Serum IL-6 Research Articles

The value of serum IL-6 levels in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and its relation to severity of coronary artery disease by coronary angiography

The value of serum IL-6 levels in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and its relation to severity of coronary artery disease by coronary angiography

The potential role of interleukin-6 in the association between inflammation and cognitive performance in obstructive sleep apnea

BackgroundInterleukin-6 (IL-6) represents one of the main molecules involved in inflammatory responses, which can be altered in either patients with cognitive impairment or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The present study aimed to evaluate serum IL-6 levels and cognitive performance in patients with severe OSA (Apnea-Hypopnea Index - AHI >30/h). MethodsThirty patients with severe OSA were compared to 15 controls similar in age, sex, and Body Mass Index. All patients underwent a sleep medicine interview, including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), a polygraphic cardiorespiratory recording, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and a blood sample for serum IL-6 assessment. ResultsOSA patients presented higher IL-6 serum levels (Md = 7.38) than controls (Md = 2.20, p < 0.001). Moreover, OSA patients showed lower MoCA (Md = 27.00) and higher ESS scores (Md = 8.00) than controls (Md = 30.00, p < 0.001; Md = 4.00, p = 0.004, respectively). Higher IL-6 serum levels were associated with lower oxygen saturation parameters and MoCA scores. ConclusionsThis study documented an association between inflammation, featured by higher IL-6 serum levels, and both nocturnal hypoxemia and cognitive impairment in OSA patients. Therefore, the increase in IL-6 levels may represent the result of vascular damage and neuroinflammation due to intermittent nocturnal hypoxia and further causing neurocognitive dysfunction in OSA.

ZnR/GPR39 regulates hepatic insulin signaling, tunes liver bioenergetics and ROS production, and mitigates liver fibrosis and injury

Adequate supply of zinc is essential for hepatic function and its deficiency is associated with acute liver injury (ALI) and chronic nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, how zinc controls hepatic function is unknown. We found that the zinc sensitive ZnR/GPR39, a mediator of zinc signaling, enhances hepatic phosphorylation of ERK1/2, which is reduced in ZnR/GPR39 deficient livers. Surprisingly, livers from ZnR/GPR39 knockout (KO) mice exhibited elevated insulin receptor expression and downstream AKT activation. Moreover, ZnR/GPR39 KO mice had higher blood fasting glucose level, pronounced hepatic lipid accumulation, increased hepatocyte oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. These data suggest that ZnR/GPR39 modulates insulin receptor signaling, a major pathway in hepatic metabolism. Associated with the impaired signaling, ZnR/GPR39 KO livers exhibited increased tissue fibrosis, manifested by marked elevation of collagen expression, compared to wildtype (WT). Additionally, we found alteration of hepatocyte junctional proteins that was accompanied by increased macrophage infiltration and higher liver inflammation in ZnR/GPR39 KO mice. To determine the role of ZnR/GPR39 in ALI, we applied a mild LPS challenge that induced profound decrease in hepatic OCR, also leading to higher ROS generation in ZnR/GPR39 KO hepatocytes, but not in WT. We further found increased serum IL-2 and AST/ALT ratio only in ZnR/GPR39 KO mice. Our findings reveal a role of ZnR/GPR39 in controlling hepatic insulin receptor signaling and mitigating liver fibrosis and inflammation, thus underscoring the important role of ZnR/GPR39 in liver signaling and function.

Diagnoses Bacterial Wound Infection and Detection of Some Immune Parameters in its

This study aims to diagnoses bacterial wound infection and to estimate the serum levels of TLR-3, CXCL8, TGF-β1, IL-8, IL-17 and IL-22 in wound patients. This study had been included 140 samples (blood and swab) obtained from patients found in Baquba-Teaching Hospital from 15/ 6 /2023 to 20 /3 /2024. Swab samples taken from wound were culture on the blood agar and MacConkey agar, and then Bacteria diagnoses was done by using an automatic VITEK 2 system. The serum levels of immune parameters done by ELISA. The results shown that sixty isolates were grow in culture, the results indicated of 38(63.3%) isolates of gram-negative bacteria, represented by: 12 (20%) isolates E. coli, 18 (30%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 6 (10%) Protus spp., 2 (3.3%) Acinetobacter spp. the results indicated of 22 (36.6%) isolates of gram-positive bacteria, represented by: 16 (26.6%) isolates Staphylococcus aureus, 4 (6.6 %) another Staphylococcus spp., 2 (3.3%) Enterococcus spp. The study also shown the a increase in the concentration of TLR-3 , CXCL8 , IL-2 , IL-17 and IL-22 in the serum of bacterial patients compared with the healthy, Where the results of the current study show decreases in the concentration of TGF-β1 among compared with healthy. In conclusion, it was discovered that the infection of bacteria in wound infection was lower in females than males. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus were found to be the highly isolated bacteria wound infection, with increases levels of TLR-3, CXCL8, IL-17 and IL-22 in serum in patients and decreases level of TGF-β1 in serum of patients.

