Serum LDH Activity Research Articles

The efficacy of intravenous application of the Mycobacterium Cell Wall Fraction (AMPLIMUNE) in the treatment of subclinical mastitis caused by S. Aureus.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the immunostimulant Mycobacterium Cell Wall Fraction (MCWF) on the treatment of S. aureus SCM by intravenous application. The study included 45 HF dairy cows in 2nd and 3rd month after parturition divided into three groups (n = 15 per group): the MC + group - cows with S. aureus SCM treated with MCWF; the MC- group - cows with S. aureus SCM, with no treatment; and the C group - the control group of healthy cow with no treatment. Samples were collected 0th (I sample), 7th (II), and 14th day (III) from the day of SCM diagnosis and on day 21st (IV). A greater influx of leukocytes was confirmed into milk after 7 days after MCWF treatment in MC + group, which was followed by increase of WBC and LYM in blood. These results support the hypothesis of effective action of MCWF, and in quarters with lower-grade infection, bacteriological cure was achieved. The MC- group had a statistically higher concentration of TBARS and CAT activity in milk, while MC + group had lower blood serum LDH activity, which indicates a positive effect of the MCWF application and a lower exposure of the tissue to lipide peroxidation and inflammation caused by S. aureus. The application of MCWF would give new possibilities in the prevention and therapy of mammary gland diseases without fear of the presence of residues and the emergence of bacterial resistance. In future studies, the effects of local and systemic application of MCWF in the treatment of S. aureus SCM should be compared.

Effects of Sophora alopecuroides in a High-Concentrate Diet on the Liver Immunity and Antioxidant Function of Lambs According to Transcriptome Analysis.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Sophora alopecuroides (SA) on liver function, liver inflammatory factor levels, antioxidant indexes and transcriptome in sheep. Twenty-four 3-month-old healthy Dumont hybrid lambs weighing 25.73 ± 2.17 kg were randomly divided into three groups: C1 (the control group), fed a concentrate-to-forage ratio of 50:50; H2 (the high-concentration group), fed a concentrate-to-forage ratio of 70:30; and S3 (the SA group), fed a concentrate-to-forage ratio of 70:30 + 0.1% SA. The results showed that the rumen pH values of the C1 and S3 groups were significant or significantly higher than that of the H2 group (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The serum ALT, AST and LDH activities and the LPS and LBP concentrations in the sheep serum and liver in the H2 group were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those in the C1 and S3 groups (p < 0.01), and the IL-10 content and SOD, GPX-PX and T-AOC activities showed the opposite trend (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the ECM-receptor interaction and focal adhesion pathways, which are closely related to immune and antioxidant functions (p-adjust < 0.1). In summary, SA could improve the immune and antioxidant functions of lamb livers under high-concentrate conditions and regulate the mechanism of damage on sheep livers, which is caused by high-concentrate diets and through the expression of related genes in the ECM/FAs pathway.

Evaluation of Total and Lipid-Bound Sialic Acids, Trace and Macro Elements, and Some Biochemical Parameters in Dogs with Babesiosis

The present study was designed to investigate the changes at the levels of total sialic acid (TSA), lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA), trace and macroelements, and some biochemical parameters in dogs naturally infected with babesiosis. While babesiosis group consisted of seven dogs which were diagnosed with babesiosis clinically and parasitologically (ELISA), control group consisted of seven healthy dogs. Serum TSA and LSA levels in blood samples were measured spectrophotometrically by Sydow and Katapodis methods, respectively. Some biochemical parameters and macroelement measurements were performed using a modular autoanalyzer device. Trace mineral measurements were performed by ICP-MS technique. Compared to the healthy group, dogs with babesiosis had considerably higher TSA and LSA levels. Serum AST, ALP, LDH and CK enzyme activities and CRP, glucose, globulin, total bilirubin, urea, uric acid, creatinine and BUN levels of the babesiosis group significantly increased, while total protein level significantly decreased. The changes in ALT enzyme activity and triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, HDL-CDL and ferritin levels were not statistically significant. Zinc, copper, magnesium, sodium, and potassium levels of the babesiosis group decreased significantly, while iron and chlorine levels increased significantly (p

