195-5p improved glucose consumption and triglyceride levels of palmitate (PA)-induced pathological state in ALM12 cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, miR-195-5p targeted insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). Suppression of IRS1 partly annulled the impact of miR-195-5p silencing on ALM12 cell model. Moreover, IRS1 downregulation significantly mitigated the impact of the silencing on PI3K/AKT pathway activity (p < 0.05).
 Conclusion: Combination of GYD with metformin ameliorated dysfunctional liver metabolism via control of miR-195-5p/IRS1/PI3K/AKT axis.

Study of lipid profile and insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common metabolic and endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age group. It is the first leading cause of infertility in females with incidence of 5-10%.Polycystic ovarian syndrome encloses a spectrum of clinical and metabolic diseases that are associated with cutaneous excess androgen status which includes acne resistant to treatment, hirsuitism, male or female pattern baldness, ovulatory and menstrual disturbances such as irregular bleeding, amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, polycystic ovaries, obesity and insulin resistance.To study lipid profile and insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome women.The present study included 60 diagnosed PCOS women in the age group of 16-40 years. Lipid profile (TC, TG and HDL) was done on fully automatic Meril 400 biochemistry analyzer. LDLwas calculated from TC, TG and HDL cholesterol as per Friedewald calculation. Fasting plasma glucose done in semiautoanalyser and serum insulin is measured by CLAI. Insulin resistance (IR) was calculated by using HOMA model (HOMA IR).Deranged serum lipids in the present study was mainly in the form of decreased HDL levels. Serum TC, TG and LDL levels were within normal range in most of the cases. Insulin resistance was prevalent in 75% PCOS cases in the present study.The women with PCOS should be screened for lipid profile which can be helpful in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Role of predictable biomarkers in early detection of cardiovascular events in Chronic Kidney Disease III and IV

Abstract This comes about because of a lack of predicted biomarkers in the risk analysis of CVD events in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The present study aimed to determine the clinical utility of independent, predictable biomarkers such as serum creatinine, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR), high sensitive C-Reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen and lipid profile as early predictors of CVD in CKD at stage III/IV. Methods. This is a case-control study that includes a sample size of 100 patients of cases and 100 patients of controls who were recruited from November 2020 to April 2021, from the Nephrology department of the Visakhapatnam tertiary care teaching hospital, and present with chronic kidney disease – stage III/IV. The subjects’ general conditions (age, gender, height, weight, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and smoking history); underlying diseases (coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus) were recorded. Fasting venous blood samples were collected under aseptic conditions from the study group after taking informed consent. The measurement of serum creatinine was performed by modification of kinetic Jaffe reaction. The Cockcroft-Gault equation was used to calculate eGFR in both cases and controls. CRP testing was done with a Cobas C311 analyzer, using immunoturbidimetric assay. The Fibroquant kit from Tulip was employed to measure fibrinogen levels in blood samples, and enzymatic methods were applied for lipid profile analysis. Results. In this study, higher mean values of hsCRP (34.28 mg/dl), increased serum creatinine levels (2.876 mg/dl), reduced eGFR (28.37 mls/min), high levels of serum fibrinogen (291.6 mg/dl), and cholesterol (214.5 mg/dl), HDL (28.34 mg/dl), TG (162.1 mg/dl), VLDL (32.41 mg/dl) and LDL (153.77 mg/dl) were found to be independent predictors of assessment of CV events in patients with CKD stages III and IV as determined by Chi-square test. Conclusion. A prompt and accurate assessment of cardiovascular risk in CKD patients would enable more aggressive and focused treatment of the individuals who are most in need of preventive interventions to decrease incident rates.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL STATUS, VITAMIN D AND INFLAMMATION ON VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN NON-DIALYSIS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the most important complication in CKD patients which contributes to high morbidity and mortality rates. Vitamin D is known to have a biphasic effect in terms of arteriocalcication and appears to have a protective role. Inammatory markers such as hsCRP are also known to increase chronic inammatory conditions, namely CKD and have implications for vascular calcication. Malnutrition, especially decreased albumin and body mass index.Patients with CKD were also found to be risk factors for vascular calcication, but the mechanism was unknown. Methods: This study is a cross sectional study using a correlative analytic design, which was conducted at the Haji Adam Malik Hospital (RSHAM). The research subjects were all patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3, 4, and 5 above or equal to 18 years old who had never undergone hemodialysis and were treated at RSHAM either inpatient or outpatient patients. hsCRP, albumin, vitamin D and calcium, phosphorus, and serum LDL levels were examined by taking blood sample from the cubital fossa area. Abdominal aortic calcication was assessed by examination of the lateral abdominal radiograph by a radiologist. Results: From 30 samples, 7 patients had vascular calcication and 23 patients had no vascular calcication. This study found that BMI showed a signicant association with arterial calcication whereas patients with arterial calcication had a lower BMI value (p value < 0.029). None of the other risk factors included in this study showed a signicant outcome for vascular calcication. Conclusion: BMI was signicantly associated with arterial calcication in nondialysis CKD patients in this study. There was no signicant relationship between hsCRP and vitamin D levels with the formation of vascular calcications in non-dialysis CKD patients.

