Serum Iron Indices Research Articles

Influence of TMPRSS6 genotype on iron status parameters in stable COPD patients

Background: The SNP rs855791 has been linked to increased hepcidin levels, variations in serum iron, transferrin saturation and red blood cell indices. Our goal was to determine the prevalence of this polymorphism among COPD patients and to assess its impact on iron status parameters including hepcidin in patients with stable COPD. Methods: We analysed iron status parameters and genetic data form 94 COPD patient: 29 patients with wild-type genotype (WT group) and 65 patients with either homozygous or heterozygous genotype (HH group). Additionally, the prevalence of SNP rs855791 was assessed in 192 volunteers. Results: The frequency distribution of SNP rs855791 was comparable between the COPD patients and control subjects (p=0.791). Iron status parameters were within their respective reference values and did not show neither statistically nor clinically significant difference between the WT and HH group of COPD patients. However, after excluding patients with (sub)clinical vitamin B12 deficiency and/or hypoxemia, WT group of patients exhibited significantly lower erythropoietin levels (p=0.015). The area under the curve for EPO was 0.688 (95% CI: 0.545-0.830, p=0.015), with an optimal cut-off of 9.74, sensitivity of 61.2% (95% CI: 58.1-64.3) and specificity of 65.0% (95% CI: 61.8-68.3). Conclusion: In patients with stable COPD, iron status parameters do not differ between WT and HH group of patients. After excluding those with (sub)clinical vitamin B12 deficiency and/or hypoxia, only statistical and not clinical difference in EPO levels was observed suggesting that EPO may regulate hepcidin levels and thus influence the development of iron deficiency and/or anaemia.

Anemia among adult patients with diabetes attending King Abdulaziz University Hospital: A retrospective study.

The prevalence of anemia in adults with diabetes is of growing importance due to its impact on overall health and the management of diabetes-related complications. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia among adult patients with diabetes at King Abdulaziz University Hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A retrospective study was done on 1208 patients with diabetes >18 years who attended the study setting from 2010 to 2022. Data about patients' demographics, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; %), hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin, iron, mean corpuscular Hb, mean corpuscular volume, free thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T3), and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were collected. Of patients, 86.6% had anemia with a prevalence of 30.2%, 47.6%, and 22.2% for mild, moderate, and severe anemias, respectively. The prevalence of anemia was significantly higher among females, those with high serum ferritin, normal serum iron or normal serum T3, lower mean HbA1c level (%), lower serum iron or T3, and higher serum ferritin or TSH. A significant positive correlation was found between Hb level and HbA1c level (%), serum iron, free T3, and body mass index. A significant negative correlation was found between Hb level and mean corpuscular volume, serum ferritin, and serum TSH. Being female, having high serum ferritin, lower mean free T3, and a high TSH were risk factors for anemia. The prevalence of severe anemia was significantly higher among patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. A high prevalence of anemia was found among studied diabetics. Anemia screening should be included in the routine assessment of patients with diabetes. A multidisciplinary approach involving endocrinologists, hematologists, and dietitians is recommended to ensure holistic care and address all aspects of the patient's health. In addition, further research should be supported to better understand the mechanisms linking diabetes and anemia and to establish evidence-based guidelines for managing anemia in diabetics.

Associations between Serum Iron Indices and Self-Assessed Multiple Intelligence Scores among Adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Micronutrient deficiencies, including iron deficiency, are linked to different cognitive impairments and sensory functions. However, whether circulating iron levels affect self-assessed multiple intelligence (MI) scores in adolescents remains uninvestigated. This study aimed to investigate associations between serum iron levels and self-assessed MI scores in adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Recruiting 434 Saudi adolescents (174 boys and 260 girls, aged 12-17), we administered the McKenzie questionnaire to assess MI across nine categories. Anthropometrics and fasting blood samples were collected to measure circulating iron and transferrin levels. Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin saturation (TSAT) levels were calculated. Notably, girls exhibited significantly higher MI scores in the interactive domain than boys (age and BMI-adjusted OR = 1.36, 95% confidence interval = 1.07-1.73, p = 0.01). No significant correlations were observed between serum iron and MI. However, normal TSAT levels (TSAT > 20%) corresponded with higher age and BMI-adjusted odds of MI scores in the musical (OR = 1.59, 95%CI = 1.1-2.2, p = 0.006), linguistic (1.57, 1.1-2.3, p = 0.016), kinesthetic (1.48, 1.1-2.1, p = 0.024), spatial (1.45, 1.1-2.1, p = 0.03), and existential (1.56, 1.1-2.1, p = 0.01) categories compared to ones with lower TSAT levels (TSAT ≤ 20%), only in boys. In conclusion, serum iron levels may not directly influence MI domains in adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; however, lower TSAT levels, indicative of iron-deficiency anemia, may influence MI, only in boys, indicating a possible relationship between iron metabolism and cognitive functions.

