Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase Levels Research Articles

Hepatoprotective effect of a polyherbal formulation (Aab-e-Murawaqain) against CCl4 induced liver toxicity in Wistar albino rat model by suppressing proinflammatory cytokines

This study assessed the hepatoprotective action of Aab-e-Murawaqain in Wistar albino rats by inducing liver injury with carbon tetra chloride (CCl 4 ) (2 mL/kg; sc). Aqueous extracts of Solanum nigrum (Makoy) and Cichorium intybus (Kashni) were used to prepare the Aab-e-Murawaqain polyherbal formulation. Silymarin (25 mg/kg), a well-known liver protective medicine, was treated as the reference control group. Biochemical indicators, such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin, were used to assess the curative potential. Other common biomarkers, such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT), were also estimated. Animals treated with CCl 4 exhibited significantly enhanced in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, bilirubin, and TBARS level, reflecting hepatic damage. The formulation considerably minimised the increase serum enzyme levels, indicating the improvement in liver cellular injury. CCl 4 induced significant decrease in GSH, SOD, and CAT levels. Pretreatment of the rats with the formulation led to an increase in hepatic GSH, SOD, CAT, protein, and albumin levels. Moreover, CCl 4 administration led to an increase in TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels, which decreased with polyherbal formulation treatment. The results were validated through histological evolutions, which revealed minimum fatty variations and a noticeable regenerative effect in the livers after treatment with the formulation. The results confirmed that Aab-e-Murawaqain can provide a substantial activity in the management of CCl 4 -induced hepatotoxicity.

Liver and Renal Function Profile of Mucormycosis Cases Receiving Amphotericin B - A Retrospective Study

Background: Mucormycosis is a serious infection that needs to be treated with prescription antifungal medicine, usually amphotericin B. In the study, we have analyzed the side effects of amphotericin B because studies have revealed that the drug has toxic effects both on the liver and the kidneys. Methodology: This is a retrospective study and was conducted using a record of mucormycotic patients who were admitted at GMERS Gotri Medical College and Hospital, Vadodara. We included the patients who were admitted to the hospital from June 1, 2021, to August 31, 2021. Three reports each of liver and renal function tests (LFT and RFT) were collected. These reports were entered into the excel sheet and a result was framed. Results: A total of 64 patients were reviewed with the infection of mucormycosis. Increase in bilirubin levels and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (significant rise) levels and decrease in albumin levels and albumin/globulin ratio were observed in LFT 2 and LFT 3 after initiating amphotericin B therapy. Similarly, a rise in serum urea and creatinine levels was observed in RFT 2 and RFT 3. The number of patients with altered serum sodium and potassium levels did not vary much in the three consecutive RFT reports. Conclusion: Amphotericin B drug does have adverse effects on the liver and kidneys. The three consecutive RFT and LFT reports revealed liver and kidney dysfunction due to damage induced by the drug. These led to altered levels of the factors included in the respective LFT and RFT reports.

Liver function characteristics of COVID-19 patients with obesity at Dr. Soetomo Hospital: case series

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with obesity are more susceptible to liver injury. There is currently no published overview regarding COVID-19 patients with liver injury in Indonesia. Our study reported 7 cases of obese COVID-19 patients with an increase of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), followed by 5 of them developing severe symptoms of COVID-19 in isolation room of Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya within June-December 2020. Case Presentation: A total of 7 COVID-19 patients, by the average age 46.2±15.5 years, were obese. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 36,3±3,4 kg/m2. Five of them experienced serious symptoms. There were 3 patients (patient no. 2, 4, 7) who had normal SGOT level, while the rest had an increased SGOT level for <2x upper limit of normal (ULN) at admission. During treatment, SGOT level increased in 5 patients for 1-<3x ULN and normal in the rest of them (patient no. 2, 4). Meanwhile, the normal SGPT levels were shown in 3 patients (patient no. 2, 4, 7) and increased in 4 others at admission for 1-<4x ULN. All of them tended to have an increased SGPT level during treatment for 1-<5x ULN. However, since the increase of SGOT and/or SGPT for >3x ULN is defined as liver injury, it happened in 2 patients that occur since admission (patient no. 3) and during treatment (patient no. 5). Conclusion: Obesity may impede the recovery of COVID-19 and manifest in the deterioration of liver function.