Richter transformation – retrospective treatment outcomes analysis in Polish Adult Leukemia Study Group

Richter transformation (RT) is defined as developing an aggressive lymphoma in 2–10% of patients suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). So far, no complex analysis of RT demographics and treatment outcomes has been performed in Poland. Thus, the retrospective analysis of 124 patients with RT from Polish hematology centers was designed. Ninety-nine patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL-RT) were identified. The median overall survival (OS) for DLBCL-RT was 17.3 months, while for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL-RT)-21.3 months. In multivariate analysis, the independent factors of worse OS for DLBCL-RT were: prior CLL therapy, ECOG stage ≥2, and elevated serum LDH activity. Patients who proceeded to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) achieved better results. The median OS in allogeneic HSCT recipients was not reached, while in autologous HSCT median OS was 51.3 months. In conclusion, our study represents the largest dataset of patients diagnosed with RT in Poland and confirms its dismal prognosis.

Evaluation of therapeutic effects of camel milk against the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by fipronil and lead acetate and their mixture

Elevated environmental pollution of lead and fipronil is blamed for chronic toxicity. Fipronil and lead acetate are commonly used, but now no adequate data is available concerning the harmful side effects of their mixture. The present work investigated the curative effects of camel milk against lead and fipronil subchronic toxicity individually and as mixture with different doses (1/30 and 1/60 LD50) on male albino rats by oral ingestion. Rats were divided into eight groups; the first group (G1) was the normal health control. G2, G4, G6, and G8 are the normal health groups camel milk. G3 and G4 are ingested by 1/30 LD50 of the fipronil formulation. G5 and G6 are ingested by 1/30 LD50 of lead acetate. G7 and G8 are ingested by 1/60 LD50 of lead acetate and 1/60 LD50 of fipronil formulation. The lead acetate or fipronil and their mixture significantly induced destructive damage to the kidneys and liver function parameters as well as lipid profile and oxidative stress in both organs. Serum LDH activity increased under the same conditions. Most harmful effects were clearly observed in G7 followed by G3 and G5. Histological examination revealed hepatic degeneration and nephropathy in intoxicated rats relative to normal health control, as shown by hypertrophy of hepatocytes in addition to karyomegaly, binucleation, and mild individual cell coagulative and mild hypertrophy, as well as a vacuolar degeneration of tubular epithelium in the kidneys. Both toxicants in their mixture showed more harmful than those of their individual ones. Camel milk treatments into intoxicated animals (lead, fipronil, and mixture groups) attenuated all evaluated parameters, alleviated the harmful influences of the mixture of lead acetate and fipronil, and improved the biomarkers of their oxidative stress.

Effect of Dendrobine on Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats with Myocardial Infarction by Regulating Autophagy

Aim: To observe Dendrobine (Den) on rats with post-myocardial infarction cardiac dysfunction and mechanism. Materials: Dividing 27 rats as Sham, Model and Den groups, rats treated with two weeks of drug had their cardiac function and structure measured by ultrasound; their myocardial pathological changes observed by HE and Masson staining and observe apoptosis cell number by TUNEL staining; their serum activities of LDH and CK-MB detected by ELISA; myocardial autophagy protein expressions detected by WB and immunohistochemistry. Results: Model group displayed decreased cardiac function levels, enlarged area of myocardial fibrosis, more serum activities of LDH and CK-MB, increased myocardial tissue structural damage and apoptosis cell number, downregulated LAMP2 expression, and up-regulated expressions of Beclin1, LC3-II/LC3-I rate, and P62. To rat victims of myocardial infarction, Den improved cardiac function, reduced area of myocardial fibrosis, compromised activities of serum LDH and CK-MB, and relieved damage in myocardial structure, decreased apoptosis cell number in myocardial tissue, up-regulated the expressions of Beclin1, LAMP2 and LC3-II, and down-regulated P62 to promote the autophagy in myocardium damaged by myocardial infarction. Conclusion: Den alleviates post-myocardial infarction cardiac dysfunction through improvement of autophagosomes formation and autophagic flux via Beclin1/LAMP2 pathway.

