Serum Glutamic Oxalacetic Transaminase Activity Research Articles

Redefining the hepatoprotective potential of Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) Kombucha towards the diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatotoxicity of mice

PurposeThis research intended the utilization of Javanese turmeric (0.4% w/v) as a kombucha substrate and analysis of its hepatoprotective activity, in comparison against nonfermented Javanese turmeric beverage (JTB) and black tea kombucha.Design/methodology/approachForty-two healthy male Balb/c mice (two- to three-week-old, 20–30 g) were divided into six groups with seven replicates each. The treatments were normal diet, normal diet + Javanese turmeric kombucha (JTK), normal diet + diethylnitrosamine (DEN), DEN + JTB, DEN + JTK, DEN + black tea kombucha. Kombuchas and JTB were given at 0.3 mL/20 g BW/d. DEN was induced intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Observed biomarkers were blood serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) activity, serum malonaldehyde (MDA), as well as liver histology. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance.FindingsAmong DEN-induced groups, JTK significantly (p < 0.05) diminished the level of blood SGPT, SGOT and serum MDA. JTK also had lower blood SGPT (8.604 ± 2.195 U/L) and serum MDA levels (2.884 ± 0.083 nM/mL) compared to the normal group (8.604 ± 2.195 U/L and 5.050 ± 0.998 nM/mL, respectively). JTK also produced the least damaged liver-cell numbers.Originality/valueJTK demonstrated better hepatoprotective activity compared to JTB.

Autochthonous Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis improved liver health, immune response, mucosal microbiota and red-head disease resistance of yellow drum (Nibea albiflora)

Yellow drum (Nibea albiflora), a commercially important fish species in the coastal regions of southeast China, is highly susceptible to red-head disease caused by Vibrio harveyi B0003. Probiotics have been shown to enhance disease resistance in fish, but whether commensal probiotics could improve of the resistance to red-head disease in yellow drum and possible mechanisms has yet not been reported. A six-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the red-head disease resistance potentials of five probiotic candidates (Bacillus megaterium B1M2, B. subtilis B0E9, Enterococcus faecalis AT5, B. velezensis DM5 and B. siamensis B0E14), and the liver health, serum and skin immunities, gut and skin mucosal microbiota of yellow drum were determined to illustrate the possible mechanisms. The results showed that autochthonous B. subtilis B0E9 and E. faecalis AT5 (particularly E. faecalis AT5, P < 0.05) effectively improved red-head disease resistance in yellow drum. Furthermore, B. subtilis B0E9 and E. faecalis AT5 (particularly E. faecalis AT5) efficiently improve liver health by improving liver morphology and decreasing serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic propylic transaminase activities pre and post challenged with V. harveyi B0003 (P < 0.05). B. subtilis B0E9 and E. faecalis AT5 led to significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the serum complement 3 content (un-detected after challenged with V. harveyi B0003), lysozyme activity and skin mucosal immunity (such as IL-6, IL-10 and lysozyme expression) pre and post challenged with V. harveyi B0003, which was generally consistent with the cumulative mortality after challenged with V. harveyi B0003. This induced activations of serum and skin mucosal immunities were consistent with the microbiota data showing that B. subtilis B0E9 and E. faecalis AT5 modulated the overall structure of intestinal and skin mucosal microbiota, and in particular, the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic Achromobacter decreased while beneficial Streptococcus, Rothia, and Lactobacillus increased in fish fed with B. subtilis B0E9 and E. faecalis AT5. Overall, autochthonous B. subtilis B0E9 and E. faecalis AT5 (particularly E. faecalis AT5) can improve liver health, serum and skin immunities (especially up-regulated lysozyme activity and inflammation-related genes expression), positively shape gut and skin mucosal microbiota, and enhance red-head disease resistance of yellow drum.

Primary stress response and biochemical profile of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) experimentally parasitized with Argulus bengalensis (Ramakrishna, 1951).