Utility of Blood Biomarkers to Predict Marrow Iron Stores in Children.

Iron deficiency is common in children with kidney failure, but current guidelines are based on biomarkers of iron stores that may be influenced by inflammation. This is the first study that examined which serum iron indices were associated with stainable marrow iron stores (the gold standard) in this population with kidney failure who underwent bone biopsies. This cross-sectional study enrolled 71 clinically stable children and young adults receiving dialysis who underwent bone biopsy for chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder between 2007 through 2011. Bone biopsies were stained with Perls' Prussian blue and independently interpreted by a pathologist blinded to participants' iron parameters and clinical status. Marrow staining was scored absent vs. present to facilitate receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis. In ROC analysis, the ability of serum ferritin to detect stainable marrow iron stores was compared with that of transferrin saturation (TSAT), serum hepcidin, and clinical guideline-based iron deficiency cut-offs for serum iron, TSAT, and their combinations. Mean age was 17.2 ± 4.4 years (range 2-28), and 30% of patients were female. Median dialysis vintage was 1.2 (IQR 0.7, 2.0) years, and 56% were supported by peritoneal dialysis. Mean hemoglobin was 12.4 ± 1.7 g/dl, and 35% were receiving iron supplementation at the time of biopsy. Based on the gold standard of depleted marrow iron stores, 46.5% of patients were iron-deficient. As an indicator of marrow iron staining, serum ferritin provided a higher area under the ROC curve than serum hepcidin, TSAT, or clinical guidelines-based evaluation of TSAT + ferritin. In this cohort of children and young adults with kidney failure, serum ferritin provided the best indication of stainable marrow iron stores, followed by transferrin saturation.

1153 Many Reasons for Restless Legs, Not to Rest

Abstract Introduction Restless leg syndrome (RLS) involves an urge to move the legs that is exacerbated by rest, relieved by movement, and most prominent in the evening. While RLS is commonly associated with low ferritin, here we present a complex case in a patient requiring phlebotomy for symptom control related to elevated ferritin levels. Report of case(s) A 52 year-old male presented with uncontrolled RLS diagnosed 12 years prior. Sleep history included obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on CPAP and hypersomnolence. Diagnostic polysomnogram was notable for an AHI 36.4 events/hr with associated hypoxia. Ferritin was 374ng/mL. He presented to our clinic on melatonin and wearing socks with bars of soap atop his feet. On exam, he was obese and plethoric with significant hypersomnolence despite excellent CPAP compliance. He was previously treated unsuccessfully with a combination of phenobarbital, trazodone, and ropinirole, which exacerbated his hypersomnia. He drank 4-5 liters (L) of soda daily. In the 5 years after initial presentation, he went through periods of total cessation to drinking up to 12L a day. He eventually developed uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and NASH with advanced fibrosis. He was referred to Hematology and underwent therapeutic phlebotomy every 2-4 months. He was found to have HFE-C282Y Heterozygous mutation and NASH fibrosis without iron overload on MRI. His RLS was eventually controlled with a combination of pramipexole 1.5 mg, gabapentin 1800 mg, alprazolam 0.5 mg along with therapeutic phlebotomy to maintain a ferritin level less than 250 ng/mL. His hypersomnia was managed with amphetamine-dextroamphetamine. Conclusion RLS has been associated with high serum ferritin, iron, and saturation transferrin index levels with a low transferrin level due to impaired mobilization of stored iron. Iron deposits can be seen on MRI in the globus pallidus, dentate, red nuclei and substantia nigra. In this patient, soda cessation would help improve his diabetes, thereby decreasing chronic inflammation and lowering ferritin levels. Chronic liver disease, HFE C282Y mutations, and hypoxia from OSA can also contribute to increased ferritin levels. Abstaining from caffeine can likewise improve symptoms of RLS as caffeine is known to heighten proprioceptive awareness and increase neuromuscular reactivity which may include myoclonus. Support (if any)

Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction in Perinatal Iron Deficiency.

