Serum Levels Of Interleukin-2 Receptor Research Articles

INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS BEFORE AND AFTER ANTITUBERCULOUS CHEMOTHERAPY

PURPOSE: It has been long recognized that T Lymphocytes are essential in the immunity against tuberculosis. This study aimed to evaluate serum levels of interleukin-2 receptors in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and their levels change following antituberculosis chemotherapy.

Immunomodulators, sFas and Fas‐L as potential noninvasive predictors of IFN treatment in patients with HCV genotype‐4

Recent studies have indicated that cytokines can be used as markers for disease progression in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients, therefore this study was conducted to determine the influence of pegylated IFN vs standard IFN on interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R), IL-6R, IL-8, TNFR-I, TNFR-II, sFas, and sFas-L in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 4, as no previous studies have been performed on this genotype. We also aim at establishing a possible relationship between these cytokines and the response to INF to determine whether they can be used as noninvasive markers for the response to INF therapy and as monitors for the outcome of treatment. Thirty-eight patients with chronic HCV hepatitis were investigated for the serum levels of the previously mentioned cytokines in a randomized opened controlled trial (22 patients treated with pegylated IFN and 16 patients treated with standard IFN). Cytokine levels were measured by ELISA at 0, 1 and 12 months of IFN therapy. There was marked increase in the serum levels of IL-2R and IL-6R in nonresponders to pegylated interferon, IL-8, TNFR-I and II were significantly higher in nonresponders to standard interferon but were also high in responders of pegylated interferon. sFas and sFas-L showed high levels among responders to pegylated interferon but the standard interferon was again less effective in this regard. Serum levels of TNFR-II, sFas and sFas-L have the potential to be used as serological markers for response to pegylated IFN therapy, and IL-8 is a predictor for nonresponse. Moreover, TNFR-I and II have the potential to be used as markers of response to standard IFN treatment. The persistent correlation between sFas and TNFR-II may elaborate the possible role of pegylated IFN in the induction of apoptosis as a possible new mechanism of viral clearance during treatment with pegylated interferon treatment.

Serum level of soluble interleukin-2 receptor α correlates with the clinical course and activity of Wilms’ tumour and soft tissue sarcomas in children

Wilms’ tumour (WT) and soft tissue sarcomas (SA) in children lack reliable biochemical markers. This study was carried out to determine the clinical significance of serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor α (sIL-2Rα) in the diagnostics and treatment monitoring of children with WT and SA. The study included 48 children: ten with WT, eight with SA and 30 healthy controls. The sIL-2Rα levels (ELISA) and rates of elevated sIL-2Rα values were estimated prospectively at diagnosis and in complete remission during treatment and after therapy. As the dependence on age was determined, the levels of sIL-2Rα were expressed as multiplications of the upper value of the normal range for a particular age (xN). Median pretreatment levels of sIL-2Rα in patients exceeded those of healthy controls (1.79 xN for WT and 1.53 for SA vs. 0.61 for controls; p<0.001) as did the rates of elevated sIL-2Rα values (80% of WT and 87.5% of SA patients vs. 0% of controls). Good response to therapy was paralleled by a significant decline of pretreatment sIL-2Rα levels and its elevated rates. Thus, sIL-2Rα determination may be of some value in the diagnostics and treatment monitoring of childhood WT and SA.

Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor is a powerful marker of acute graft-versus host disease after HLA-haploidentical bone marrow transplantation

Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor is a powerful marker of acute graft-versus host disease after HLA-haploidentical bone marrow transplantation

Serum levels of neopterin and interleukin‐2 receptor in women with severe preeclampsia

Preeclampsia continues to be a major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. The etiopathogenesis of preeclampsia is not fully understood. Neopterin and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production reflects cellular immunity. Our purpose was to determine the levels of neopterin and interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia, and assess the implications of these findings in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Fourteen women with preeclampsia were compared with 14 healthy pregnant women. Serum levels of neopterin were measured by an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), and IL-2R levels were determined by an immunoassay method with an Immulite analyzer. The levels of neopterin and IL-2R were significantly higher in the preeclamptic subjects than in normotensive women (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between neopterin and IL-2R. We found that serum neopterin and IL-2R levels are increased in women with severe preeclampsia. The results of this study suggest that a T-helper 1 (Th1) type immune mechanism is involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.

Abnormal IL-2 receptor levels in non-pregnant women with a history of recurrent miscarriage.