Ent-kaurenoic acid-enriched Mikania glomerata leaves-complexed β-cyclodextrin: Pharmaceutical development and in vivo antitumor activity in a sarcoma 180 mouse model

The extract obtained from Mikania glomerata leaves rich in ent-kaurenoic acid (ERKA) shows cytotoxic activity in vitro, but its hydrophobic nature and thermosensitivity are issues to be solved prior to in vivo antitumor studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antitumor activity of inclusion complexes formed between ERKA and β-cyclodextrin (ERKA:β-CD) in rodents. ERKA:β-CD complexes obtained by malaxation (MX) and co-evaporation (CE) methods were firstly characterized regarding their physical properties, encapsulation efficiency, and cytotoxicity againts L929 cells. The antitumor activity study was then performed in mice with sarcoma 180 treated with saline, 5-fluouracil (5FU) and ERKA:β-CD at 30, 100 and 300 µg/kg. The weight, volume, percentage of inhibition growth, gross and pathological features and positivity for TUNEL, ki67, NFκB and NRF2 in the tumors were assessed. Serum lactate-dehydrogenase activity (LDH), white blood cells count (WBC) and both gross and pathological features of the liver, kidneys and spleen were also evaluated. The formation of the inclusion complexes was confirmed by thermal analysis and FTIR, and they were non-toxic for L929 cells. The MX provided a better complexation efficiency. ERKA:β-CD300 promoted significant tumor growth inhibition, and attenuated the tumor mitotic activity and necrosis content, comparable to 5-fluorouracil. ERKA:β-CD300 also increased TUNEL-detected cell death, reduced Ki67 and NF-kB immunoexpression, and partially inhibited the serum LDH activity. No side effect was observed in ERKA:β-CD300-treated animals. The ERKA:β-CD inclusion complexes at 300 µg/kg displays antitumour activity in mice with low systemic toxicity, likely due to inhibition on the NF-kB signaling pathway and LDH activity.

Dexmedetomidine Reduce Multiple Organ Injury Induced by Lung Ischemia/ Reperfusion of Mice Through Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response

To investigate the effect of Dexmedetomidine reduce brain, myocardium and kidney injury induced by lung ischemia/reperfusion of mice through inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress response. SPF C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10): the sham operation group (group sham), the ischemia reperfusion Group (Group I/R), the Atipamezole Group (Group Atip), dexmedetomidine Group (Group-DEX) and dexmedetomidine+AtipamezoleGroup (Group DA). Lung ischemia reperfusion models were established with the method of 30min in-vivo left hilus occlusion followed by 180min reperfusion. In addition to the steps same as Group I/R, the mice in Groups Atip, Dex and DA were given Atip(250μg/kg), Dex(20μg/kg), and Dex+ Atip(20μg/kg+250μg/kg) respectively by intraperitoneal injection 30min before hilar occlusion. After reperfusion, the blood was taken from the eye-orbit to determine the activity of serum CK-MB and LDH and the levels of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen. The brain tissue was taken to determine the brain water content. The tissue of myocardium, brain and kidney was taken to observe the cellular morphology change under the light microscope. The expression of Caspase3 activity in heart, brain and kidney was determined with Thermos Scientific Microplate Reader. The TUNEL method was used to detect the apoptotic index of heart, brain and kidney. The Western blot and RT-PCR were used to determine the expression of proteins and mRNA of JNK, Caspase12, CHOP and GRP78. Compared with Group Sham, obvious injury in the tissue of myocardium, brain and kidney was observed in the other four groups under the light microscope. The activity of CKMB and LDH, and the levels of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and brain water content were significantly increased as well. The apoptotic index, Caspase3 activity, and the expression of the proteins and mRNA of JNK, Caspase12, CHOP and GRP78 were also significantly elevated. Compared with Group I/R, Atip and DA, the mitigated injury in the myocardium, brain and kidney was observed in Group DEX under the light microscope. The activity of CK-MB and LDH, and the levels of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and brain water content were decreased and the apoptotic index, Caspase3 activity, and the expression of the proteins and mRNAs of JNK, Caspase12 and CHOP were also significantly decreased in Group DEX, but the proteins and mRNA expression of GRP78 were significantly elevated. For the comparison among theGroup I/R, Atip and DA, there is no significant difference was found.(grp78).The pre-administration of DEX can mitigate the heart, brain and kidney injury induced by lung ischemia reperfusion. The mechanism may be related to the activation of α2-adrenergic receptor and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum over-response.