Adipocytes Size of the Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and Coronary Atherosclerosis: Relationship With Parameters of Blood Lipid Transport Function, Carbohydrate Metabolism and Inflammatory Markers

Aim. To assess the potential relationship between morphometric characteristics of adipocytes in epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue (EAT, SAT) and the lipid transport function of the blood, glucose e metabolism, and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) after coronary artery bypass grafting.Material and methods. The study included 47 patients (33 men and 14 women) aged 53-72 years with chronic IHD. The study material was EAT and SAT adipocytes obtained from intraoperative explants. The size of EAT and SAT adipocytes and the proportion of EAT and SAT adipocytes with ≥100 μm and ≤50 μm sizes were determined. Carbohydrate metabolism parameters, blood lipid transport function, and inflammatory biomarkers were assessed. Surrogate indices of insulin resistance (IR) were calculated.Results. The mean size of EAT adipocytes, in contrast to SAT adipocytes, correlated (p&lt;0.05) with serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (rs=0.43), triglycerides (TG) (rs=0.36), interleukin (IL)-1β (rs=0.29), basal C-peptide (rs=0.40) and TyG index (rs=0.32). Male gender and blood concentrations of basal C-peptide and TG in combination were identified as statistically significant determinants of an increase in the mean size of EAT adipocytes. The threshold values of TG and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (nHDL-C) associated with an increase in the mean size of EAT adipocytes ≥87.61 μm were 1.4 and 2.63 mM, respectively. Patients with TG concentrations ≥1.4 mM had a greater size and proportion of hypertrophied EAT adipocytes, IR indices, and higher blood concentrations of basal glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, TNF-α, and IL-1β. TG concentrations of 1.2-1.4 mM, compared with concentrations &lt;1.2 mM, were associated with a greater mean size of EAT adipocytes and higher serum IL-10 concentrations. Patients with non-HDL-C ≥2.63 mM, compared with its lower concentrations, had more pronounced hypertrophy of EAT adipocytes.Conclusion. Disorders in the morphometric characteristics of EAT adipocytes, in contrast to SAT adipocytes, are associated with increased blood concentrations of TG, non-HDL-C, inflammatory markers, and increased IR indices. It was shown for the first time that a combination of three factors, male gender, blood concentrations of basal C-peptide, and TG, independently of other indicators describe the variability of the mean size of EAT adipocytes. Increases in TG from 1.2 to 1.4 mM are associated with a larger size of EAT adipocytes and cytokine imbalance. Our data confirm the validity of identifying optimal blood concentrations of TG and non-HDL-C in patients with IHD and coronary atherosclerosis.

IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-17 in the Development of Erosive Esophagitis and Symptom Perception in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Background: The diverse clinical characteristics of erosive esophagitis (EE) and symptom perception in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remain a major challenge in understanding their underlying pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the association between the levels of IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-17 in serum and the presence of erosive esophagitis and symptoms related to GERD. Method: We enrolled 65 subjects presenting with GERD symptoms. Based on the findings of upper endoscopy, the subjects were categorized into two groups: (1) erosive esophagitis (EE LA grades B-D) and (2) non-erosive esophagitis (normal-EE LA grade A). Symptom perception was assessed via GERD questionnaire (GERD-Q) and the frequency scale for the symptoms of GERD (FSSG). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to analyze serum levels of IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-17. Analysis of cytokine levels between different symptoms severity was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Results: Median serum IL-8 levels were significantly higher in the erosive esophagitis group compared to those with non-erosive esophagitis (20.2 (IQR 16.9–32.2) vs. 17.7 (IQR 15.2–19.6), p &lt; 0.05). The study found a significant association between IL-8 levels and the presence of globus symptoms (median IL8 level 46.961 (38.622–92.644) in subjects with globus vs. 18.06 (16.68–20.49) in those without globus; p &lt; 0.05). Similarly, TNF-α levels were associated with the frequency of regurgitation symptoms (H index = 10.748; dr = 3; p &lt; 0.05). We observed a significant correlation between IL-17 levels and the frequency of heartburn and early satiety symptoms. Conclusions: IL-8 may play a role in the development of mucosal erosion in GERD. IL-8, TNF- α, and IL-17 might be involved in the development of globus symptoms, the frequency of regurgitation, and the frequency of heartburn and early satiety, respectively. The diverse symptom phenotypes observed in patients with GERD symptoms may be mediated by distinct profiles of proinflammatory cytokines.