Argulosis is a major problem that causes huge economic loss in aquaculture. In a microcosm, an infested condition was developed upon Labeo rohita with 100 ± 10 adult morphs of Argulus bengalensis per fish. Primary stress response and biochemical profiles of the host were evaluated to underscore the pathogenicity of the parasites. Significant alterations in biochemical parameters were monitored at four different post-infestation time points: days 1, 3, 6 and 9. The overall increasing trends of both plasma cortisol and plasma epinephrine indicate parasite-induced primary stress response among experimental fish. The study revealed a hyperglycaemic trend throughout the infestation period, which has been correlated with hypoxia-associated glycogenolysis. Decreasing level of plasma cholesterol has also been correlated with the development of anaemia and subsequent hypoxia among the infested fish. Plasma protein of the experimental fish initially increases as an outcome of the immediate innate immune response against Argulus infestation, whereas the decrease in plasma protein at the later period of infestation results from less-dietary protein intake due to loss of appetite, reduced digestibility and metabolic proteolysis. Plasma Na+ concentration showed an overall decreasing trend throughout the infestation period, which may be due to excess production of catecholamine under stress. Nonetheless, plasma K+ concentration showed an increasing trend up to day 6 of infestation, and thereafter the value declined to the control level. Plasma ionic imbalances reflect changes in cell permeability under tissue hypoxia and the wounds produced on the skin for intensive feeding activity of the parasites. Both serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities were significantly elevated throughout the infestation period, which indicates excess synthesis or release of those enzymes from the damaged cells of the tissues. Activities of some renal, hepatic and branchial antioxidant enzymes, viz., superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase, increased in the infested fish. The fact is explained as an effort of the fish for gaining adaptive adjustment to neutralize the oxidative stress generated under the parasitic stress. The overall experimental result points towards the generation of potential stress upon host fish by this branchiuran parasite. The biochemical alterations of the fish under argulosis are centred around the two stress-sensitive hormones, cortisol and epinephrine. The outcome of the study will be the important physiological determinants in adopting a suitable control measure as well as assessing the nutritional value of the fish under diseased condition.

Toxicological Studies of Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. (Annonaceae) on Wistar Rats

Introduction: The impact of aromatic plants used in cooking on health is indisputable.&#x0D; This study aims to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of Artemia salina, acute and the 28 days subchronic toxicity of X. aethiopica dried fruit used like spice in Togo by oral administration of the extract to female Wistar rats.&#x0D; Results: The A. salina assay showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of X. aethiopica presented any toxicity. The LC50 values of X. aethiopica on brine shrimp were 0.64 ± 0.13 mg/mL. The acute toxicity study revealed neither behavioral disturbances nor death in rats. The lethal dose (DL50) of this extract is greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The results of subchronic toxicity showed no significant change in body and organs weight gain in rats at test doses throughout the treatment period. No changes in haematological parameters were observed apart from a significant increase in platelet number at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Biochemical parameters such as Urea, Creatinine, Triglycerides, Total cholesterol, Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and glycemia were not significantly changed. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities increased at doses of 500/1000 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg respectively. Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) activity decrease at the dose of 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Blood electrolytes showed no significant change. The histological sections showed no organ damage.&#x0D; Conclusions: Aqueous extract of X. aethiopica did not lead to any adverse effects in rats after acute and subchronic treatment at 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses. &#x0D; Keywords: Xylopia aethiopica, Cytotoxicity, Toxicity, Wistar rats.

Metabolic responses of hybrid grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus ) induced by different feeding modes: Effects on growth, serum biochemical indices, intestinal digestion and hepatic metabolism of glucose and lipid

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate metabolic responses of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus) induced by different feeding modes. The experimental groupers were divided into three feeding modes as follows: continuous feeding group (8 weeks, C group), prolonged starvation group (8 weeks, S group) and refeeding group (starving for 4 weeks + refeeding for 4 weeks, R group). The results show that prolonged starvation had negative effect on growth, yet refeeding caused compensatory growth (p < .05). Serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity decreased in S group; triglycerides and total cholesterol reduced in R group; insulin-like growth factor-1 and its gene expression both increased in S and R groups (p < .05). Both glycogen content and intestinal digestive enzymes activity decreased in S group (p < .05). Prolonged starvation caused decrease in hepatic enzymes activity of glycolysis and lipogenesis, while enhanced enzymes activity and genes expression of gluconeogenesis and lipolysis (p < .05). The glycolytic enzymes activity and genes expression improved in R group (p < .05), which may be a solution to compensatory growth. Thus, grouper performed more efficient and active glycolysis in the metabolism of hepatic glucose and lipid. Besides grouper obtained a certain ability to resist prolonged starvation.