Effect of syringic acid on steroid and gonadotropic hormones, hematological indices, sperm characteristics and morphologies, and markers of tissue damage in methyl cellosolve-administered rats

Methyl cellosolve (MTC) is an established gonadotoxic and hematotoxic compound that is commonly and universally utilized in herbicide, liquid soap, stain, dye, paint, and brake fluid manufacturing industries as a solvent. Due to its wide range usage, this study therefore investigated the effect of syringic acid (SYAC) on hematological indices, sperm characteristics and morphologies, and markers of tissue damage in MTC administered male Wistar rats. Thirty (30) rats divided into six groups were used. Rats in group 1 served as control, those in group 2 were administered MTC for 30 consecutive days, those in groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight of SYAC respectively also for 30 consecutive days immediately after each day MTC administrations, while rats in group 6 received 75 mg/kg body weight of SYAC only throughout. Compared with control, administrations of MTC resulted in a significant decrease in spermatozoa count, number of normal and live spermatozoa, Hb count, MCH, MCHC, serum TC, and LH, while number of abnormal spermatozoa, RBC and WBC counts, activities of serum AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, and ADH were significantly increased. Treatments with 25 mg/kg of SYAC significantly reduced the RBC and WBC counts, serum activities of AST, ALT, GGT, and increased TC concentration. Treatments with 50 mg/kg SYAC significantly lowered the number of abnormal spermatozoa, RBC count, activities of serum ALT, AST, LDH, ADH, and increased the number of normal spermatozoa, MCV, MCH, and MCHC, while 75 mg/kg of SYAC significantly decreased the serum activities of AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, ADH, and increased serum TC concentration. Findings from this study have revealed the hepatoprotective effect of SYAC at all doses investigated but did not confer spermatoprotection and hematoprotection against MTC-induced toxicities, and looking at the 3 doses investigated, 50 mg/kg of SYAC yielded the best effect.

The effectiveness of using power fitness training loads to increase adaptive reserves of female athletes in hand-to-hand combat

Background and Study Purpose. One of the main aspects of improving the special training of athletes in hand-to-hand combat is increasing functional reserves in conditions of power loads. Study Purpose - to study the peculiarities of adaptive body changes and the level of special training in female athletes of hand-to-hand combat using power fitness programs with different structure, parameters, and means.&#x0D; Material and Methods. We examined 36 female athletes (18-20 years old) who had been engaged in hand-to-hand combat for the last 4 years. We divided these women into two groups,18 people in each group. Groups used completely different power fitness training programs. We used methods of testing special training (the number of accurate kicks on the mannequin for 30 s) and laboratory monitoring of blood biochemical parameters (cortisol and LDH) before and after training load during 3 months. Group A used the standard power fitness training program for women of this age (exercises on simulators). Group B used well-known exercises with their own body weight with a complete change of kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the technique during 3 months of training.&#x0D; Results. The obtained results showed that indicators of special training positively changed by 10.4% (p &lt;0.05) in group B athletes. At the same time, the studied indicator increased by 2.2% compared to initial level in group A athletes. At the end of the study, we observed an increase in cortisol level in the blood serum of group B athletes in response to physical stimuli. This was almost 10 times lower than the results recorded in group A. The results of monitoring LDH activity in the blood serum showed that its level increased by 19.5% (p &lt;0.05) during the entire study period only in group B athletes. The controlled indicator remained almost unchanged in group A. The dynamics of the studied steroid hormone and enzyme in the blood serum in group B indicated an increase in the level of organism resistance to training loads under specified conditions of muscular activity and their pronounced adaptive changes.&#x0D; Conclusions. Determining the most effective power fitness training program for special training of female athletes in hand-to-hand combat, will help to increase their adaptive body reserves and their level of fitness. For this using different in structure and parameters training load.