Integrating network pharmacology and experimental verification to study the mechanism of Polygonum hydropiper total flavonoids against stress-induced gastric mucosal damage

ContextPolygonum hydropiper L. (P. hydropiper) has outstanding clinical efficacy in treating both acute and chronic gastroenteritis. However, the definite mechanism remains unclear. ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms of the total flavonoid of P. hydropiper (FPH) in stress-induced gastric mucosal damage (SGMD) rats through a combination of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal experiments. MethodsNetwork pharmacology and molecular docking were utilized to predict the potential mechanisms of FPH against SGMD. In experimental studies, SGMD rat models were established using water-immersion restraint stress (WIRS). FPH was administered at doses of 140, 70, and 35 mg/kg, with ranitidine serving as a positive control, through gavage once daily for 6 consecutive days after model establishment. Stomach and serum specimens were analyzed using HE staining, Western blotting, qPCR, and ELISA to investigate the protective mechanism of FPH in SGMD. ResultsThe network pharmacology analysis identified 16 active ingredients and 183 common targets, with potential pathways including PI3K/Akt, MAPK and Keap1/Nrf2. In vivo experiments demonstrated that FPH intervention alleviated SGMD pathological changes, reduced elevated serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels, and enhanced SOD and GSH activity in rats. Additionally, FPH increased the protein expression of p62, Nrf2, HO-1, PI3K, and p-Akt, along with mRNA levels of Nrf2, p62, and HO-1. ConclusionsFPH exerts a gastric mucosal protective effect by upregulating antioxidant gene expression through the PI3K/Akt and Keap1/Nrf2 pathways. This study provides an experimental basis for the potential clinical treatment of SGMD with the traditional Chinese medicine P. hydropiper.

Evaluation of serum IL 18 / IL 18 binding protein ratio and their relation with IL- 18 gene polymorphisms in sample of Iraqi type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. A case control study.

To evaluate the ratio of interleukin18 and interleukin18 binding protein in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and its relation with the presence of interleukin18-607C/A and interleukin18-137G/C gene polymorphisms and the type of complications. The case-control study was conducted at the endocrinology clinic of the Madinat Al-Imamin Al-Kazemin Teaching Hospital, Iraq, from September 2020 to July 2021, and comprised diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and healthy controls matched for age and gender. Blood samples were obtained that were processed for serum separation. Serum interleukin18 and interleukin18 binding protein levels were assessed, and part of the sample was used for deoxyribonucleic acid extraction using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction with four specific primers for interleukin18-607C/A and interleukin-18-137G/C gene polymorphisms in both the groups. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Of the 168 subjects, 86(51.2%) were patients; 67(77.9%) females and 19(22.1%) males with mean age 52±8.97 years. There were 82(48.8%) controls; 56(68.3%) females and 26(31.7%) males with mean age 48±9.44 years (p>0.05). Higher serum level of interleukin18 and lower level of interleukin18 binding protein were seen in type 2 diabetes mellitus group compared to the controls (p<0.001). Interleukin18-137G/C and interleukin18-607C/A mutant alleles had odd ratios 3.52 (confidence interval: 1.91- 6.63) and 3.25 (confidence interval: 1.77-5.83), respectively, as risk factors for the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. There was an association of interleukin18- 137G/C homozygous mutant genotype with the occurrence of retinopathy among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (p=0.046), but risk allele C was not associated with retinopathy (p>0.05). The presence of interleukin18-137G/C and interleukin18-607C/A gene polymorphism might be considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diagnostic value of serum vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-17 in primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