Effect of Cypermethrin on Blood Hematology and Biochemical Parameters in Fresh Water Fish Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass Carp)

The insecticide, cypermethrin, adversely affects biochemical parameters in blood and behavior in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were obtained from hatchery, reared in the laboratory. Different concentration of cypermethrin were applied. Blood was collected and hematological and biochemical parameters were measured. Biochemical parameters such as, protein levels, cholesterol, phosphorous and calcium in both acute and chronically cypermethrin treated groups decreased, with increasing exposure time from 24h to 15 days with more pronounced effects in the acute groups. Increased glucose, urea, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), creatinine, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were found in both acute and chronic groups with the increasing exposure time. Hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MHCH), and red cell distribution width (RDW) were significantly reduced in both groups as the exposure time increases. However, the numbers of white blood cells (WBC) and platelets were increased. This study established both the acute and chronic toxicity of cypermethrin in grass carp, which likely occurs secondary to altered biochemical and blood parameters.

A Hepatoprotective Effect of Extract Ethanol Gynura procumbens on Liver Injury Induced by Toxic Dose of Paracetamol

Gynura procumbens is a plant that contains flavonoid compounds as antioxidants and has a hepatoprotective effect. A hepatoprotector is a compound that can protect the liver from liver damage. One way to determine liver function is to measure the enzyme activity of Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT). This study aimed to determine the hepatoprotective effect of the extract ethanol of Gynura procumbens on the liver induced by paracetamol toxic dose. This study used 20 white male rats divided into five groups: positive control group, negative control (NaCMC 1%), and paracetamol dose of 2.400mg/kg bw). EDSNY 100 mg/kg bw, 200 mg/kg bw, 300 mg/kg bw + 2.400 mg/kg paracetamolThe rat blood samples were taken through the lateral vein, and then the SGOT and SGPT were measured before, after 4 days, and on the 6th day after paracetamol induction. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Gynura procumbens significantly reduced the levels of SGPT in mice at a dose of 300 mg/kg bw. However, the ethanol extract of Gynura procumbens leaves could not reduce SGOT levels in rats. From the histopathological results, it was evident that both low, medium, and high doses had not been able to significantly improve liver damage induced by toxic doses of paracetamol. However, the ethanol extract of Gynura procumbens leaves appeared to reduce the number of areas of necrosis and degeneration of hepatocytes compared to the negative control group. Based on the study's results, the ethanol extract of Gynura procumbens leaves at a dose of 300 mg/kg bw was able to protect against an increase in SGPT. Still, it hadn't shown that it was the best way to protect the liver from damage caused by too much paracetamol.

Bioactivity of two plant products against Tribolium castaneum infesting wheat grains and their impact on some biological parameters in Japanese quail

Several experiments were carried out in the current study to assess the efficacy of Caraway seed (Carum carvi) and petitgrain lemon (Citrus aurantium) plants against the stored product insect Tri­bolium casteneum. To measure some factors, various plant preparations (powder, oil, extract, and new formulation) with concentrations of 5-10-15- and 20% oils and extracts and 5-10-20- and 40% powder and their formulations were used (biological effect, insect mortality rate). Furthermore, to assess the negative effects of tested materials on certain biochemical parameters of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). There have been no significant effects of oral treatment on creatinine level while significant effect were noticed on total protein, total anti-oxidants and Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels in quail. In every treatments for quail, caraway was more effective than petitgrain lemon on some biological parameters. The determination of some biological parameters revealed that treatment after two weeks was affected in comparison to treatment four weeks later. The findings suggest that the tested plant products could be used to protect wheat grains from T. castaneum adults in Egyptian storage facilities.