Immunological abnormalities have been found in pregnant women with a history of recurrent miscarriage. This study compared interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) levels in non-pregnant women with a history of recurrent miscarriage with those found in serum from a non-pregnant group with no such history. Group 1 comprised 49 non-pregnant women with a history of recurrent miscarriage (at least three consecutive miscarriages). Group 2 comprised 22 non-pregnant women with no history of miscarriage. Serum IL-2R levels were measured in all patients. The results obtained showed that although all women were not pregnant at the time of sampling, IL-2R levels were significantly higher in women in Group 1 compared with those in Group 2 (1589 +/- 1289 versus 1082 +/- 823 pg/ml; P < 0.05). Follow-up data were available for 21 women from Group 1. The next pregnancy ended successfully for 14 of these women, while seven miscarried again. The IL-2R levels obtained pre-pregnancy were not significantly different between the two groups (1480 +/- 910 versus 1356 +/- 716 pg/ml). This study has shown that non-pregnant women with a history of recurrent miscarriage have raised IL-2R levels. These increased pre-pregnancy IL-2R levels did not necessarily predict miscarriage for the next pregnancy.

Maternal serum cytokine levels in women with hyperemesis gravidarum in the first trimester of pregnancy

Objective To compare serum cytokine levels in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum with levels in healthy pregnant and nonpregnant women. Design Case–control study. Setting Clinical and academic research center. Patient(s) Thirty women with hyperemesis gravidarum, 30 healthy women in the first trimester of pregnancy, and 30 healthy nonpregnant women. Main outcome measure(s) Serum levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.. Result(s) Median serum levels of interleukin-2 receptor and interleukin-8 did not differ significantly among the three groups. Serum levels of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 were significantly higher in healthy pregnant women than in healthy nonpregnant women. Median TNF-α levels were significantly higher in women with hyperemesis (25.8 pg/mL [range, 4.9–140 pg/mL]) than in healthy pregnant and nonpregnant women (10.85 pg/mL [range, 4.1–35.8 pg/mL] and 12 pg/mL [4.3–68.2 pg/mL], respectively). Conclusion(s) Levels of TNF-α were significantly higher in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum than in healthy pregnant and nonpregnant women. Thus, TNF-α may be involved in the etiology of hyperemesis gravidarum.

Correlation between the disease-severity of atopic dermatitis (AD) and the serum levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (SIL-2R) among egyptian children

Correlation between the disease-severity of atopic dermatitis (AD) and the serum levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (SIL-2R) among egyptian children

Maternal serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-2 receptor in threatened abortion: a comparison with normal and pathologic pregnancies

Objective: We evaluated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor levels in patients with threatened abortion and compared the levels with normal and pathologic pregnancies.Design: A prospective, nonrandomized, case-control study.Setting: Academic research setting.Patient(s): Twenty-two patients with threatened abortion, 18 patients with pathologic pregnancies, 20 healthy pregnant women, and 20 nonpregnant women.Intervention(s): Maternal serum TNF-α and IL-2 receptor levels were measured with a solid-phase, two-site chemiluminescent enzyme immunometric assay method.Main Outcome Measure(s): TNF-α and IL-2 receptor levels.Result(s): The mean ± SEM maternal serum IL-2 receptor level for patients with threatened abortion was 481.3 ± 35.7 U/mL, compared with 426.5 ± 22.4 U/mL in the normal pregnant group. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean ± SEM serum TNF-α level between the patients with threatened abortion and those with normal pregnancies (16.1 ± 2.7 pg/mL vs. 10.9 ± 0.8 pg/mL). The mean ± SEM maternal serum IL-2 receptor level was significantly higher in patients with pathologic pregnancies than in those with normal pregnancies (506.2 ± 27.6 U/mL vs. 426.5 ± 22.4 U/mL). The mean ± SEM maternal serum TNF-α level was significantly higher in patients with pathologic pregnancies than in those with threatened abortion (39.2 ± 9.5 pg/mL vs. 16.1 ± 2.7 pg/mL) and normal pregnancies (39.2 ± 9.5 pg/mL vs. 10.9 ± 0.8 pg/mL).Conclusion(s): In comparison with normal pregnancies, maternal serum IL-2 receptor and TNF-α levels were not significantly increased in patients with threatened abortion with good outcome.