Iron deficiency in the fetal and neonatal period (perinatal iron deficiency) bodes poorly for neurodevelopment. Given its common occurrence and the negative impact on brain development, a screening and treatment strategy that is focused on optimizing brain development in perinatal iron deficiency is necessary. Pediatric societies currently recommend a universal iron supplementation strategy for full-term and preterm infants that does not consider individual variation in body iron status and thus could lead to undertreatment or overtreatment. Moreover, the focus is on hematological normalcy and not optimal brain development. Several serum iron indices and hematological parameters in the perinatal period are associated with a risk of abnormal neurodevelopment, suggesting their potential use as biomarkers for screening and monitoring treatment in infants at risk for perinatal iron deficiency. A biomarker-based screening and treatment strategy that is focused on optimizing brain development will likely improve outcomes in perinatal iron deficiency.

Prognostic Performance of Hematological and Serum Iron and Metabolite Indices for Detection of Early Iron Deficiency Induced Metabolic Brain Dysfunction in Infant Rhesus Monkeys

BackgroundThe current pediatric practice of monitoring for infantile iron deficiency (ID) via hemoglobin (Hgb) screening at one y of age does not identify preanemic ID nor protect against later neurocognitive deficits. ObjectivesTo identify biomarkers of iron-related metabolic alterations in the serum and brain and determine the sensitivity of conventional iron and heme indices for predicting risk of brain metabolic dysfunction using a nonhuman primate model of infantile ID. MethodsSimultaneous serum iron and RBC indices, and serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolomic profiles were determined in 20 rhesus infants, comparing iron sufficient (IS; N = 10) and ID (N = 10) infants at 2 and 4 mo of age. ResultsReticulocyte hemoglobin (RET-He) was lower at 2 wk in the ID group. Significant IS compared with ID differences in serum iron indices were present at 2 mo, but Hgb and RBC indices differed only at 4 mo (P < 0.05). Serum and CSF metabolomic profiles of the ID and IS groups differed at 2 and 4 mo (P < 0.05). Key metabolites, including homostachydrine and stachydrine (4-5-fold lower at 4 mo in ID group, P < 0.05), were altered in both serum and CSF. Iron indices and RET-He at 2 mo, but not Hgb or other RBC indices, were correlated with altered CSF metabolic profile at 4 mo and had comparable predictive accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve scores, 0.75–0.80). ConclusionsPreanemic ID at 2 mo was associated with metabolic alterations in serum and CSF in infant monkeys. Among the RBC indices, only RET-He predicted the future risk of abnormal CSF metabolic profile with a predictive accuracy comparable to serum iron indices. The concordance of homostachydrine and stachydrine changes in serum and CSF indicates their potential use as early biomarkers of brain metabolic dysfunction in infantile ID.

Serum Ferritin Reflects Bone Marrow Iron Stores in Children with End Stage Kidney Disease

Background: Iron deficiency is common in children with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) but diagnosing iron deficiency in ESKD is challenging as serum indicators of iron stores may be influenced by inflammation and other factors. We examined which of the clinically used serum iron indices were predictive of bone marrow iron stores (the gold standard) in dialysis-dependent children and young adults with ESKD, in the setting of increased nutritional requirements and co-existing inflammation. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 71 clinically-stable children and young adults (age range 2 to 28 years) receiving dialysis, who underwent bone biopsy for CKD-mineral bone disorders between 2007 through 2011. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and hereditary diseases (63.3%) were the main causes of renal failure, followed by primary glomerulonephritis (36.7%). Bone samples were stained with Perls' Prussian blue and independently interpreted by a pathologist unaware of the patients' iron parameters and clinical status. Staining was scored absent vs present for receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis. In ROC analysis, the ability of serum ferritin to predict bone sample iron stores was compared with serum hepcidin, transferrin saturation (TSAT), and clinical guideline-based iron deficiency cut-offs for serum iron, TSAT, and their combination. We generated optimal cut off points using the Youden's J statistic. Results: Mean age was 17.2 ± 4.4 years, and 30% of subjects were female. Median dialysis vintage was 1.2 (IQR 0.7, 2.0) years, and 56% were supported by peritoneal dialysis. Mean hemoglobin was 12.4 ± 1.7 g/dl, and 35% were receiving iron supplementation at the time of biopsy. Based on gold standard of depleted bone iron stores, 46.5% patients were iron-deficient. As a predictor of bone marrow iron staining, serum ferritin provided the highest area under the ROC curve compared to other tests (Table), but at the usual clinical ferritin cutoff (100 ng/ml) only 22% of true iron-deficient subjects were diagnosed compared to 52% of true iron-deficient subjects using a higher optimal cutoff point for ferritin (188 ng/ml). Conclusions: In children with ESKD, iron deficiency as determined by the gold standard bone iron staining was highly prevalent (close to 50%), and serum ferritin provided the best prediction of bone sample iron stores. Optimal ferritin cutoff for decision-making about iron administration should reflect the current relative risks and benefits of iron therapy. Future trials testing higher ferritin cut-offs and patient centered outcomes in children with ESKD are timely.