Despite significant advancements in the medical treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) in recent years, enhancing therapeutic effects and improving prognosis remain substantial challenges worldwide. To investigate the expression levels of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin (IL)-17 in patients with PHC and evaluate their diagnostic value while exploring their relationship with patients' clinical characteristics. The study included 50 patients with confirmed PHC who visited Wuhan Hanyang Hospital from January 2021 to January 2022, and 50 healthy individuals from the same period served as the control group. Serum VEGF and IL-17 levels in both groups were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, and their diagnostic value was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between serum VEGF and IL-17 levels. Pathological data of the PHC patients were analyzed to determine the relationship between serum VEGF and IL-17 levels and pathological characteristics. Serum VEGF and IL-17 levels were significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). No significant association was observed between serum VEGF and IL-17 levels and gender, age, combined cirrhosis, tumor diameter, or degree of differentiation (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant relationship between clinical TNM stage, tumor metastasis, and serum VEGF and IL-17 levels (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between serum VEGF and IL-17 (P < 0.05). ROC analysis demonstrated that both serum VEGF and IL-17 had good diagnostic efficacy for PHC. Serum VEGF and IL-17 levels were significantly higher in PHC patients compared to healthy individuals. Their levels were closely related to pathological features such as tumor metastasis and clinical TNM stage, and there was a significant positive correlation between VEGF and IL-17. These biomarkers may serve as valuable reference indicators for the early diagnosis and treatment guidance of PHC.

TMT-proteomics reveals the therapeutic effects of Lianling decoction against atopic dermatitis through Staphylococcus aureus infection

BackgroundLianling Tang (LLT), a traditional Chinese herbal decoction, is utilized for managing inflammatory skin conditions in China. This study explores the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of LLT on atopic dermatitis (AD) in a mouse model, employing proteomics techniques. MethodsWe evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of LLT on AD in mice by assessing skin inflammation scores, conducting histopathological examinations, and measuring serum levels of IgE, IL-4, and IL-6. Using Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) technology, we performed proteomics analysis of skin samples from Control, Model, LLT-treated, and positive control drug-treated mice, and identified differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). These proteins were then analyzed via GO and KEGG pathways to elucidate LLT's mechanisms in treating AD. ResultsLLT markedly reduced skin inflammation scores, epidermal thickening, and mast cell infiltration, and decreased serum IgE, IL-4, and IL-6 levels in AD model mice, highlighting its therapeutic potential. Proteomics analysis identified Staphylococcus aureus infection as a pivotal AD pathogenesis mechanism and revealed critical proteins such as C1QA, C4B, C5, and FCGR3. LLT's mechanisms, such as modulating the complement activation, and influencing phagocytosis, effectively reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms caused by Staphylococcus aureus in AD. ConclusionLLT shows potential in AD treatment by modulating pathways associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection, effectively alleviating symptoms.

A blend of bacillus-fermented soybean meal, functional amino acids, and nucleotides improves nutrient digestibility, bolsters immune response, reduces diarrhea, and enhances growth performance in weaned piglets.