Liver protection and hemostatic effects of medicinal plant Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M.Johnst extract in a rat model

Ethnopharmacological relevanceArnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M.Johnst. (AE) is a Chinese medicinal herb that is traditionally used to treat various circulatory diseases. It exhibits certain effects, such as the promotion of blood circulation and cooling, rash clearance, and detoxification. Aim of the studyThis study was designed to explore the hepatoprotective and hemostatic effects of the ethyl acetate extract of AE in rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Materials and methodsWistar rats were treated via oral gavage with different doses of the ethyl acetate extract of AE (3.5, 7, or 14 g kg−1·day−1) for 14 consecutive days, following which hemostatic and liver function tests were conducted. For the hemostatic tests, the platelet count, blood platelet aggregation, blood platelet adhesion to fibrinogen, platelet factor 4 (PF-4) secretion from blood platelets, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT), and fibrinogen levels were measured at the end of the treatment period. For the liver function tests, 0.25 mL/200 g (1.25 mL kg−1·day−1) of olive oil was injected into the abdominal cavity of the control rats, whereas 15% CCl4 plus olive oil (prescription: 7.5 mL CCl4 + 42.5 olive oil) was injected into that of the treated rats at 1 h after extract administration on day 6, 13, and 20. Additionally, food and water were withheld from all the animals. On the following day, the rats were anesthetized and their albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels among the groups were determined using a one-way analysis of variance. ResultsThe platelet count and blood platelet aggregation, blood platelet adhesion to fibrinogen and PF-4 secretion levels were significantly increased in the (3.5 g kg−1 day−1) AE group as compared to those in the control group (all p < 0.001; for the 7 and 14 g kg−1 day−1 AE groups, all p > 0.05, respectively). Although the PT and aPTT were not affected by the AE extract (all p > 0.05), the TT was reduced and the FIB levels were significantly increased in all AE groups (p < 0.05). Liver function tests showed that CCl4 caused significant liver damage, thereby decreasing the albumin, SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, GR, and GPx levels, while increasing the AST, ALT, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, GGT, LDH, ROS, and MDA levels (all p < 0.001). By contrast, treatment with the different doses of AE extract reversed the CCl4 effects on all these parameters. Compared with the levels in the CCl4 group, the GSH and GR levels in the three AE groups (3.5, 7, and 14 g kg−1·day−1) were significantly higher (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively), whereas the differences in the other parameters for these three groups were all at the significance levels of p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively. ConclusionsAE extracts administered orally exhibited hepatoprotective activity by affecting platelet production and blood coagulation and ameliorating liver function-damaging modifications. Specifically, a dosage of 3.5 g kg−1·day−1 resulted in the most optimal effects.

Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels and histopathological of KUB chicken liver given water extract of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) in drinking water

Azadirachta indica A. Juss or neem is herbal that contains antioxidants and bioactive compounds of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins that can play a role in various biological activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of water extract of neem leaves mixed in drinking water on the liver health performance of KUB chickens. The observed variables were serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels and liver histopathology. The experimental animals used were KUB chickens (Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan), using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications. The treatment group consisted of P0 (control or 0%), neem leaf water extract 1% (P1), 3% (P2) and 5% (P3) administered during the starter phase (42 days). The experimental animals used were 200 tails. Preparation of liver histology preparations by paraffin method. SGPT levels were tested by the IFCC2 Enzymatic Kinetic method (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine). The results showed that KUB chicken SGPT levels were not significantly different between control and treatment. Liver histology data showed inflammatory cell infiltration damage, degeneration, necrosis, and vessel congestion but there was no significant difference between control and treatment chicken livers. Water extract supplementation of neem leaf has no negative effect on liver performance and SGPT levels

Molecular mechanisms of Agardhiella subulata attenuates hepatic fibrosis by modulating hepatic stellate cell activation via the reduction of autophagy

In this study, we investigated the effects of Agardhiella subulata extract (ASE) and its underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Rats induced hepatic fibrosis with CCl4 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) activated rat hepatic stellate cell line (HSC-T6) was used. The results showed that ASE (oral, 10 or 50 mg/kg) effectively attenuated liver fibrogenesis in the rats. This was evidenced by decreases in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels, histopathological changes, decreased collagen deposition, and extracellular matrix formation. ASE significantly reduced hepatocyte apoptosis, Kupffer cell activation, and the levels of fibrogenic molecules such as alpha-smooth muscle actin and collagen. Furthermore, ASE downregulated the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and concomitantly inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells by reducing autophagy and inducing the regeneration of lipid droplets both in vivo and in vitro. Overall, ASE inhibited various mechanisms that are important targets in the prevention of hepatic fibrosis.