The Relation of the Iron Metabolism Index to the Vulnerability Index of Carotid Plaque with Different Degrees of Stenosis.

To investigate the differences in serum iron index and iron metabolizing protein expression in plaques in patients with different degrees of carotid artery stenosis and the relationship with plaque traits. A total of 100 patients eligible for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) from August 2021 to February 2022 were included. Patients completed a computed tomography (CTA) scan for patient grouping and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for precise quantification of carotid plaque traits within 1 week prior to surgery. Clinical indicators associated with the progression of carotid stenosis to occlusion were analyzed using ordered logistic regression. Twenty carotid plaques were analyzed immunohistochemically to investigate the relationship between plaque traits and the iron metabolism indexes. No significant correlation between high serum ferritin (SF), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) and progression of carotid stenosis (OR 1.100, 95% CI 0.004-0.165, p = 0.039; OR 1.050, 95% CI 0.005-0.094, p = 0.031). SF and serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) were correlated with normalized wall index (NWI) (R = 0.470, p = 0.036; R = 0.449, p = 0.046), and the results of multiple linear regression suggested that SF and sTfR remained associated with NWI (R = 0.630, R2 = 0.397, Adjusted R2 = 0.326, p = 0.014). In plaques, H-type ferritin (H-FT) was correlated with NWI and lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC) volume (R = 0.502, p = 0.028; R = 0.468, p = 0.043). Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) was correlated with LRNC volume and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) volume (R = 0.538, p = 0.017; R = 0.707, p = 0.001). There were statistical differences in the expression of iron metabolism proteins in carotid plaques with different degrees of stenosis. Serum iron metabolism index (SF and sTfR) and expression of iron metabolizing proteins (H-FT and TfR1) in plaques were positively correlated with carotid plaque vulnerability index (NWI, LRNC volume).

Serum Levels of Ferritin, Iron, and Total Iron Binding Capacity in Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

Background: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a potentially life-threatening condition with a wide range of clinical presentations, from localized headache (the most common symptom) to mental status disturbances, seizures, and coma. Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate serum levels of ferritin, iron, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and their possible relationship with different parameters in CVST patients. Methods: Thirty patients with a definitive diagnosis of CVST based on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) results participated in the study. During the first 24 hours after admission, 5 cc of blood sample was collected from each patient and delivered to the laboratory to measure serum ferritin, iron, and TIBC levels. Results: Twenty-four women and six men (mean age: 42.6 ± 16.33 years) participated in the study. The mean levels of serum iron, TIBC, and ferritin were within normal ranges (99.40 ± 29.97 mg/dL, 324.50 ± 49.57 mg/dL, and 87.36 ± 88.84 ng/mL, respectively). There were no significant relationships between serum ferritin, iron, TIBC levels, oral contraceptive pills consumption, history of CVST or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), underlying diseases, and the involved sinus. Conclusions: The current study showed no possible benefits of using serum ferritin, iron, and TIBC indices in CVST patients.

Association between serum iron markers, iron supplementation and cardiovascular morbidity in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease.