Serum levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in patient with chronic liver disease

Serum levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in patient with chronic liver disease

Effect of parathyroid adenoma excision on interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-2 receptor levels

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D], besides its role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, is also an important immunoregulatory molecule. Plasma levels of this hormone may be normal or elevated in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. 1,25(OH)2D has been reported to inhibit production of the cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-6. In the present study, we examined the effect of parathyroid adenoma excision on serum IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) levels and the release and production of IL-2R and IL-6 by peripheral blood lymphocytes (each measurement was performed twice). Ten patients (5 females and 5 males aged 45 to 78 years) with primary hyperparathyroidism were enrolled in the study. The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was based on the presence of asymptomatic hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and elevated serum intact PTH levels. Three weeks after removal of the parathyroid adenoma, there was a significant increase in the serum level of IL-2R, as well as the PHA-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocyte production of IL-6 and release of IL-2R. The results indicate that the removal of a parathyroid adenoma in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism causes a significant increase in IL-2R and IL-6 levels. The mechanism by which hyperparathyroidism may affect these cytokines and how they seem related to the levels of vitamin D is discussed.

Free interleukin-2 receptors in children with trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) and different levels of periodontal disease.

To investigate levels of free interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptors in relation to differing levels of CIPD in children with trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome). Cross-sectional study of soluble IL-2 receptors in serum samples. Eighty children aged 10-13 years were included; 40 children with Down's syndrome and with varying levels of CIPD and 40 control children without Down's syndrome and without periodontitis. Serum samples were analysed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with two monoclonal antibodies. In children with Down's syndrome and periodontitis, serum IL-2 receptor levels were significantly higher than in control subjects.

Human cytomegalovirus infection of breast milk

Human cytomegalovirus is the most common cause of congenital and perinatal infections throughout the world. Primary infection with human cytomegalovirus usually follows a benign course, but the virus remains latent or persistent in the host cell thereafter. Understanding the epidemiology of human cytomegalovirus is a key element in the development of strategies for prevention of infection. Although the actual sites of latency or persistence of human cytomegalovirus infections are still controversial, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and endothelial cells appear to be major sites of infection. Persistent infections caused by human cytomegalovirus could be augmented by a decrease in major histocompatibility complex expression as well as by virus-mediated immune dysfunction. It is possible that specific cellular interactions as well as production of several cytokines are necessary for the reactivation of human cytomegalovirus. Breast-fed infants are susceptible to human cytomegalovirus infection from breast milk. Human cytomegalovirus was isolated more frequently from breast milk at more than 1 month after delivery than from colostrum or early breast milk. Human cytomegalovirus DNA was also not detected in colostrum, but was found in breast milk samples 1 month after delivery. To clarify the role of milk cells and whey in vertical infection by breast feeding, we separated breast milk into milk cells and whey and examined each fraction. Human cytomegalovirus was isolated more frequently from milk whey samples than from cell samples. Human cytomegalovirus particle shedding into whey may be more important in vertical infection by breast milk than cell-to-cell transmission. The supernatant of colostrum did not exert an inhibitory effect on human cytomegalovirus-infected cells. Serum levels of cell free soluble interleukin-2 receptor of mothers with DNA-positive milk at 1 month after delivery were significantly higher than those of mothers with DNA-negative milk. It is likely that levels of factors such as soluble interleukin-2 receptor in serum are related to the reactivation of human cytomegalovirus which occurs locally in the mammary gland of the lactating mother after delivery. This minireview focuses on recent advances in the study of human cytomegalovirus infection of breast milk.

Soluble interleukin-2 receptor in primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome.

Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL2-R) were studied in patients with or without Sjögren's syndrome (SS). The mean sIL2-R level was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in those with autoimmune diseases, whether with or without SS, than in healthy people. The serum level of sIL2-R did not help to distinguish primary from secondary SS, or the absence of this syndrome in patients with autoimmune diseases. We found a correlation between the sIL2-R level and the presence of SS-A and SS-B antibodies or antinuclear antibody levels, and no correlation with other serological and clinical markers. Salivary gland anomalies were always accompanied by high sIL2-R levels, but there was no correlation between sIL2-R levels and degree of glandular lesion. Routine determination of sIL2-R in patients with dry syndrome is likely to prove useful for ruling out SS without resorting to invasive testing.