Safety assessment of the indigenous probiotic strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum Kita-3 using Sprague-Dawley rats as a model.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum Kita-3 is a candidate probiotic from Halloumi cheese produced by Mazaraat Artisan Cheese, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This study evaluated the safety of consuming a high dose of L. plantarum subsp. plantarum Kita-3 in Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 days. Eighteen male rats were randomly divided into three groups, such as the control group, the skim milk group, and the probiotic group. Feed intake and body weight were monitored, and blood samples, organs (kidneys, spleen, and liver), and the colon were dissected. Organ weight, hematological parameters, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) concentrations, as well as intestinal morphology of the rats, were measured. Microbial analyses were carried out on the digesta, feces, blood, organs, and colon. The results showed that consumption of L. plantarum did not negatively affect general health, organ weight, hematological parameters, SGOT and SGPT activities, or intestinal morphology. The number of L. plantarum in the feces of rats increased significantly, indicating survival of the bacterium in the gastrointestinal tract. The bacteria in the blood, organs, and colon of all groups were identified using repetitive-polymerase chain reaction with the BOXA1R primers and further by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, which revealed that they were not identical to L. plantarum subsp. plantarum Kita-3. Thus, this strain did not translocate to the blood or organs of rats. Therefore, L. plantarum subsp. plantarum Kita-3 is likely to be safe for human consumption.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Acetate and L-Tryptophan Conjugated Bypass Amino Acid on Productivity of Pre- and Post-Partum Dairy Cows and Their Offspring.

Simple SummaryThis study examined the effect of acetate and L-tryptophan-conjugated bypass amino acid (ACT), supplemented (15 g/day) to Holstein cows during late pregnancy, on their productivity and the performance of offspring. We identified that the supplementation of ACT incorporated into diet was beneficial for improving the feed intake, blood hematology, and metabolites of the prepartum, and also had a positive effect on reducing saturated fatty acids in the colostrum of the cows postpartum and on the body weight of the newborn calves. The results of this study suggest that ACT supplementation improves the productivity of dairy cows.In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with acetate and L-tryptophan-conjugated bypass amino acid (ACT) during late pregnancy on the production performance of cows pre- and postpartum and their offspring. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (calving date ±15 d, 2nd parity; n = 4) were supplied with diets without ACT supplementation (Control) or with 15 g/day ACT supplementation (ACT). The results showed that ACT improved the feed intake (FI) in dry cows. No differences in blood hematological parameters were found between the two groups of prepartum cows. The serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity increased and the triglyceride concentration decreased in the ACT-treated group compared to the control group. In the postpartum cows, milk compositions were not affected by ACT supplementation. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) content in the colostrum was significantly lower in the ACT-treated group than in the control group. Serum glucose (GLC) level was significantly higher in the ACT-treated group than in the control group. Monocyte and GLC levels were lower in calves of groups where their dams had received ACT. Overall, we found higher FI in the dry cows, lower colostrum SFA levels, and heavier calf birth weight (5.5 kg) when the dams were supplemented with ACT, suggesting a positive nutrient compensation by ACT supplementation to dry cows.

EFFICACY OF TRITICUM AESTIVUM (WHEATGRASS) AGAINST ARSENIC INDUCED HEPATIC DAMAGES

Objective: Arsenic is a metalloid element that is one of the most important global environmental toxicants and is found in both organic and inorganic forms. The present study was designed to find out the preventive role of Triticum aestivum against arsenic-induced oxidative stress in the liver of Swiss albino mice&#x0D; Methods: The protective role of T. aestivum (Wheatgrass) against arsenic-induced hepatic damages was investigated in adult Swiss albino mice. The animals were divided in to four groups: (i) Control group – only vehicle (double distilled water), (ii) T. aestivum treated group-20 ml/kg body weight (b.wt.), orally (iii) NaAsO2 treated group- 4.0 mg/kg b.wt., and orally (iv) combination group – T. aestivum leaves extract (20 ml/kg b.wt.) and NaAsO2 (4.0 mg/kg/b.wt.). Bodyweight and liver weight were measured in the process. Activities of marker enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and glutamic pyruvic transaminase were measured in serum. Activities of lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in the liver.&#x0D; Results: The results indicated that arsenic intoxication caused a decrease in b.wt. and liver weight. Arsenic intoxication significantly increased hepatic LPO, Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), and Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) activities whereas significantly decreased hepatic GSH, hepatic LDH, and serum ALP activities. Combined treatment of T. aestivum and NaAsO2 showed: (i) An increase in body and liver weight, (ii) a significant decrease in LPO, SGOT, and SGPT activities, (iii) an elevation in GSH content, LDH, and serum ALP activities, as compared to NaAsO2 treated group.&#x0D; Conclusion: Thus, T. aestivum was found to be protective against arsenic-induced hepatic damages.