This study investigated the effects of a blend of bacillus-fermented soybean meal, functional amino acids, and nucleotides (Functional protein blend-FP Blend) as a replacement for animal protein sources in a weaner pig diet without antibiotic growth promoters on nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, intestinal morphology, diarrhea incidence, and growth performance. A total of 288 crossbred weaned piglets [♂ Duroc x ♀ (Yorkshire × Landrace)] with an average body weight (BW) of 6.89 ± 0.71kg were randomly allocated to 6 groups based on initial BW and sex (8 replicate pens per treatment; 3 gilts and 3 barrows/pen). The experiment lasted for 5wk. Dietary treatments included PC [standard diet with 3% fish meal (FM) and 2% plasma protein (PP)], NC (nonanimal protein, AP), T1 (3% FM replaced with 5% FP Blend), T2 (3% FM and 1% PP replaced with 5% FP Blend), T3 (2% PP replaced with 5%FP Blend), and T4 (3% FM and 2% PP replaced with 5% FP Blend). Data were analyzed using Minitab version 17 software. Key results indicated that FP Blend improved the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) coefficient of dry matter, gross energy, lysine, and valine in T4 compared with NC treatment (P < 0.05), whereas AID coefficient of crude protein and other amino acids remained constant (P > 0.05). Compared with NC diet, the weaned pigs fed T4 diet reduced malondialdehyde, serum IL8, TNF-α, and increased IgG (P < 0.05), while showing no effect on serum IL6, IL10, white blood cells, IgA, and endotoxin (P > 0.05). Furthermore, FP blend significantly increased villus height in the duodenum and ileum in T4 compared with NC (P < 0.05). The average daily gain (ADG) was highest in T4 (502.73g/d), followed by T1 (477.96g/d) and T2 (475.85g/d), compared with PC (450.86g/d) and NC (439.79g/d). T4's ADG significantly differed from PC and NC (P < 0.001), whereas no significant differences were observed in T1, T2, and T3 (P > 0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower in T4 (1.45) compared with PC (1.57) and NC (1.59) (P < 0.001), with no significant differences among other groups. In conclusion, FP Blend demonstrated efficacy in improving nutrient digestibility, optimizing intestinal morphology, bolstering immune responses, reducing diarrhea incidence, alleviating the adverse effects of weaning stress, and enhancing growth performance of weaned piglets.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Tao Hong Si Wu Tang in mice with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Lung cancer (LC) combined with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common combination of comorbidities. Anti-inflammation and modulation of oxidative/antioxidative imbalance may prevent COPD-induced LC, and are also crucial to the treatment of LC combined with COPD. Modern studies have shown that Tao Hong Si Wu Tang (THSW) has vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, anti-shock, immunoregulatory, lipid-reducing, micronutrient-supplementing, and anti-allergy effects. To observe the effects of THSW on COPD and LC in mice. A total of 100 specific pathogen-free C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into five groups: Blank control group (group A), model control group (group B), THSW group (group C), IL-6 group (group D), and THSW + IL-6 group (group E), with 20 mice in each group. A COPD mouse model was established using fumigation plus lipopolysaccharide intra-airway drip, and an LC model was replicated by in situ inoculation using the Lewis cell method. The blank control group exhibited a clear alveolar structure. The model control and IL-6 groups had thickened alveolar walls, with smaller alveolar lumens, interstitial edema, and several inflammatory infiltrating cells. Histopathological changes in the lungs of the THSW and THSW + IL-6 groups were less than those of the model control group. The serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels and IL-6R, JAK, p-JAK, STAT1/3, p-STAT1/3, FOXO, p-FOXO, and IL-7R expression levels in lung tissues of mice in the rest of the groups were significantly higher than those of the blank control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the model control group, the IL-6 group demonstrated significantly higher levels for the abovementioned proteins in the serum and lung tissues (P < 0.01), and the THSW group had significantly higher serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels and IL-7R expression levels in lung tissues (P < 0.01) but significantly decreased IL-6R, JAK, p-JAK, STAT1/3, p-STAT1/3, FOXO, p-FOXO, and IL-7R levels (P < 0.01). THSW reduces the serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in the mouse model with anti-inflammatory effects. Its anti-inflammatory mechanism lies in inhibiting the overactivation of the JAK/STAT1/3 signaling pathway.

Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and arthralgia - can it be diagnosed early within the window period? – An observation of serum biomarkers and analysis with other differential conditions in children

Background: Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA)is a cause of persisting arthralgia which is often missed. Diagnosing sJIA can be challenging, especially when overt arthritis is absent at presentation, highlighting the need for a diagnostic biomarker. Few recent studies have assessed potential biomarkers for sJIA, however, there is no consensus in detecting early. We conducted a study evaluating serum IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, S100A8, and S100A9 as potential diagnostic markers to distinguish sJIA from other conditions presenting as joint pain in children. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in our institute from May-2019 to October-2020 in children under 16 years, who had persisting arthralgia. Serum concentrations of IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, S100A9, and S100A8 were determined using ELISA kits. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was used to determine the cut-off values for IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, S100A8, and S100A9 for differentiating sJIA from other causes of joint pain and fever. Results- Out of 47 children who presented with joint pain and fever 19 of them were eventually diagnosed with sJIA. In the other 28 children, arthralgia and fever was attributed to conditions other than sJIA (non-sJIA). The non-sJIA group comprised children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, hemophagocytic histiocytosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Kawasaki disease, Kikuchi disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. Serum levels of IL-18, S100A8, and S100A9 were significantly higher in patients with sJIA compared to the non-sJIA group (p&lt;0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) was significant for IL-18(77.9%), S100A8 (74.9%), and S100A9(71.2%). A serum IL-18 cut-off level of &gt; 2030.45 pg/ml was useful for differentiating between sJIA and other diseases with a sensitivity of 66.67% and specificity of 75.86% for the diagnosis of sJIA. Conclusion- Serum IL-18, S100A8, and S100A9 can be useful in differentiating sJIA early from other causes of persisting arthralgia in children provided with appropriate identification of symptomatology and suspicion.