Dyslipidemia and its relationship with shift work in petrochemical workers

Shift work disrupts the circadian rhythm, threatens workers’ health, and increases the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. The relationship between shift work, demographic factors, and the prevalence of dyslipidemia in petrochemical industry workers was examined. The study was carried out on 495 male workers in a petrochemical plant. To examine the indices of prevalence of dyslipidemia, serum levels of LDL, HDL, TG, and total cholesterol were measured. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25. The results showed that the prevalence of dyslipidemia was equal to 45.1% and abnormal relative frequencies of TG, HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol were 55.8%, 14.3%, 36.6%, and 46.7% respectively. Shift work had a significant relationship with dyslipidemia so that it alone increased the prevalence of dyslipidemia by 14% (OR = 1.14, 955 C.I = 0.9990–1.280) and taking all the variables into account, it increased dyslipidemia by 7.5% (OR = 1.075, 955 C.I = 1.052–1.098). The results showed that shift work had a significant relationship with the prevalence of dyslipidemia and increased the OR. Therefore, management of diet and proper work scheduling are among the efficient strategies to decrease the metabolic damages caused by dyslipidemia. • Evaluation of Dyslipidemia among workers of a petrochemical industry. • Shift work increased the prevalence of dyslipidemia. • Age and BMI increased OR of Dyslipidemia.

Effects of Pumpkin Seed and Apricot Oil on Atherogenic Index in the Rats: an Experimental Study

Objective: To evaluate the effects of pumpkin seed oil and apricot oil on the atherogenic index. Methods: This experimental study was carried out on 24 male albino rats (n=24) at the Department of Biochemistry in collaboration with the Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Science Jamshoro, Sindh. The study population (n=24) divided into three groups, with 8(n=8) in each group. Lipid profile determined and atherogenic index calculated by the formula log Triglycerides/HDL ratio. The atherogenic index was compared in three groups(high- fat diet group, High-fat diet+Pumpkin seed oil group and high -fat diet+apricot oil group). Data analyzed on IBM SPSS 22.0 and p value <0.05 taken as significant. Results: Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels were decreased in the groups of rats given high-fat diet +pumpkin seed oil group and high-fat diet +apricot oil group as compared to high fat diet controls. HDL levels increased to significant level in the groups of rats given high-fat diet +pumpkin seed oil and high-fat diet +apricot oil as compared to high-fat diet control. The atherogenic index was 1.426±0.19 in high-fat diet controls, and this decreased to 1.31 ±0.21 in the rats given high fat diet+ pumpkin seed oil and at the same time decreased to 1.20±0.14 in those given high fat diet with apricot oil. Conclusion: Pumpkin seed oil and apricot oil, both are effective in decreasing the atherogenic index in the rat taking high fat diet but apricot oil is more effective in reducing atherogenic index in the rats taking high fat diet. Keywords: Atherogenic index, Apricot oil, High fat diet, Pumpkin seed oil