Heat stress alters muscle protein and amino acid metabolism and accelerates liver gluconeogenesis for energy supply in broilers

Heat stress impairs growth performance and alters body protein and amino acid metabolism. This study was investigated to explore how body protein and amino acid metabolism changed under heat stress (HS) and the stress adaptation mechanism. A total of 144 broilers (28 d old) were divided into 3 treatment groups for 1 wk: HS group (32°C), normal control group (22°C), and pair-feeding group (22°C). We found that HS elevated the feed-to-gain ratio, reduced the ADFI and ADG, decreased breast muscle mass and plasma levels of several amino acids (glycine, lysine, threonine, and tyrosine), and increased serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activity and corticosterone (CORT) level and liver GOT and glutamic pyruvic transaminase activities. Heat stress elevated muscle atrophy F-box mRNA expression and reduced mRNA expression of the 70-kD ribosomal protein S6 kinase in the breast muscle of broilers. Broilers in the HS group exhibited striking increases of mRNA expressions of solute carrier family 1 member 1, family 3 member 1, family 7 member 1, and family 7 member-like in the liver and liver gluconeogenesis genes (PCKc, PCKm, PC, and FBP1) in comparison with the other 2 groups. In conclusion, HS increased the circulating CORT level and subsequently caused muscle protein breakdown to provide amino acid substrates to liver gluconeogenesis responsible for energy supply.

The role of CaSR expression in diabetic cirrhosis injury and fibrosis in rats

To observe the role of calcium sensitive receptor (CaSR) in the pathogenesis of diabetic liver injury. Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group (control, n=10) and diabetes group (T1D, STZ 60 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection, n=30), and the samples were collected at the 2nd, 4th and 8th week. Rats hepatic stellate cells (HSC) were randomly divided into normal control group (Control, 10% FBS-DMEM culture, n=5), high glucose group (HG, 10% FBS-DMEM+40 mmol/L glucose, treated for 48 h, n=5) and CaSR inhibitor group (HG+Calhex 231, 10% FBS-DMEM+40 mmol/L glucose+2.5 μmol/L Calhex231 for 48h, n=5). The body weight, blood glucose, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were measured dynamically. The changes of liver morphology and ultrastructure were observed by HE staining and Masson staining by transmission electron microscopy. The changes of CaSR and liver fibrosis related indexes were detected by Western blot. Compared with the control group, diabetic rats lost weight, while blood glucose, AST and ALT increased significantly, and the expression of CaSR, collagen 1(CO 1), collagen 3 (CO 3), matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-1, -2 and -9 increased significantly. The results of the cell model were basically the same as those in vivo. Compared with the control group, the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was increased, indicating that HSC differentiated into myofibroblasts in HG group. The expression of the main components of ECM (CO 1 and CO 3), and the key enzyme of ECM degradation (MMP9) were also increased, while CaSR inhibitor, Calhex231, could reduce the above changes. The up-regulation of CaSR expression is involved in the occurrence of diabetic liver injury and fibrosis.

BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF CERTAIN ENZYMES IN DENGUE FEVER PATIENTS

Objective: The main objective of the present study is to correlate the effect of certain enzymes in diagnosis of dengue fever (DF) and impact of these elevated/decreased blood levels of enzymes on patients of DF.&#x0D; Methods: The study was carried out on 30 patients suspected to be suffering from DF. Blood sample was collected and tested for various parameters such as protein (albumin), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT).&#x0D; Results: Serum enzymes such as LDH and CK were found to be elevated to be a good marker of muscle damage and progression of diseases. CRP as a marker of inflammation was also found to be elevated. Enzymes like acid phosphatase increased abruptly while alkaline phosphatase was irregular. Liver enzymes SGOT and SGPT activity were also enhanced.&#x0D; Conclusion: Increased level of transaminases can be reflective of the formation of various amino acids for the synthesis of new protein and for channeling of glutamate and aspartate along with glycine for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.&#x0D; Objective: The main objective of the present study is to correlate the effect of certain enzymes in diagnosis of dengue fever (DF) and impact of these elevated/decreased blood levels of enzymes on patients of DF.&#x0D; Methods: The study was carried out on 30 patients suspected to be suffering from DF. Blood sample was collected and tested for various parameters such as protein (albumin), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT).&#x0D; Results: Serum enzymes such as LDH and CK were found to be elevated to be a good marker of muscle damage and progression of diseases. CRP as a marker of inflammation was also found to be elevated. Enzymes like acid phosphatase increased abruptly while alkaline phosphatase was irregular. Liver enzymes SGOT and SGPT activity were also enhanced.&#x0D; Conclusion: Increased level of transaminases can be reflective of the formation of various amino acids for the synthesis of new protein and for channeling of glutamate and aspartate along with glycine for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.