The Regulatory Effect and Mechanism of Moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) on Spleen Immunity in Rats with Long-term Exercise-induced Fatigue

Abstract Objective: By observing the effect of moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) on spleen immune function in rats with long-term exercise-induced fatigue, we explored the mechanism of relieving exercise-induced fatigue. Materials and Methods: The male rats were divided into five groups: normal group (no intervention), control group (moxibustion at CV 8), untreated group (treadmill training), tail group (moxibustion at nonacupoint after treadmill training), and CV 8 group (moxibustion at CV 8 after treadmill training). We observed the general behavior of the rats, measured the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18, IL-6, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-10 in serum, and examined CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-18, and IL-1β in spleen tissue. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the spleen. Results: After 8 weeks of training, the results in the normal group and CV 8 group were significantly better than those in the untreated and tail groups. In the untreated group and tail group, body weight, spleen mass, spleen index, and serum IL-10 concentrations decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05 or P &lt; 0.01), whereas high expression was observed in other parts of the serum and spleen tissue (P &lt; 0.01). The spleen corpuscle in the white pulp was reduced and necrotic without obvious germinal centers. Conclusions: Moxibustion at CV 8 could inhibit the NF-κB/NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammatory pathway to improve immunity and relieve exercise-induced fatigue.

Abnormal resting-state functional connectivity of hippocampal subregions in type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated cognitive decline.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) over time predisposes to inflammatory responses and abnormalities in functional brain networks that damage learning, memory, or executive function. The hippocampus is a key region often reporting connectivity abnormalities in memory disorders. Here, we investigated peripheral inflammatory responses and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) changes characterized of hippocampal subregions in type 2 diabetes-associated cognitive decline (T2DACD). The study included 16 patients with T2DM, 16 patients with T2DACD and 25 healthy controls (HCs). Subjects were assessed for cognitive performance, tested for the expression of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in peripheral serum, underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, and analyzed for RSFC using the hippocampal subregions as seeds. We also calculated the correlation between cognitive performance and RSFC of hippocampal subregion, and analyzed the significantly altered RSFC values of T2DACD for Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. T2DACD patients showed a decline in their ability to complete cognitive assessment scales and experimental paradigms, and T2DM did not show abnormal cognitive performance. IL-6 expression was increased in peripheral serum in both T2DACD and T2DM. Compared with HCs, T2DACD showed abnormalities RSFC of the left anterior hippocampus with left precentral gyrus and left angular gyrus. T2DM showed abnormalities RSFC of the left middle hippocampus with right medial frontal gyrus, right anterior and middle hippocampus with left precuneus, left anterior hippocampus with right precuneus and right posterior middle temporal gyrus. Compared with T2DM, T2DACD showed abnormalities RSFC of the left posterior hippocampus and right middle hippocampus with left precuneus. In addition, RSFC in the left posterior hippocampus with left precuneus of T2DACD was positively correlated with Flanker conflict response time (r=0.766, P=0.001). In the ROC analysis, the significantly altered RSFC values of T2DACD achieved significant performance. T2DACD showed a significant decrease in attentional inhibition and working memory, peripheral pro-inflammatory response increased, and abnormalities RSFC of the hippocampal subregions with default mode network and sensory-motor network. T2DM did not show a significant cognitive decline, but peripheral pro-inflammatory response increased and abnormalities RSFC of the hippocampus subregions occurred in the brain. In addition, the left precuneus may be a key brain region in the conversion of T2DM to T2DACD. The results of this study may provide a basis for the preliminary diagnosis of T2DACD.