Serum cardiac troponin I concentration increases in sheep with uterine torsion

It is currently unclear whether myocardial damage occurs in sheep suffering from uterine torsion. Increased serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration is considered as the gold standard indicator of myocardial damage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the serum cTnI concentrations in sheep with uterine torsion and the relationship of serum cTnI concentrations in cases of uterine torsion to hematological and biochemical variables, the degree of uterine torsion and the estimated duration of labor. A total of 32 sheep were included in the study and were assigned to uterine torsion (UT, n = 14), other types of dystocia requiring cesarean section or manual assistance (OTD, n = 11), and unassisted vaginal delivery (UVD, n = 7) groups based on inclusion criteria. Advia Centaur TnI-Ultra, a human-specific immunoassay, was used to measure serum cTnI concentrations. The median serum cTnI concentration was significantly higher in the UT group than in the OTD and UVD groups (UT: 0.507 ng/mL (0.040–18.521); OTD: 0.044 ng/mL (0.016–0.135); UVD: 0.036 ng/mL (0.023–0.059); p < 0.001). In uterine torsion cases, serum cTnI concentrations correlated positively with serum CK (r = 0.556, p = 0.042), AST (r = 0.613, p = 0.022) and LDH activities (r = 0.609, p = 0.024), and degree of uterine torsion (r = 0.563, p = 0.036). The results indicated that uterine torsion leads to an increase in serum cTnI concentration. Further investigations can be undertaken to explore possible factors contributing to the release of cTnI from the myocardium into the circulation and whether the myocardial damage in uterine torsion is reversible or irreversible.

Correlations between Kidney and Heart Function Bioindicators and the Expressions of Toll-Like, ACE2, and NRP-1 Receptors in COVID-19.

Background: COVID-19 impacts the cardiovascular system resulting in myocardial damage, and also affects the kidneys leading to renal dysfunction. This effect is mostly through the binding with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Neuropilin-1 (NRP-l) receptors. Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) typically combine with microbial pathogens and provoke an inflammatory response. Aim: This work aims to compare the changes in kidney and heart function bioindicators and expressions of TLRs (TLR2 and TLR2) as well as ACE2 and NRP-l receptors in moderate and severe COVID-19 patients. The correlations between kidney and heart function bioindicators and expressions of these receptors are also studied. Patients and Methods: In this study, 50 healthy control and 100 COVID-19 patients (55 males and 45 females) were enrolled. According to WHO guidelines, these participants were divided into severe (50 cases) and moderate (50 cases). Serum creatinine, blood urea, CK-MB, LDH, and Troponin I were estimated. We measured the gene expression for Toll-Like Receptors (TLR2 and TLR4), ACE2, and NRP-1 in the blood samples using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results: In comparison with the healthy group, all patients exhibited a significant elevation in serum creatinine, urea, cardiac enzymes (CK-MB and LDH), and CRP. Serum Troponin I level was significantly increased in severe COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, all studied patients revealed a significant elevation in the expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, ACE2, and NRP-1 mRNA. In all patients, CK-MB, ACE2, and NRP-1 mRNA expression levels were positively correlated with both TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels. Moreover, serum creatinine and urea levels were positively correlated with both TLR2 and TLR 4 expression levels in the severe group only. In the moderate group, serum CK-MB activity and Troponin I level had a significant positive correlation with both NRP-1 and ACE2 expression levels, while serum urea level and LDH activity had a significant positive correlation with NRP-1 only. In severe patients, the increases in serum creatinine, urea, CK-MB, and LDH were significantly associated with the elevations in both ACE2 and NRP-1 expression levels, whereas serum Troponin I level had a positive direct relationship with NRP-1 only. Conclusions: Our study concluded that expression levels for TLR2, TLR4, ACE2, and NRP-1 mRNA in both severe and moderate patients were positively correlated with renal biomarkers and cardiac enzymes. Innate immune markers can be important because they correlate with the severity of illness in COVID-19.