Protective effect of ethanolic extract of Hygrophila auriculata seeds in cyproterone acetate-induced sexual dysfunction in male albino rats.

Male infertility has become a global concern. Different conventional medicines with some side effects generally are used for the management of male infertility. To search out the potent aphrodisiac agent without side effect, an approach has been taken to prevent the cyproterone acetate (CPA)-treated male infertility by ethanolic extract of seed of Hygrophila auriculata in albino rat. CPA is used for the treatment of prostate cancer. It has anti-androgenic properties and suppresses the spermatogenesis process. Count, motility and viability of spermatozoa, number of hypo-osmotic tail swelled spermatozoa and serum testosterone level were significantly decreased in CPA-treated rat. CPA also caused significant diminution of activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and elevation of malondialdehyde and conjugated dienes levels. All parameters were significantly restored after the treatment of H.auriculata extract to the CPA-treated rats. Histological study revealed significant rectification of seminiferous tubular diameter and spermatogenic cells in extract-treated group. Body weight, organo-somatic indices, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activities were significantly recovered towards control in H.auriculata-treated group. It is concluded that ethanolic extract of H.auriculata has androgenic and antioxidant properties that can improve male infertility without metabolic toxicity.

Effect of dietary astaxanthin on the growth performance and nonspecific immunity of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii

This trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary astaxanthin on the growth performance and nonspecific immunity of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkia. Crayfishes with body weight of 7.15 ± 0.21 g were randomly divided into five groups. One group was fed with basic diet, whereas the other four groups were fed with diets containing 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg astaxanthin. After eight weeks of feeding, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg astaxanthin increased the body weight, gain rate, survival rate, serum lysozyme (LYZ) activity, protein level, alkaline phosphatase activity, hepatopancreatic superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione peroxidase activity and decreased the feed conversion rate, serum alanine aminotransferase activity and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity compared with those of the control group. All levels of astaxanthin improved the resistance to Aeromonas hydrophilia compared with the control group. However, an increased level (400 mg/kg) of astaxanthin caused no further improvement in the efficiency of astaxanthin. Hence, this compound might be used as dietary supplement for crayfish.

EFFECT OF CARAWAY SEEDS SIEVING (CARUM CARVI L.) AS FEED ADDITIVES FOR REX RABBITS ON: 1. GROWTH PERFORMANCE, FEED DIGESTIBILITY, BLOOD PARAMETERS AND CAECUM ACTIVITY

This study aimed to investigate the effect of inclusion of caraway seeds sieving (CSS) as feed additives at different levels in rabbits’ rations. The experiment was carried out at privet farm in Giza, Egypt. Thirty-six unsexed Rex rabbits breed aged 5-6 weeks with average weight of 687.25±2.75g were randomly assigned into four equal groups, (9 rabbits each) in 3 replicates and housed in galvanized wire cages (30 x 35 x 40 cm). The experimental rabbits’ groups received one of the tested rations. The feeding period was extended for 56 days throughout the summer season of year 2018. The experimental rations were classified as the following: First group was fed the basal ration (R1) served as a control group, meanwhile, the other three experimental groups were received rations supplemented with 2, 4 and 6% of CSS for (R 2, R3, and R4), respectively. The results showed that, chemical composition of the experimental rations was similar in their contents of CP that ranged from 20.35 to 21.40% and differed in their contents of gross energy that ranged from 4190 to 4308 kcal/ kg DM. Incorporation of CSS in the rations increasing ether extract content of tested rations comparing to control, meanwhile it decreased the contents of crude fiber and cell-wall constituents. Rabbits received 4% CSS containing ration recorded the highest (P>0.05) digestion coefficient values of (OM, CP, CF, NFE, NDF, ADF and cellulose) and nutritive values (TDN, DCP and DE). Dietary rations had no significant effect (P>0.05) on blood serum total protein; albumin; globulin; albumin: globulin ratio; total lipids; triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase, LDH and HDL. Also, serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT) and Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) activities were not affected by CSS. Serum concentration of creatinine (mg/dl) was significantly higher than control. Means of pH, NH3-N and TVFA's in caecum was no affected by levels of CSS. Rations of (CSS) significant increase of final live body weight (FLBW), total body weight gain (TBWG) and average daily gain (ADG) comparing to control. ADG ranged 19.32 to 31.27 gm, respectively among the four groups. The best value of ADG was recorded by rabbits received 4% CSS containing ration. Also, feed conversion that expressed as (g feed intake of DM, CP, DCP and TDN/ g gain) and digestible energy (kcal/ g. gain) was improved. Net revenue and relative economic efficiency were increased, meanwhile, feed cost/ kg live body weight gain was decreased. It could be mentioned that incorporation 4% caraway seeds sieving in rabbit rations realized the best results in terms of growth performance with a positive effect on digestion coefficients and occurred high net revenue.