Depurative capacity toward medium molecules of the dialyzer Toray NV-U® Hydrolink™: A new hydrophilic membrane to perform online hemodiafiltration

Introduction: New dialysis membranes with new properties are being developed to improve efficacy and tolerance. The hemocompatibility of a polymeric biomaterial is influenced by the layer of water at the blood membrane interface. The new dialyzer TORAY NV-U® has a membrane Hydrolink™, designed to suppress platelet adhesion and to improve the hemocompatibility. Until now, there is no experience in online hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF). The objective of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of this new membrane in OL-HDF therapy compared to another membrane commonly used. Other objectives are to evaluate the inflammatory response, hemodynamic tolerance, and the anticoagulation regimes. Methods: This is a prospective pilot study performed in five anuric patients receiving OL-HDF. For 1 month patients were kept with their usual dialyzer FX1000® (FMC). Subsequently, the dialyzer was changed to TORAY NV-U® (Hydrolink®) for 1 month. In the last dialysis session of each dialyzer, blood tests were performed to evaluate inflammation and depurative capacity. Results: We did not find differences in medium size removal molecules and convective volume: FX1000®: 31 ± 9 l per session and Hydrolink™ 30 ± 8 l; p = 0.7); β2microglobulin reduction ratio (RR) FX1000® FMC 83 ± 3%; Hydrolink™ 79 ± 4; p = 0.14; Myoglobin RR FX1000® FMC 72 ± 7%; Hydrolink™ 76 ± 4; p = 0.28. We did not find differences in inflammation parameters: serum IL6 with FX1000® 6.0 ± 4.2 pg/mL; Hydrolink™ 7.6 ± 5.0 pg/mL; p = 0.3. During all sessions with the two dialyzers there was adequate plasmatic filling, reaching 85 % filling. All patients had “good” dialyzer status in all dialysis sessions with TORAY NV-U®, while the dialyzer status with FX1000® was “good” in 20% of the sessions, “medium” in 30%, and “dirty” in the remaining 50% dialysis sessions. Conclusions: The new dialyzer Hydrolink™, TORAY NV-U® is not inferior to perform OL-HDF compared to dialyzers usually used for this therapy, and could allow decrease heparin doses. Further studies with a bigger sample size and longer follow-up will answer if Hydrolink improves inflammation and assess a better hemodynamic tolerance.

Cell-based in vitro hemoassay for evaluation of NLRP3-inflammasome activity

Currently, gouty arthritis is considered as a polygenic multifactorial autoinflammatory disease caused by activation of the NOD (nucleotide-binding domain) -like protein receptor 3 inflammasome NLRP3. The two cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 are considered important biomarkers of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. However, usually the concentration of IL-1β in donor sera is extremely low and found to be at the limit of detection level (1-3 pg/ml), while the concentration of circulating cytokine IL-18 in the sera of individual donors varies greatly. This results in difficulty using these biomarkers in the diagnosis of autoinflammatory diseases. We hypothesized that the patient’s blood cells which were sensitized in vivo to the presence of specific factors characteristic of autoinflammatory diseases, in particular, gouty arthritis, would produce increased amounts of the inflammasome-regulated cytokines compared to blood cells obtained from healthy donors. A comparison of the IL-18 cytokine in healthy donors and patients with gouty arthritis was carried out using 2 methods: a) by traditional analysis of the level of serum circulated IL-18 and b) by using a cell-based Hemoassay in vitro developed at the research institute “Biotech” SamGMU. The comparative analysis demonstrated the advantages of using an in vitro cell-based Hemoassay to assess the IL-18 cytokine status of patients. Serum IL-18 values varied widely and showed no significant difference between donors and patients with gouty arthritis. Using the developed cell-based Hemoassay in vitro, significant quantitative differences in the production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-18 produced by blood cells of potentially healthy donors and patients with gouty arthritis were detected. Blood cells of individual patients, sensitized in vivo with specific factors characteristic of gouty arthritis, produce increased concentrations of IL-18 in the cell growth medium in vitro compared to cells from healthy donors. Thus, the in vitro cell-based Hemoassay can be used for a more accurate assessment of the cytokine status of patients.

A Simple Score Scale Composed of Serum Inflammatory Factors Assists in Psoriasis Arthritis Prediction among Patients with Psoriasis Vulgaris.