The optimal range of serum iron markers and usefulness of iron supplementation are uncertain in patients with pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated the association between serum iron indices and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and the effectiveness of iron supplementation using Chronic Kidney Disease Japan Cohort data. We included 1416 patients ages 20-75years with pre-dialysis CKD. The tested exposures were serum transferrin saturation and serum ferritin levels and the outcome measures were any cardiovascular event. Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard models were used to examine the association between serum iron indices and time to events. The multivariable fractional polynomial interaction approach was used to evaluate whether serum iron indices were effect modifiers of the association between iron supplementation and cardiovascular events. The overall incidence rate of CVD events for a median of 4.12years was 26.7 events/1000 person-years. Patients with serum transferrin saturation <20% demonstrated an increased risk of CVD [subdistribution hazard ratio (HR) 2.13] and congestive heart failure (subdistribution HR 2.42). The magnitude of reduction in CVD risk with iron supplementation was greater in patients with lower transferrin saturations (P=.042). Maintaining transferrin saturation >20% and adequate iron supplementation may effectively reduce the risk of CVD events in patients with pre-dialysis CKD.

Anemia in women of reproductive age in current clinical practice and effectiveness of iron fumarate combined with folate

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and latent iron deficiency are common. The article describes the mechanisms of development, diagnostic criteria, the clinical presentation of the IDA. The current options for treating anemia with oral iron supplements and their indications, effectiveness and safety criteria.&#x0D; Aim. To analyze and prove the effectiveness of iron fumarate combined with folate for treating and preventing iron deficiency in women of reproductive age.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Sixty women aged 1847 with mild to moderate iron deficiency were examined. All patients received of iron fumarate (equivalent to 150 mg of elemental iron) combined with 1500 mcg of folic acid for 2142 days. Hemoglobin, ferritin, serum iron, and erythrocyte indices were measured.&#x0D; Results. In most patients, recovery from anemia was observed: an increase in hemoglobin by 2732% and ferritin by a mean of 35%, i.e., 1.67 times compared with alternative iron therapy (iron sulfate and gluconate). The rate of side effects was less than 4%.&#x0D; Conclusion. Co-administration of iron fumarate with folic acid has been shown to increase the therapeutic efficacy and has a high safety profile in patients with IDA (especially in pregnant women requiring additional folate supplements).

Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent has Comparable Predictive Accuracy as Conventional Serum Iron Indices for Predicting Iron Deficiency and Anemia in a Nonhuman Primate model of Infantile Iron Deficiency

BackgroundInfantile iron deficiency (ID) causes anemia and compromises neurodevelopment. Current screening relies on hemoglobin (Hgb) determination at 1 year of age, which lacks sensitivity and specificity for timely detection of infantile ID. Low reticulocyte Hgb equivalent (RET-He) indicates ID, but its predictive accuracy relative to conventional serum iron indices is unknown. ObjectivesThe objective was to compare diagnostic accuracies of iron indices, red blood cell (RBC) indices, and RET-He for predicting the risk of ID and IDA in a nonhuman primate model of infantile ID. MethodsSerum iron, total iron binding capacity, unsaturated iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation (TSAT), Hgb, RET-He, and other RBC indices were determined at 2 wk and 2, 4, and 6 mo in breastfed male and female rhesus infants (N = 54). The diagnostic accuracies of RET-He, iron, and RBC indices for predicting the development of ID (TSAT < 20%) and IDA (Hgb < 10 g/dL + TSAT < 20%) were determined using t tests, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analysis, and multiple regression models. ResultsTwenty-three (42.6%) infants developed ID and 16 (29.6%) progressed to IDA. All 4 iron indices and RET-He, but not Hgb or RBC indices, predicted future risk of ID and IDA (P < 0.001). The predictive accuracy of RET-He (AUC = 0.78, SE = 0.07; P = 0.003) for IDA was comparable to that of the iron indices (AUC = 0.77–0.83, SE = 0.07; P ≤ 0.002). A RET-He threshold of 25.5 pg strongly correlated with TSAT < 20% and correctly predicted IDA in 10 of 16 infants (sensitivity: 62.5%) and falsely predicted possibility of IDA in only 4 of 38 unaffected infants (specificity: 89.5%). ConclusionsRET-He is a biomarker of impending ID/IDA in rhesus infants and can be used as a hematological parameter to screen for infantile ID.