Experimental study on effect of Naga Bhasma (lead calx) on hematological and biochemical parameters

Background: In recent decade, a lot of concerns has been raised regarding heavy metal content in Ayurveda medicines, especially Bhasma (metallic calx). Naga Bhasma (lead calx) is of the metallic preparation primarily indicated in treating chronic ailments such as Kamala (jaundice), Vatarakta (gout), Grdhrasi (sciatica), Kustha (skin diseases), and Prameha (diabetes). As being a compound of lead, its chronic toxicity study was planned to find out the effect of Naga Bhasma on serum biochemical and hematological parameters. Material and method: Naga Bhasma was prepared by Parada (mercury) and Gandhaka media (NBP) and Vasa Swarasa (juice of Adhatoda vasica Linn.) as herbal media (NBH) in seven Puta (incineration cycles). Chronic oral toxicity study was carried out as per Organization for Economic cooperation and Development (OECD) 408 (90-day oral repeated dose toxicity study). Wistar strain albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used for the experimentation. The study was conducted at three dosage levels, therapeutically effective dose (TED) of NBP and NBH was 45 mg/kg body weight of rat, TED × 5 and TED × 10. On 91st day, blood was collected by supraorbital puncture with the help of microcapillary tubes under mild ether anesthesia for estimation of serum biochemical and hematological parameters. Observation and results: Among hematological parameters, significant decrease was observed in MCV (Mean corpuscular volume), MCH (Mean corpuscular haemoglobin), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration by NBH-treated group, whereas in biochemical parameters, both test drugs significantly increased BSL (Blood Sugar Level), SGOT (Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase), and serum ALP (Alkaline Phosphatise) activity. Hematological and biochemical analysis indicates that both test drugs (prepared in seven incineration cycles) were not found completely safe, especially at higher dosage where the drug affected renal and hepatic functions. Conclusion: For the safety purpose, it is suggested that Naga Bhasma prepared in less number of incineration cycles may not be used for therapeutic purpose.

Triazinone herbicide metribuzin induced acute liver injury: A study of animal model

Objective: To evaluate the acute toxicity effect of metribuzin at low dose on liver of mother rabbits and its fetus. Methods: Pregnant female rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus were divided into three groups (n=5). The first group of non-treated pregnancy rabbits served as control; the second group of pregnancy rabbits were treated with 1/100 LD50 of metribuzin and the third group of pregnancy rabbits were treated with 1/50 LD50 of metribuzin. Metribuzin was added in their drinking water for 60 d before and during pregnancy. Levels of liver malondialdehyde, liver glutathione S transferase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic- pyruvic transaminase were determined. Liver reduced glutathione level was also determined by a colorimetric method. And hepatic homogenate was analyzed by HPLC analysis to determine the existence of traces of metribuzin. Results: Results revealed a significant increase in level of liver malondialdehyde, glutathione S transferase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities in mother and fetuses rabbits of both metribuzin treatment groups as compared to the control group. However the level of reduced glutathione was decreased in mother and fetuses rabbits of both groups treated with metribuzin compared to control group. Also, the results obtained by HPLC technique showed the presence of trace metribuzin in liver cells of mothers and fetuses rabbits of the both metribuzin treated groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study shows that exposure to metribuzin at low concentrations causes a acute toxicity in liver of mother rabbits and its fetus, also the trace of the metribuzin detected in the liver is the origin of possible malformation of the fetuses or abortion of the rabbits.