Look Out for Fever: Clinical Profile of Dengue in Young Adults in a Tertiary Care Center in North India.

Background Dengue fever (DF) is a common viral disease, clinical manifestations of which vary from influenza-like illness (DF) to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)/dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The aim of this article was to study the clinical profile of DF in young adults. Material and Methods This was an observational study conducted in the department of medicine over a period of 2 years (January 1, 2013-December 31, 2014). Patients aged between 18 and 30 years with serology proven (nonstructural protein 1 [NS1]/dengue immunoglobulin M [IgM]) DF were included in this study. The clinical and laboratory data was recorded and analyzed. Results Out of 418 cases, the incidence of DF, DHF, and DSS was 87.32, 7.66, and 5.02%, respectively. The most common presentations were fever (99.76%) followed by vomiting (29.43%), pain abdomen (17.94%), myalgias (13.16%), petechial rash (12.92%), and bleeding (10.29%). Dengue NS1 and IgM antibodies were positive in 87.3% and 88.12% of the patients, respectively. Ascites, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, pleural effusion, gall bladder wall edema, and pericardial effusion were present in 8.13, 6.94, 6.70, 5.98, 2.63, and 0.72% of the patients, respectively. Complications included bleeding (10.29%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (1.67%), myocarditis (1.44%), seizures (1.44%), hemarthrosis (0.24%), and encephalopathy (0.24%). The mortality rate was 3.35% with death of 14 patients. Shock, bleeding, and elevated serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels predicted adverse outcome. Conclusion DF can present with a plethora of clinical manifestations in endemic areas. Adverse outcome is more likely if patients have elevated SGOT levels, shock, and bleeding. Continuous seroepidemiological surveillance is essential to control outbreak and minimize morbidity and mortality.

Prebiotics as Adjunctive Therapy in Diabetes: A Review of Prebiotics in Diabetes

Abstract: Prebiotic compounds are used by the host microbiome and confer health benefits to the host. Food intake affects the composition of the gut microbiome. The number and composition of gut flora have been linked to metabolic diseases. Diabetes is a chronic condition that alters blood sugar levels. The main form of energy for the body is blood glucose, which is produced from the food. Nutritional interventions can be used to manage blood sugar levels. There are different types of compounds that can be used as prebiotics such as; Inulin-type fructans, Trans-galactooligosaccharides, Lactulose, Isomaltooligosaccharide, Lactosucrose, Xylooligosaccharides, Soybean oligosaccharide, and Glucooligosaccharides. Research evidence suggests that prebiotic consumption supports or improves the gut microbiome, inhibits reactive oxygen species production (ROS), reduces serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels, reduces oxidative stress, inhibits NF-κB activation process, reduces inflammation, improves dysfunction, improves insulin resistance, decreases malondialdehyde levels in serum, improves glucose tolerance, decreases intestinal permeability, inhibits α-glucosidase and improves glycemic control. This review focuses on the potential of prebiotic use as adjuvant therapy in diabetes.

The Effects of Use of Long-Term Second-Generation Antipsychotics on Liver and Kidney Function: A Prospective Study.