Relation of Liver Siderosis to Liver Fibrosis in Hemodialysis Patients With Severe Hyperferritinemia Secondary to High Doses of Intravenous Iron Supplementation

ObjectiveAggressive iron substitution in hemodialysis (HD) patients leads to iron overload. The association between liver siderosis and fibrosis is still debatable. We studied the association of liver siderosis with liver fibrosis in HD patients. Furthermore, we studied the performance of liver stiffness measurements (LSMs) in identifying advanced liver fibrosis. We investigated the performance of biochemical indicators of iron status in identifying advanced liver fibrosis. MethodsFifty-five HD patients (average HD duration 6 ± 2 years) with hyperferritinemia secondary to intravenous iron supplementation (weakly iron dose 252.7 ± 63 mg; median blood transfusions 3 [2-5]) were recruited. The liver fibrosis grade was determined with Fibroscan, aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), and Fib-4 index. Liver iron concentration (LIC) was estimated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Iron parameters and liver function biochemical indicators were also assessed. ResultsThe median serum ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT) were 3531 μg/L and 77%, respectively. 34.5%, 20%, and 45.5% of the patients showed mild, moderate, or severe liver siderosis, respectively. All patients with severe liver siderosis showed advanced liver fibrosis. Patients with severe liver siderosis and advanced liver stiffness showed higher serum iron, TSAT, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum bilirubin, APRI, and Fib-4 index scores than those with mild liver siderosis. Serum iron and TSAT showed good utility in identifying advanced liver fibrosis determined with Fibroscan, APRI, and Fib-4 index. Liver stiffness exhibited good utility in identifying advanced liver fibrosis diagnosed with APRI and Fib-4 index. ConclusionsHigh weekly intravenous iron dose associated with severe hyperferritinemia, high serum iron, and TSAT might lead to severe liver siderosis and concomitant liver fibrosis in HD patients. Serum iron, TSAT, Fibroscan, Fib-4, and APRI scores might offer noninvasive tools for identifying advanced liver fibrosis in those patients.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM IRON AND CHARACTERISTICS SOCIAL POPULATION IN PATIENTS WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION

The objective of the study is to investigate the value of serum iron index in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori and find out the correlation between serum iron index and sociodemographic characteristics in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori at faculty 2 of University Medical Center Ho Chi Minh City. The study used CLO and HP CIM tests to determine the Helicobacter pylori infection status, and also collected the serum/plasma of the patient after the HP CIM test to investigate the serum iron index. The Stata 14.0 software was used to manage and analyse data, the ANOVA test was used to test for 3 means or more, and the Chi-squared test wasused to test the difference in proportions between groups. The results showed that the serum iron concentration in the patient group was 59,4±42,1 mg/dL lower than the serum iron value in the control group, which was 86,1±32,0 mg/dL (p &lt; 0,001). The results also indicated that the serum iron value in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori decreased as compared to patients without infection, yet the study also found a relationship between age group and geographical factors. This difference is statistically significant with p &lt;0,001, p = 0,001, p = 0,04 and p = 0,001.

Potential clinical implications of iron metabolism in ovarian endometriosis

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate iron metabolism indices in ovarian endometriosis (OEMs) and to demonstrate the potential clinical implications in the initiation and development of OEMs. MethodsThree datasets in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were selected to assess the expression levels of iron metabolites in endometrial tissues from patients with EMs and the health. To evaluate the differential expression of serum iron indices , hospitalized patients with OEMs and health examinees in Jilin University Second Hospital from November 2018 to December 2019 were recruited. Serum samples were obtained from 38 patients with OEMs and 36 health examinees. To compare the iron metabolism between peripheral circulation blood and local ectopic lesion, cyst fluid samples were obtained from 15 patients with ovarian chocolate cyst at the time of surgery. Iron metabolism indices include iron, transferrin (TF), ferritin, and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC)), which were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer. ResultsThe present study indicated the increased levels of the iron storage protein, ferritin, in the endometriotic tissues of patients with EMs. The expression of iron and ferritin in cyst fluid of patients with OEMs showed higher than that in serum, the results of TF and UIBC were opposite (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the content of iron metabolites between patients with OEMs and the healthy examinees(P > 0.05). ConclusionThe ovarian chocolate cyst fluid and endometriotic tissues in patients with OEMs could more directly reflect the pathological changes of local ectopic lesion, which usually manifested as high levels of free iron and/or iron deposits in the ectopic sites. The implications of our work suggest iron metabolites in the serum may have potentially limited value as circulating biomarkers for OEMs. The iron variation in local lesions may be not only regulated by liver that mainly manipulate the systematic iron homeostasis, but also be tuned by the iron regulatory protein (IRP)/ iron responsive element (IRE) system. In summary, the iron metabolites, especially the iron and ferritin in the cyst fluid and endometriotic tissues, are meaningful biomarkers involved in the process of pathophysiology and pathogenesis of OEMs.