Relationship between Cytokines and Human Cytomegalovirus Infection of Breast Milk

Colostrum and breast milk samples were collected from 65 anti-human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) IgG antibody-positive nursing mothers at 3 days and at 1 month after delivery. The colostrum supernatant from 10 mothers did not exert an inhibitory effect on HCMV-infected cells. The activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was significantly higher in HCMV DNA-negative colostrum than in DNA-positive breast milk (P<0.05). Also, serum levels of cell-free soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) from mothers of DNA-positive milk at 1 month after delivery were significantly higher than those of mothers with DNA-negative milk (P<0.05). Interferon (IFN)-γ was detected at very low levels in most samples with no statistical correlation observed between the study groups, and IL-4 was not detected in any sample. It is likely that levels of cytokines such as sIL-2R in serum are related to the reactivation of HCMV which occurs locally in the mammary gland of the lactating mother after delivery

The clinical significance of serum soluble interleukin-2 receptors in lung cancer

It has been recently reported that the soluble interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) levels in the sera of cancer patients were higher than those of normal controls. The present study was conducted in order to clarify the clinical significance of serum soluble IL-2R in patients with lung cancer. Using commercially available EIA kits, we measured the serum levels of soluble IL-2R in 102 lung cancer patients and 18 normal controls. The serum level of IL-2R was higher than 100 pM (mean + 3 S.D. in the normal controls) in 14 of 58 patients with adenocarcinoma and in 13 of 32 patients with squamous cell carcinoma. In both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, the mean level of soluble IL-2R was higher in advanced stages (Stages IIIA, IIIB and IV) than in early stages (Stages I and II). In contrast, no patients with small cell carcinoma exhibited a serum level of soluble IL-2R higher than 100 pM, whereas almost all of those patients were in advanced-stage diseases. These results first demonstrated that the serum level of soluble IL-2R increased in association with both the disease stage and the histological type in lung cancer.

Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor in patients with esophageal carcinoma

Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor in patients with esophageal carcinoma

Serum levels of interleukin-2 receptor (CD 25) in patients with Hodgkin's disease, with special reference to age and prognosis

The serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (S-sIL-2R) have been shown to be related to clinical outcome in Hodgkin's disease (HD). sIL-2R may be involved in or aggravate the immunodeficiency seen in HD patients. This immunodeficiency is most pronounced in elderly patients. S-sIL-2R was determined in 127 untreated patients with HD, diagnosed between 1979 and 1991, in order to evaluate its prognostic value in relation to other known prognostic variables with special emphasis on the elderly. S-sIL-2R levels were significantly higher in patients with stages III-IV and with B-symptoms (p < 0.001) but not in patients over 60 years of age. In multivariate analyses, S-sIL-2R, stage and S-orosomucoid were the most important prognostic factors in all patients and S-sIL-2R was the only prognostic factor in patients over the age of 60. The results indicate a future role for estimation of S-sIL-2R in the management of patients with HD.

SIL-2R levels in rheumatoid arthritis: poor correlation with clinical activity is due in part to disease duration.

The serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2R) were measured in an attempt to determine whether they correlated with 'disease activity' in 59 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Our results indicate that serum levels of sIL-2R do not permit patients to be classified as having active or inactive disease according to standard clinical indices. A correlation between sIL-2R and disease duration could offer one explanation for the current discrepancies found in the literature.

Serial Measurement of Serum Interleukin-2 Receptor Levels in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Limited Evidence for a Role of T Cell Activation in Clinical Exacerbations

To investigate the association of T cell activation with clinical exacerbations of RA, we measured serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL2R), a marker of T cell activation, in serial samples obtained from 23 patients with RA. sIL2R measurements were performed on sera obtained from each patient every 2 weeks for up to 60 weeks, and levels were correlated with swollen joint counts, tender joint counts, physician global assessments, patient global assessments, pain scores, Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index scores, and Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rates measured simultaneously. There were no significant correlations between changes in sIL2R levels and changes in any of the other measures, nor were lead-lag relationships detected, for the group as a whole. Examination of the time courses of individual patients revealed significant positive correlations between changes in sIL2R levels and changes in swollen joint counts in five patients; significant correlations with other measures were present in three or fewer patients. sIL2R levels also varied little over the 2-week time interval of greatest clinical change in each patient. These results suggest either that clinical exacerbations of RA are not associated with changes in T cell activation or that sIL2R levels do not accurately reflect such changes.