(1) Background: The second-generation antipsychotics (SGAPs) induce metabolic and inflammatory side effects, but documentation of their effects on the liver and kidneys is scarce. Aim: To study the three-year fluctuation of selected markers of renal and hepatic function in forensic psychiatric patients receiving SGAPs for more than five years. (2) Methods: Thirty-five forensic psychiatric patients (N = 35) were classified into two groups according to the type of SGAPs used for their treatment and the relevant risk of weight gain and metabolic complications. The three-year medication history, anthropometric data and biochemical data relevant to renal and hepatic function were retrieved from the individual medical files, specifically: serum levels of urea, uric acid, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase and amylase; the liver function enzymes, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase(γ-GT), and also the inflammatory index C-reactive protein (CRP). (3) Results: The patients receiving the SGAPs with a low risk for weight gain showed no significant fluctuation in the biochemical markers over the three-year period. The patients receiving the SGAPs with a high risk for weight gain showed significant differences between at least two measurements of uric acid (p = 0.015), SGOT (p = 0.018) and SGPT (p = 0.051). They showed significantly higher levels of creatinine in the third year compared to the second year (p = 0.029), and SGOT in the second year compared to the first (p = 0.038), and lower levels of SGPT in the third year compared to the second (p = 0.024). (4) Conclusion:In addition to consideration of possible metabolic and inflammatory complications, the choice of an antipsychotic drug for long-term treatment should also take into account the risk of hepatotoxicity and kidney damage.

The Hepatoprotective Effects of Ethanolic Extract Noni Fruits (Morinda citrifolia L.) on Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Liver with SGPT and Histopathological Evaluations

The liver is an important organ that plays a role in metabolism in the human body. However, the use of certain types of chemical compounds tends to damage these organs. This study aims to determine the hepatoprotective effectiveness of noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) against exposure to hepatotoxic compounds. This research was conducted by experimental method with Groups I to III treated with noni extract with concentrations of 10, 15, and 20%, respectively. Group IV was treated with acetaminophen, a hepatotoxic substance, as a positive control and group V was treated with Na.CMC as a negative control. Data serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels and histopathological examination of the liver of the test animals were then analyzed by One-Way Anova. Histopathological examination results showed hepatotoxicity caused by high doses of acetaminophen 10 g/70 KgBW in the positive control group achieved a score of +4 (severe damage), groups I and II showed a score of +3 (moderate damage), and in group III only showed a score of +3 (moderate damage). +2 (light damage). The results of SGPT examination and histopathology showed that the ethanol extract of noni fruit at a concentration of 20% had a hepatoprotective effect.

Etiology in Children Presented With Chronic Liver Disease in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

BackgroundChronic liver disease (CLD) is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality among the pediatric age group. The identification of the etiology of the disease is of utmost importance for the effective management of the disease.ObjectiveTo determine the various causes of CLD in pediatric patients attending a large public sector pediatric hospital.Patients and methodsA prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Institute of Child Health, Karachi, Pakistan from August 1, 2021, to February 28, 2022. All patients below 16 years of age of either gender with more than three months of symptoms duration on admission were enrolled. The diagnosis was labeled after the standard reference ranges for the pediatric age group.ResultsOf 136 patients, the mean age was 4.42 ± 3.92 years. More than half of the patients were males (76, 55.9%). Hepatitis B (31, 22.8%), idiopathic (23, 16.9%), glycogen storage disorder (GSD) (21, 15.4%), and Wilson disease (14, 10.3%) were the most common cause of CLD. A significant association of hepatitis was observed with age (p-value < 0.001), residence (p-value = 0.048), symptomatic (p-value < 0.001), total bilirubin level (p-value = 0.003), direct bilirubin level (p-value = 0.002), and albumin level (p-value = 0.003). Whereas a significant association of GSD was observed with age (p-value = 0.001), residence (p-value < 0.001), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) level (p-value = 0.033).ConclusionIn our cohort, hepatitis B, idiopathic, GSD, and Wilson disease were the most common causes of CLD in pediatric patients. Moreover, age, residence, symptomatic, total bilirubin level, direct bilirubin level, SGPT, and albumin level were the important predictor variables.

Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase ratio as an early predictor to assess dengue severity

Background: Dengue fever is a benign syndrome caused by arthropod borne viruses which is transmitted by infective bite of a particular mosquito known as Aedes aegypti, a day time biting mosquito, which is the principal vector of the disease. Although liver is not a major target organ, hepatic dysfunction is well recognised and can be used as an early predictor to assess the dengue severity by looking at the ratio of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels. Studies using SGOT/SGPT ratio to assess severity of dengue were very few, hence the need for the study.Methods: Ratio of SGOT and SGPT is considered as an early predictor to assess severity of dengue in children admitted under department of paediatrics at Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore. A total of 100 children aged between 0-15 years were admitted with signs and symptoms of dengue. Informed consent was obtained and detailed history was taken. For all cases, dengue serology rapid and ELISA was done at our hospital. Children positive for NS1, IgM, IgM+ IgG were included in the study and ratio of SGOT/SGPT done at the time of admission was taken and followed up for clinical profile. Results: Children with SGOT/SGPT ratio&lt;1 at the time of admission had lesser duration of hospital stay and complications when compared to children with SGOT/SGPT ratio &gt;1.Conclusions: SGOT/SGPT ratio at the time of admission can be used to predict dengue severity, duration of hospital stay and outcome.

Differences of SGOT-SGPT Levels in Serum and EDTA Plasma in Hepatitis B Patients

Hepatitis is a disorder in liver inflammation that can be caused by infection with parasites, protozoa, bacteria, viruses, metabolic disorders, drugs, and alcohol that causes damage to human liver cells and can attack all ages, genders, and races throughout the world. Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) levels in EDTA plasma can tend to increase more than serum. It is because EDTA plasma contains coagulation factors that can interfere with examining SGOT and SGPT levels on the device. In contrast, serum consists of proteins, electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, and hormones that do not contain coagulation factors. This study aims to compare SGOT and SGPT levels on serum and EDTA plasma samples in Hepatitis B patients. This type of research is an experimental study. This research was conducted on 35 hepatitis B specimens and then tested using the enzymatic method with Humastar 100 (spectrophotometry). Abnormal SGOT levels (&gt;27 U/L) were 54.3% in serum and 51.4% in plasma EDTA. Abnormal SGPT levels (&gt;34 U/L) were 22.9% in serum and 25.7% in plasma EDTA, so there is an insignificant difference in SGOT and SGPT levels in EDTA serum and plasma samples.

Formulation and evaluation of SGLT2 inhibitory effect of a polyherbal mixture inspired from Ayurvedic system of medicine

Background and aimThe ingredients viz., Artemisia roxburghiana, Cissampelos pareira, Stephania glabra, Drimia indica, Roylea cinerea, Tinospora sinensis and Curcuma longa of the present formulation are used to treat diabetes in the Indian traditional medical system. Adopting the concept of multiple herbal mixtures for better therapeutic effects from the ancient Ayurvedic text Sarangdhar Samhita, the present study aimed to develop a polyherbal formulation (PHF) of seven herbs and to evaluate its sodium-glucose cotransporter protein-2 (SGLT2) inhibitory effect on type 2 diabetic rats. Experimental procedureStreptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg) and nicotinamide (NAM) (120 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered to induce type 2 diabetes in Wistar rats. The animals were divided into 5 groups viz. normal control, diabetic control, positive control (dapagliflozin at 0.1 mg/kg) and two test groups (PHF at 250 and 500 mg/kg). Various parameters including blood glucose, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), bilirubin, triglycerides and creatinine were measured. Results and conclusionThe treatment with PHF (250 and 500 mg/kg) showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in blood glucose levels by 56.37% and 58.17%, respectively. The levels of SGOT, SGPT and bilirubin were significantly reduced in PHF-fed diabetic rats. Histopathological examination revealed no major changes in the treated groups as compared to the normal control. The molecular docking study showed strong binding of β-sitosterol, insulanoline, warifteine, dehydrocorydalmine, taraxerol acetate, lupeol, corydalmine and luteolin to SGLT2 protein. The present study concludes that PHF has promising antidiabetic activity via inhibiting SGLT2 protein without showing any adverse effects.