Comparative Analysis of Role of Vitamin E and Iron Supplementation for Weight Loss in Young Adult Obese Females with Controlled Diet of 1500 Calories

Background: Obesity has become a major health issue in the world over past two decades. . This leads us to the need of immense exploration of life style modification options, dietary supplementation and weight loss friendly elements. Aim: Our study aims to highlight the comparative analysis of independent supplementation of vitamin E and iron to young adult females for their weight loss regime. Methods: 90 young adult non pregnant females of age between 25-39 years with BMI ranging between 30-34.9 (obese) were asked to take a fixed 1500 calorie diet for two months. They were divided into three groups with no supplement group, vitamin E group and iron group. Body mass index(BMI), LDL levels and prevalence of fatty liver was assessed among all individuals. Results: vitamin E and iron supplementation reduced BMI in their respective groups. Vitamin e and iron supplementation also reduce the prevalence of fatty liver among groups. Vitamin E reduces serum LDL levels. Conclusion: vitamin E and iron supplementation helps in weight loss. Keywords: obesity, vitamin E, iron, weight loss

Effects Of Estrogen and Progesterone Used in Oral Contraceptive Pills: A review

Introduction Contraception is a method of avoiding unplanned pregnancy. Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have become a prominent birth control method due to their contraceptive efficacy and acceptability profile. The use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) is linked to several health advantages as well as problems. Oral contraceptive pills can alter carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, including increased in blood glucose, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein LDL and total cholesterol. However, these changes may be affected by modification in type of progesterone used in oral contraceptive formulation.Objective: the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of oral contraceptives on glucose levels and lipid profile by emphasizing many studies that show the effect of oral contraceptive pills on the metabolic parameters such as (Fasting serum glucose, HbA1c%, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglyceride level).

Evaluation of lipid profile in postmenopausal breast cancer patients and its association with serum level of thyroid hormones, vitamin D and estrogen

The aim of the present research is to evaluate the lipid profile in postmenopausal breast cancer patients and its association with serum level of thyroid hormones, vitamin D, and estrogen level. In this research, 45 postmenopausal women with breast cancer (BC group) and 45 postmenopausal healthy women (control group) were participated. Serum level of cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL were measured using spectrophotometry. Serum level of LDL and VLDL was estimated by formula and serum level of TSH, T3, T4, fT4, 25 (OH) D3 and estrogen hormone were determined by the ELISA technique. The obtained results show that the concentrations of HDL-C in BC subgroup (Pvalue less than 0.05) were substantially lower than the healthy group. Although other lipid profile including TC, TG, LDL and VLDL in the BC group was higher than in the healthy group, however, this difference was not significant. Also, T3 level in the BC group was significantly higher than the healthy group (P< 0.05). Finally, the serum concentration of 25-OH- D3 was considerably lower in the BC group (P 0.05) than in the healthy group and the serum concentration of estrogen in the BC group was significantly higher than the healthy group (P < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between T4 and HDL (r=0.33, P=0.02). Also T4 had a significant negative correlation with TG (r= -0.37, p=0.01) and VLDL (r= -0.37, P=0.01). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that thyroid dysfunction, vitamin D deficiency, lipid profile disorders, and high level of estrogen can be considered as risk factors for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Therefore, routine screening of these parameters in the postmenopausal period is recommended to reduce the incidence of breast cancer.

Increased Insulin Resistance in Hepatitis-C Infection-Association with Altered Hepatic Function Testing.

Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious global public health problem. It is estimated that 2% to 3% of the world’s population is infected with the virus. It was found that chronic hepatitis C is an independent predictor of the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Infection with HCV or the inflammatory response to HCV infection likely contributes to the development of insulin resistance (IR), which increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the long term. This study aimed to assess the insulin resistance in hepatitis C and its correlation with various metabolic parameters. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in North India in the Department of Internal Medicine with hepatitis C-positive patients attending an out-patient or in-patient department. We took a total of 100 patients aged > 18 years and divided them into two groups: Group A with hepatitis C (cases) and Group B without hepatitis C (controls). There were a total of 50 hepatitis C patients and 50 patients without hepatitis C. Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the present study after obtaining informed consent. There was a significantly higher level of serum ferritin and insulin in group A patients than group B patients. There was a positive correlation of insulin resistance with the serum insulin, ferritin levels, cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride level and a negative correlation with the serum HDL level. The incidence of insulin resistance was positively correlated with changes in fibrosis in the liver due to the hepatitis C infection. Conclusions: From our study, we found that there is an increased incidence of insulin resistance in the patients with hepatitis-C infection, and insulin resistance is associated with the presence of altered hepatic function test results.

Effects of dibutyl phthalate and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on hepatic structure and function of adult male mice.

The objective of the present research was to determine if dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) alone and combined exposure induced pathological alterations in laboratory reared albino mice. Adult male mice were equally divided (n = 10) into Control, corn oil (CO), DBP, DEHP, and DBP+DEHP treated groups. Dibutyl phthalate (250 mg/kg), DEHP (300 mg/kg), and DBP+DEHP (250+300 mg/kg), respectively, were administered by oral gavage mixed in corn oil (0.2mL) for 28days. All animals were sacrificed following 28days of treatment and blood was collected for serum lipid profiles and liver function tests. Liver samples were also collected for observation of histological changes. Microphotographs of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were used for computer-based micrometry. CO, DBP, DEHP, and DBP+DEHP treatment resulted in a significant increase in the mean body and liver weights as compared with the Control group. Histological examination of the livers with DBP and/or DEHP treatment showed marked alterations leading to hepatic hypertrophy. In the treated groups, a significant increase in the mean number of mononucleated, binucleated cells, and oval cells per unit area was noticed with disorganized trabecular arrangement as compared with the Control group. Treatment with DBP and/or DEHP resulted in large regeneration zones in the liver and an increased relative nucleo-cytoplasmic index of mononuclear shepatocytes when compared with the Control group. All treatments caused a significant increases in the liver enzymes and proteins as well as altered serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL levels. The histopathological and serological findings confirmed the toxic potentials to hepatic tissue of DBP and DEHP either given alone or in combination.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Pyrrolo [2,3-b] Pyridine Derivatives for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is featured with liver fat infiltration and accumulation with no connection with overdrinking. With the rising trends and no FDA-approved drugs, NAFLD attracts global attention. In this study, we successfully synthesized 18 novel SIS3 derivatives and evaluated them for pharmacological activity. F-9 and F-15 had potent weight-losing effects. Importantly, intraperitoneal administration of F-9 at 10 mg·kg−1·day−1 for 5 weeks had the most excellent effects to reduce the weight of the body, liver, and fat, as well as adjusting serum levels of AST, ALT, TC, TG, HDL, and LDL. H&E staining showed that F-9 could suppress fat deposition and increase the adipocyte size in the liver.

Functional yogurt fermented by two-probiotics regulates blood lipid and weight in a high-fat diet mouse model.

We investigated the blood lipid regulation effects and mechanism of a functional Natto yogurt in a high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia mouse model. Natto yogurt was characteristically fermented by Bacillus natto and Lactobacillus plantarum with milk-soy dual protein as substrates. After 5 weeks of Natto yogurt consumption, the body weight, fat, and liver weight of mice were significantly improved, while serum levels of TG, TC, LDL, ALT, TBIL, and TBA were reduced. Natto yogurt significantly decreased the area of liver fat infiltration and the number of lipid droplets. In mechanism, we found that Natto yogurt can inhibit fatty acid synthesis and enhance fatty acid catabolism by regulating the expression of PPARα, PPARγ, CD36 and FAS in the liver. Moreover, Natto yogurt increased the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes in the intestine. These results provide a possibility for Natto yogurt as a dual protein functional food to prevent and treat hyperlipidemia and obesity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Traditional-fermented yogurt promotes nutritional absorption and reduces blood pressure and fat, while Bacillus natto and its fermented food have been proved to play a significant role in improving cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and obesity. Therefore, we developed a new dual protein functional yogurt (Natto yogurt) fermented by B. natto and Lactobacillus plantarum with milk and soy as substrates. We found that Natto yogurt could notably regulate blood lipid by inhibiting the synthesis of fatty acids, accelerating the catabolism of fatty acids, reducing liver damage, and increasing the abundance of beneficial intestinal microorganisms. This study suggested that Natto yogurt could improve hyperlipidemia and obesity as a safe, effective, and healthy functional food.