The dichotomous function of FUNDC1‐dependent mitophagy in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX), an extremely effective and wide‐spectrum antineoplastic anthracycline, has been known for its notorious adverse effect of dose‐dependent dilated cardiotoxicity that culminates in heart failure. The current approach for reducing DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity is to limit the overall cumulative dose of the drug, but at the expense of narrowing the therapeutic window for cancer treatment. Therefore, it is imperative to identify new strategies to protect against DOX‐induced heart damage without compromising its antineoplastic activity. DOX cardiotoxicity is closely associated with mitochondrial injury which is characterized by an early loss of mitochondrial membrane potential followed by dysregulation of mitochondrial quality control mechanisms including mitophagy, a process through which injured mitochondria are degraded by the autophagic pathway. Mitophagy is generally believed to play protective roles under various normal and disease conditions. However, evidence also suggests that mitophagy can become detrimental, leading to cell death under certain conditions. The effect of DOX on mitophagy has been assessed previously, but neither mitophagy activity nor its functional role in DOX cardiotoxicity has been clearly defined. Parkin and FUNDC1 are two well‐established positive regulators of mitophagy. Knockdown of Parkin diminished DOX‐induced cell death, while overexpression of Parkin had the opposite effects, suggesting that DOX cardiotoxicity was mediated, at least in part, by accelerated mitophagy through a Parkin‐dependent pathway. However, the role of FUNDC1‐mediated mitophagy in DOX cardiotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the functional role of FUNDC1 in DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity using both FUNDC1 knockout (KO) and transgenic (TG) mice. We hypothesized that knockout of FUNDC1 would alleviate DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity while overexpression of FUNDC1 would exacerbate DOX cardiotoxicity. DOX‐induced cardiac injury was examined and compared with WT and FUNDC1 KO (FKO) or FUNDC1 transgenic (FTG) mice. The Fractional Shortening (FS) was measured by echocardiography. Serum LDH activity and cardiac troponin‐I (cTnI) levels were measured and used as indicators of cardiac tissue damage. For the mitophagy flux assay, mice were treated with lysosomal proteasome inhibitors (25mg/kg pepA and 5mg/kg E64d) for 4 hours and the heart tissues were collected for Western blot analyses. Knockout of FUNDC1 reduced mitophagy in the mouse heart, while overexpression of FUNDC1 accelerated mitophagy flux, confirming FUNDC1 as a positive regulator of mitophagy. Knockout of FUNDC1 attenuated DOX‐induced cardiac functional impairment as shown by improved fractional shortening (FS), supporting the conclusion that FUNDC1‐dependent mitophagy may mediate DOX cardiotoxicity. Surprisingly, however, overexpression of FUNDC1 also alleviated DOX‐induced cardiac injury, suggesting that FUNDC1 may function independently of mitophagy in the maintenance of cardiac function.

Adipose Tissue-derived Cardiomyocytes for Enhancing Cardiac Remodeling in a Rat Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction

This investigation was directed towards addressing the pivotal role of adipose tissue-derived cardiomyocytes seeded onto nanofiber (NF) in repairing the deteriorated cardiac tissue in a model of MI. Molecular analysis for MEF2C and Actn expression was attained to ensure the differentiation of ADMSCs into cardiomyocytes in vitro. The in vivo study was conducted on forty adult rats assigned into four groups: (1) control; (2) MI; (3) MI treated with adipose tissue-derived cardiomyocytes; (4) MI treated with adipose tissue-derived cardiomyocytes seeded onto NF. Treatment of MI-challenged rats with adipose tissue-derived cardiomyocytes modulates ST height, heart rate, RR, PR, QTc, QRS intervals and P duration as manifested in the ECG. The biochemical parameters corroborated the ECG outcomes as they displayed significant inhibition in serum LDH and CK-MB enzymes activity as well as significant suppression in cardiac cTnT level paralleled with significant elevations in cardiac Cx43 and Actn levels in the treated groups. Molecular analysis of GATA4 and NKX2.5 gene expression levels declared significant downregulation in the treated groups. Photomicrographs of cardiac tissue sections of rats in the treated groups showed great renovation in the cardiac microarchitecture. Conclusively, this study delivers a futuristic approach for treatment of MI by applying differentiated cardiomyocytes systematically.