Aim: To compare the levels of serum inflammatory indicators in psoriasis vulgaris patients who progress to PsA and those not, as well as to establish and validate a simple score scale for predicting PsA for psoriasis vulgaris patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed at a university hospital in China to recruit five hundred and seventy-seven patients who had been diagnosed with psoriasis vulgaris for at least 10 years. After evaluation, 86 were enrolled in the PsA group, and the others were selected as the control group. Eight serum inflammatory factors were detected and compared between the two groups. A simple score scale for PsA prediction was established and validated. Results: Serum CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in the PsA group than in the control group. A simple score scale composed of CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α was established. The sensitivity was 59.30% and the specificity was 83.50% for predicting PsA among all psoriasis vulgaris patients when the cut-off value of the total score was set as 1.8 points. The simple score scale presented a predictive value for progressing to PsA among all psoriasis vulgaris patients internally (AUC = 0.788), and the performance was also conformed in psoriasis vulgaris patients receiving topical treatment (AUC = 0.746), systemic treatment (AUC = 0.747) and biological treatment (AUC = 0.808), respectively. The predictive performance of this scale was also validated by an external retrospective cohort (AUC = 0.686). Conclusions: CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α were potential indicators to recognize PsA risk in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. A simple score scale may provide new insights for early prediction of PsA among psoriasis vulgaris patients.

CCL4 as a potential serum factor in differential diagnosis of central nervous system inflammatory diseases and gliomas.

Computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly utilized to detect brain gliomas and central nervous system inflammation diseases. However, there are instances where depending solely on medical imaging for a precise diagnosis may result in unsuitable medications or treatments. Pathological analysis is regarded as the definitive method for diagnosing brain gliomas or central nervous system inflammation diseases. To achieve this, a craniotomy or stereotaxic biopsy is necessary to collect brain tissue, which can lead to complications such as cerebral hemorrhage, neurological deficits, cerebrospinal fluid leaks, and cerebral edema. Consequently, the advancement of non-invasive or minimally invasive diagnostic techniques is currently a high priority. This study included samples from four glioma patients and five patients with central nervous system inflammatory diseases, comprising both serum and paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A total of 40 human cytokines were identified in these samples. We utilized a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to assess the sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing central nervous system inflammation diseases and gliomas. Additionally, we examined the correlation of these factors between serum and CSF in the patients. Ultimately, the identified factors were validated using serum from patients with clinically confirmed gliomas and central nervous system inflammation diseases followed by detection and statistical analysis through ELISA. The levels of serum factors IL-4, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, CCL4, CCL11, and VEGF were found to be significantly higher in gliomas compared with inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed between the levels of CCL4 in serum and CSF, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.92 (95% CI = 0.20-0.99, p = 0.027). We gathered more clinical samples to provide further validation of the abundance of CCL4 expression. A clinical study analyzing serum samples from 19 glioma patients and 22 patients with central nervous system inflammation diseases revealed that CCL4 levels were notably elevated in the inflammatory group compared with the glioma group (p < 0.001). These results suggest that assessing serum CCL4 levels may be useful in distinguishing those patients for clinical diagnostic purposes.

Reduction in mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) in APECED patients is associated with elevated serum IFN-γ concentration.

Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) are innate-like lymphocytes enriched in mucosal organs where they contribute to antimicrobial defense. APECED is an inborn error of immunity characterized by immune dysregulation and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Reduction in the frequency of circulating MAITs has been reported in many inborn errors of immunity, but only in a few of them, the functional competence of MAITs has been assessed. Here, we show in a cohort of 24 patients with APECED, that the proportion of circulating MAITs was reduced compared with healthy age and sex-matched controls (1.1% vs. 2.6% of CD3+ T cells; p < 0.001) and the MAIT cell immunophenotype was more activated. Functionally the IFN-γ secretion of patient MAITs after stimulation was comparable to healthy controls. We observed in the patients elevated serum IFN-γ (46.0 vs. 21.1 pg/mL; p = 0.01) and IL-18 (42.6 vs. 13.7 pg/mL; p < 0.001) concentrations. Lower MAIT proportion did not associate with the levels of neutralizing anti-IL-22 or anti-IL-12/23 antibodies but had a clear negative correlation with serum concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-18, and protein C-reactive protein. Our data suggest that reduction of circulating MAITs in patients with APECED correlates with chronic type 1 inflammation but the remaining MAITs are functionally competent.