Lipoproteins as Risk Indicators of Atherosclerosis in Middle Age Adults, A Clinical Cross Section Study

Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of current study was to assess the relationship of lipoproteins with atherosclerosis as a risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in local population for health awareness. This study was conducted from June 2021 to March 2022 in medical units of Lahore General Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: Total 172 male individuals were selected for present study and divided them into two different groups. 72 normal male individuals were placed in Group-C while remaining 100 male individuals with cardiovascular diseases were in Group-A. Blood serum levels of Cholesterol. Triglycerides, Low Density Lipoproteins and High Density Lipoproteins of each person were measured through Colorimetric kit method. Collected raw data was presented bio-statistically with the applications of SPSS version 2021. Results: The metabolic biomarkers, Blood serum levels of Cholesterol. Triglycerides, Low Density Lipoproteins and High Density Lipoproteins of Group-C and Group-A (200.10±0.01, 150.01±0.02, 130.01±0.04, 45.04±0.03) and (280.10±0.01, 200.11±0.04, 180.02±0.01, 35.01±0.04) were obtained. The measured data of Group-A showed a significant (p<0.05) difference than the control group. On the other hand t-test difference for non-metabolic biomarkers i.e. Smokers, Sample size, Cardiac syndrome and Gender (-45,-28,-28,-28) of both groups have higher t-score. Conclusion: In this prospective clinical research of Pakistani middle-aged men in Lahore, findings have correlation between cardiovascular diseases and high blood serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and low levels of HDL. Keywords: Cholesterol. Triglycerides, Low Density Lipoproteins and High Density Lipoproteins, Atherosclerosis, Plaque.

Comparison of aerobic exercise and cupping methods on serum levels of fibrinogen, LDL and HDL as cardiovascular disease factors in postmenopausal women

Background: Menopause is a clinically significant period of time characterized by changes in ovarian hormone, vasomotor symptoms, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). One of the main causes of heart attacks is changes and imbalance of the homeostasis system. Sedentary lifestyle and aging also have adverse effects on the homeostasis system. One of the treatment methods that has been used for many years in the treatment of many diseases is Iranian-Islamic medicine. Therefore, in this study, the effect of cupping and aerobic exercise on LDL, HDL and fibrinogen was investigated Materials and Methods: A total of 30 inactive postmenopausal women with an age range of 50 to 65 participated in this quasi-experimental study. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: aerobic exercise, cupping therapy, and control group. Aerobic exercises with an intensity of 50 to 75% of heart rate reserve were performed three times a week for 6 weeks and the cupping group was cupped in the third week. Blood samples were taken to measure fibrinogen, LDL, and HDL before the start of the training period and 48 hours after the end of the last training session. Then, an analysis of covariance was used for intergroup comparisons. Also, the pre- and post-test were analyzed using paired t-test at a significance level of <0.05. Results: Aerobic exercise and cupping showed a significant decrease in fibrinogen (P = 0.04) and LDL (P = 0.001) and an increase in LDH (P = 0.003). Paired t-test results showed a significant decrease in fibrinogen, LDL and HDL post-test compared to pre-intervention post-test. Conclusion: Cupping therapy and aerobic physical activity are effective factors in reducing the levels of fibrinogen and LDL and increasing HDL in postmenopausal women. According to the results, exercise may have better effects on decreasing fibrinogen and blood lipids, as the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis, compared to cupping therapy.