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Whole Fruit Extracts of Luffa Acutangula. Var. Amara and Rhizome Extracts of Rheum Emodi in CCl4 - Induced Chronic Hepatotoxicity

To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of whole fruit extracts of Luffa acutangula.var. amara and rhizome extracts of Rheum emodi in CCl4 treated rats. The dried powders of L. amara and R. emodi were extracted successively with petroleum ether, ethanol and distilled water. The hepatoprotective capacity of the extract of the whole fruits of L. amara and the rhizomes of R. emodi was analyzed in liver injured CCl4- treated male rats. The present study explored the possibilities of using low doses of both plant extracts (150mg/kg, and 300mg/kg bw, po route) to treat CCL4 intoxicated albino rats in both acute and chronic models of hepatic damage, evident by increased serum levels of glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, cholesterol and triglycerides, all being implicated in considerable hepatic damage.&#x0D; Histopathological examination in CCl4 treated rats revealed collapse of liver parenchyma with early fibrosis and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration in patchy areas around central vein (Pic.group-2) when compared to the control group. Histopathological and physical examinations also indicated their effectiveness with their dose tolerability and liver protection.&#x0D; Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the whole fruits of L. amara and rhizomes of R. emodi were indicative of more hepatoprotective properties when compared to the petroleum ether extracts of both plants against CCl4 induced liver damage as confirmed from hepatic serum marker enzyme activities and histopathological studies.

Iron Chelators, Such as Deferasirox, When Combined With Hydroxyurea, Provide an Additional Benefit of Iron Chelation in Patients Receiving Chronic Transfusion Therapy

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions have been established as one of the primary therapies in treating sickle cell anemia. However, they are not free of side effects, with overloading the body with iron being one of the most important. Iron chelation therapy greatly reduces the iron load of the body. In addition, hydroxyurea (HU), an oral chemotherapeutic drug also has a significant role in the treatment of the disease with beneficial effects on many of the clinical problems that arise, mainly in reducing painful crises. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of synergistic transfusion therapy and HU on the response to deferasirox (DFX) chelation therapy. Eighteen patients with sickle cell disease were divided into two groups based on their treatment, either with simple transfusions and DFX or with a combination of transfusion therapy, DFX and HU, and were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for liver iron concentration (LIC) and biochemistry. All patients completed the study. The results of the study showed improvement in serum ferritin (FER) levels and LIC after 12 months of therapy in both groups, especially in the group receiving the combination therapy with HU. In addition, there was a noteworthy improvement in serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels with serum creatinine (Cr) levels remaining stable during the study in both groups. Hydroxyurea, when combined with iron chelators such as DFX, provides an additional benefit of iron chelation in patients receiving chronic transfusion therapy.

The Effect of Green Coffee on Blood Pressure, Liver and Kidney Functions in Obese Model Rats

BACKGROUND: The effect of green coffee (GC) on blood pressure (BP) is still debated, but GC is thought to improve liver and kidney function. AIM: This study aimed to analyze the effect of the GC intervention on BP, liver, and kidney functions in obese model rats. METHODS: The research was a pre-clinical trial of pretest-posttest with control group design. Animals were divided into four groups: obese rats (G1), obese rats and GC (G2), obese rats and physical exercise (PE) (G3), and a combination of interventions (PE+GC) (G4). Data analysis used an independent sample t-test and analysis of variance; (p &lt; 0.05). RESULTS: There was a different effect of the GC, PE, and PE+GC intervention on BP (186.50 ± 3.45 vs. 91.33 ± 1.96 p = 0.001*; 189.17 ± 2.93 vs. 119.50 ± 3.73 p = 0.001*; 191.8 3 ± 2.64 vs. 98.83 ± 3.76 p = 0.001*) in obese rats. There was a significant difference in Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) (p=0.001*), Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) (p = 0.001*), Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (p = 0.001*), and Creatinine (p = 0.001*) before and after the intervention in the three groups (G2, G3, and G4). SGOT, SGPT, and Creatinine levels decreased significantly after PE, GC, and PE+GC intervention. On the other hand, BUN levels decreased significantly after GC and its combination intervention. Meanwhile, in the control group and the intervention of PE, it increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: GC is more effective in lowering BP without causing impaired liver and kidney function in obese rats.