Antioxidant Effect of Taurine on Chronic Heat-Stressed Broilers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of taurine on blood indices of broilers with chronic heat stress and to provide theoretical basis for the application of taurine in the anti-chronic heat stress of broilers. In the test, 240 AA + broilers at 7days of age were randomly divided into five groups: the normal temperature control group (24±2°C) in group C, the heat stress control group (34±2°C) in HS group, and the LTau, MTau, and HTau groups in heat under stress conditions, 0.5g/L, 2g/L, and 8g/L taurine, were added to the drinking water, and each group was repeated three times. After 2weeks of feeding at normal temperature, heat stress began. The test period was 4weeks. Blood was collected at 6 h, 12 h, 7 d, 14 d, 21 d, and 28 d after heat stress, and serum was separated. The results showed that compared with the HS group, MTau significantly increased the total serum protein content (P<0.05), but the other groups were not significantly different (P>0.05). The MTau and HTau groups contained significantly lowered serum uric acid levels than the HS group (P<0.05). At 7d and 14d, the LTau, MTau, and HTau groups all exhibited significantly increased T3 and T4 concentrations (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups at other times (P>0.05). Compared with the HS group, the MTau group contained significantly reduced serum CK activity, LDH activity, AST activity, and ALT activity (P<0.05). Compared with the LTau, MTau, and HTau groups, serum MDA content was significantly increased in the heat-stressed broilers (P<0.05). MTau group contained significantly increased T-AOC, SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX levels (P<0.05). The other groups were not significantly different (P>0.05). Compared with group C, serum HSP60 and HSP70 levels were significantly elevated in the HS group (P<0.05). Compared with the HS group, the LTau and MTau groups contained significantly increased serum HSP60 and HSP70 concentrations (P<0.05), but the other groups were not significantly different (P>0.05). In conclusion, taurine can alleviate the symptoms of chronic heat stress of broilers, regulate the metabolism of the body, and improve the antioxidant activity of the body.

Effects of Taurine on Serum Indexes of Broilers with Chronic Heat Stress.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of taurine on tissue injury, protein metabolism, and basal metabolism of broilers after chronic heat stress by detecting serum physiological and biochemical indices. In the test, 240 AA + broilers at 7days of age were randomly divided into five groups: the normal temperature control group (24±2°C) in group C, the heat stress control group (34±2°C) in HS group, and the LTau, MTau, and HTau groups in heat under stress conditions, 0.5, 2, and 8g/L taurine were added to the drinking water, and each group was repeated three times. After 2weeks of feeding at normal temperature, heat stress began. The test period was 4weeks. Blood was collected at 6h, 12h, 7d, 14d, 21d, and 28d after heat stress, and serum was separated. The results showed that compared with the HS group, the MTau group had significantly higher total serum protein content (P<0.05), while the other groups were not significantly different (P>0.05). The MTau and HTau groups had significantly lower serum uric acid levels than the HS group (P<0.05). At 7d and 14d, the LTau, MTau, and HTau groups all showed significantly increased T3 and T4 concentrations (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups thereafter (P>0.05). Compared with HS group, the MTau group contained significantly reduced serum CK activity, LDH activity, AST activity, and ALT activity (P<0.05). In conclusion, the effects of taurine on tissue damage, protein metabolism, and basal metabolism of broilers after chronic heat stress were studied by measuring serum physiological and biochemical indices. To provide a theoretical basis for the application of taurine in acute heat-stressed broilers.

Phyllanthus amarus attenuated derangement in renal-cardiac function, redox status, lipid profile and reduced TNF-α, interleukins-2, 6 and 8 in high salt diet fed rats

High salt diet (HSD) has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of immune derangement, cardiovascular disorders and, metabolic syndromes. This study investigated the protective effect of ethanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus (EEPA) against high salt diet (HSD) induced biochemical and metabolic derangement in male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each as follows; control group fed with normal rat chow, negative control group, fed HSD only, animals on HSD treated orally with 75 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and, 150 mg/kg EEPA once daily. At the end of 8 weeks treatment, lipid profile (TG, TC, LDL, and VLDL), oxidative stress (catalase, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde), inflammatory (TNF-a, interleukins 2, 6, and 8), cardiac (lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase) and kidney function markers (urea, uric acid, creatinine) were assessed. Serum TG, TC, LDL, and VLDL content were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in HSD-only fed rats, while HDL was significantly elevated in a concentration-dependent manner in EEPA treated animals. The extract produced a significant (p < 0.05) and dose-dependent increase in the antioxidant enzymes activities and a significant reduction in the malondialdehyde level. A significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent reduction in serum TNF-alpha, IL-2, 6, and 8 of EEPA treated rats compared with HSD-fed rats was observed. More so, reduction in serum LDH, creatine kinase, creatinine, urea, and uric acid activity of extract-treated animals were noted. EEPA attenuated high salt diet-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia in rats.