Serum Hepcidin levels and Iron indices in HIV Infected Patients in a Nigerian Community

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a pandemic disease that could affect and alter many cellular and systemic components of the host. Anemia has been shown to be a common complication of HIV infection. The study assessed the impact of HIV infection on serum levels of hepcidin and iron indices since hepcidin is an iron regulatory protein. A total of ninety subjects were investigated which consisted of fifty subjects living with HIV and forty apparently healthy subjects as control. Twenty-nine of the HIV subjects were on antiretroviral therapy (ART); emtricitabine, zidovudine, tenofovir and lamivudine in different combinations. Hepcidin was estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) were estimated using spectrophotometric method. The result showed a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) of HIV subjects compared with control. Although there was no significant negative impact of HIV infection on hepcidin and the iron indices, the study concluded that the parameters should be measured to monitoring the progress of management in order to prevent anemia which may occur during HIV infection

STUDY OF HEMOTOLOGICALPROFILE AND SERUM IRON INDICES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN TERTIARY CARE CENTRE

Background:Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an emerging public health problem worldwide, with increasing cost of healthcare particularly in developing countries like India. Haematological parameters are generally influenced in CKD and the effect increases with the stage of CKD. Haematologicalprofiles are rarely investigated in CKD subjects in our population. This studywas conducted to determinethehaematological profile and serumiron indices in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Materialsandmethods:The present cross-section was conducted at KarapagaVinayaga Medical College, Chengalpattu. A total of 153 patients aged above 18 were recruited by purposive sampling. Thorough clinical examination and investigation complete blood count,reticulocyte,count serumureaand creatininewereanalysed.Datawereanalysed,andstatisticalcalculationswere carriedoutusingSPSSversion19.0.Means,rangeandmedianwerefoundtorepresentthedata appropriately. Chi-Square tests are used for association. A P-value of &lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean duration of illness ranged from 3 months to 27 months, with an average of 8.66 months.Nearly34%oftheparticipantshaddiabetesmellitus,29%hadhypertensionand25% were smokers. Our reveals that there were statistically significant differences seen in associationbetweenCKDstagesandHaematologicalparametersHb(gm/dl),PCV%,Platelet count(lakhs/cumm). Conclusion:Anemia is a leading cause of morbidity in CKD patients, and it worsens with disease stage. The evaluation of Hb and RBC parameters in CKD patients aids in classifying the type of anaemia,aidingintheselectionofappropriatetreatmentmodalities,andavoidingunnecessary iron overload in these patients.

Association of Severity Serum Iron Indices and High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein with Disease Severity in Men with Alcoholic Liver Disease

Association of Severity Serum Iron Indices and High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein with Disease Severity in Men with Alcoholic Liver Disease

Melasma and its Association with Serum Iron Levels and Complete Blood Count

Objective: To observe association of Melasma with serum Iron and complete blood count indices Study Design: Case-control cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dermatology, HIT Hospital Taxila from 1st May 2021 to 1st October 2021 Methodology: Fifty seven females having melasma were taken as cases and 48 non-pregnant females without melasma as control between 12-50 years of age. Women with pregnancy, history of cardiac or thyroid disease and usage of hormone therapy, phototoxic drugs or anti-convulsant drugs were not included. History and examination was done by a dermatologist. Modified MASI (m Melasma Area and Severity Index) score was used for assessing severity of melasma. Blood samples were collected and send for serum Ferritin level, TIBC and Complete blood count in both groups. Results: The mean age of females were 35±7.4 years, and 48 female patients with no melasma were selected as controls with mean age of 25.7±8.4 years. We also analyzed the effect of different hematological and general factors on mMASI score within group of melasma patient but again found no statistically significant effect of any of these on MASI score. Conclusion: There is no direct association between melasma, serum iron levels and blood indices. Keywords: Melasma, Serum ferritin levels, Complete blood count