Anti-inflammatory/anti-apoptotic impact of betulin attenuates experimentally induced ulcerative colitis: An insight into TLR4/NF-kB/caspase signalling modulation

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease with limited therapeutic management approaches. The present study evaluated the potential therapeutic impact of betulin on acetic acid (AA)-induced UC in rats. UC was induced by intracolonic instillation of AA (3% v/v). Rats were treated with betulin (8 mg/kg, I.P., once daily) four days post AA instillation and for 14 consecutive days. Betulin attenuated AA-induced UC as evidenced by retracted macroscopic scores, serum CRP titre and LDH activity, attenuated histopathological hallmarks of UC including mucosal necrosis, haemorrhage, congestion and inflammatory cells infiltration. Moreover, betulin dampened UC-associated colonic inflammatory load with modulation of TLR4/NF-kB axis and reduction in colonic inflammatory cytokines; TNF-α, IL1β and IL-6. Nevertheless, betulin suppressed colonic apoptosis with reduced colonic caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression. The current findings confirm a beneficial therapeutic impact of betulin against UC. The prospective underlying mechanisms include down-regulation of TLR4/NF-κB and the subsequent downstream signalling pathways.

Mechanism of Ursolic Acid Inhibiting Myocardial Injury in Mice

Ursolic acid can clear free radicals and prevent the formation of non-enzymatic glycosylation products. Our study assessed the inhibitory effect of UA on the myocardial tissue of mice. 36 healthy mice were equally and randomly divided into 3 groups by double blind method, sham operation group, model group and ursolic acid group. Myocardial injury model was established and treated with ursolic acid followed by analysis of cell morphological structure and apoptosis; levels of serum CK, AST, LDH activity and IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels, as well as expression of p-AKT, AKT and PI3K in myocardial tissue. The morphological structure and apoptosis of ursolic acid group were improved compared to model group (P &lt; 0.05). CK, AST, LDH, p-AKT and PI3K level in serum of ursolic acid group was significantly decreased (P &lt;0.05) along with significantly downregulate IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α (P &lt;0.05). Ursolic acid ameliorates myocardial injury in mice possibly through inhibition of AKT/P13K signaling pathway to reduce inflammatory cascade in the body.

Acid Ceramidase Protects Against Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Modulating Sphingolipid Metabolism and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.

Ceramide is a bioactive signaling lipid involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. It also plays an important role in ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury via activation of inflammatory/oxidative stress-stimulated signaling pathways, resulting in tissue damage. Acid ceramidase is a lipid hydrolase that modulates the levels of ceramide, and as such has a potential therapeutic role in many human diseases where ceramide has been implicated. Here we investigated the therapeutic potential of recombinant acid ceramidase in a murine model of hepatic IR injury. Serum ALT, AST, and LDH activities, as well as oxidative stress (MDA) and inflammatory (MCP-1) markers, were increased in mice subjected to IR compared to a sham group. In contrast, these elevations were significantly lower in an IR group pretreated with a single injection of acid ceramidase. Histological examination by two different assessment criteria also revealed that acid ceramidase pretreatment alleviated IR-induced hepatocyte damage, including reduced evidence of cell death and necrosis. In addition, elevated ceramide and sphingosine levels were observed in the IR group compared to sham, and were markedly reduced when pretreated with acid ceramidase. In contrast, the levels of the protective signaling lipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), were reduced following IR and elevated in response to acid ceramidase pretreatment. These changes in sphingolipid levels could be correlated with changes in the activities of several sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes. Overall, these results indicated that sphingolipid changes were an important pathologic component of hepatic IR injury, and that acid ceramidase administration ameliorated these lipid changes and other downstream pathologic changes.