Nigella Sativa (Black Seeds) Oil Adjuvant Therapy Decrease on SGOT Activity in Patients at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome Receiving Standard Therapy

Metabolic Syndrome (MS) may be characterized with obesity and insulin resistance. In obesity, the increased accumulation of fat in the circulation and tissues will lead to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), followed by oxidative stress. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), the accumulation of excess free fat in the form of triglycerides caused by lipolysis due to insulin resistance, can cause inflammation and liver cells damage characterized by increased serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). Nigella Sativa (Black Seed) oil is known to be efficacious as an antioxidant that can improve hepatic function. This study uses a cross over design to determine the effect of black seed oil with a dose of 1.5 ml/day and 3 ml/day on SGOT and SGPT activities in patients with SM. A total of 62 SM patients were divided into two groups which received 1.5 ml/day and 3 ml/day respectively for 20 days, and after 7day washout, the doses were reversed. Measurements were performed on the 21st and 49th days. The results showed a significant difference in SGOT activity decrease in patients receiving 1.5 ml/day compared with those receiving 3 ml/day. However, in terms of SGPT, there was no significant difference between the two treatment groups.

Effect of rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) extract on glutathione-S-transferase activity in rats

Purpose: To determine the effect of rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) extract on glutathione-S-trasferase (GST) activity and its hepatoprotective effect.Methods: A total of 25 rats were divided randomly into 5 groups (5 rats per group). Group I served as the baseline, group II was the negative control group, while groups III, IV and V were treated with rosella extract at doses of 10, 50 and 100 mg /kg /day, respectively for 35 days. On day 36, the animals were given a single dose of dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) orally. After one week, blood was taken from the sinus orbitalis for measurement of serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) activities by a kinetic method with DIasys® kit. The activity of GST was measured in liver homogenate using 1-choloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) method, while the expression of GST gene was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results: Treatment with rosella extract at 10, 50 and 100 mg /kg for 35 days led to significant increasesin GST activity relative to the control group. In addition, serum SGPT and SGOT activities were significantly decreased. There were significant increases in the expression of GST gene as evidenced by increased GST band intensity.Conclusion: These results indicate that rosella possesses significant hepatoprotective effect against hepatic injury caused by DMBA treatment. Thus, rosella may be useful for the prevention of oxidative stress caused by free radicals produced from pollutants and foods.Keywords: Hibiscus sabdariffa, Rosella, Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), glutathion-S-transferase (GST)

Preliminary Studies on the Toxic Effects of Degradation Products of Oxytetracycline and Chlortetracycline on Rats

The paper aimed to study the toxic effects of the degradation products of oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline, such as, α-apo-oxytetracycline (α-apo-OTC), β-apo-oxytetracycline (β-apo-OTC), anhydro-chlortetracycline (ACTC) and 4epi-anhydro-chlortetracycline (EACTC) on rats. Male rats received oral doses of 10 mg/kg body weight/day of either α-apo-OTC, β-apo-OTC, ACTC or EACTC for 90 d. At the end of 90 d treatment, the body/organ weight, white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), platelet (PLT) count, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) were measured. The results revealed that the rats treated with α-apo-OTC or ACTC for 90 d did not affect body, organ weights or certain blood- and serum-factors, however, those treated with β-apo-OTC or EACTC exhibited significant decreases in body weights, RBC counts and HGB concentrations, as well as significant increases in BUN concentrations, SGOT and SGPT activities. The results of this study suggest that the toxic effects of β-apo-OTC or EACTC treatment could damage liver and kidney tissues of rats, as well as lead to the degeneration and necrosis in the hepatocytes.

Hepatoprotective effects of dual-coated and uncoated mixture of probiotics in rats

Probiotics have been used for the treatment of various disorders or as alternative therapies. The stability of dual-coated probiotics is increased in the gastrointestinal environment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of dual-coated and uncoated probiotic supplements, following liver injury. Albino Wistar rats were orally treated with probiotics daily and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was administered on the seventh and eighth days to induce acute liver damage. Hepatoprotective effects were determined by assessment of serum glutamic–oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic–pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activities, as well as by histopathological examination. The CCl4-treated control group showed increased SGOT and SGPT activities as compared with the normal control group. However, treatment with probiotics reduced SGOT and SGPT activities, following CCl4 administration. Animals treated with probiotics showed reduced liver weight than that in the standard CCl4 group which did not receive probiotics. Histopathological analysis showed that administration of probiotics minimized liver damage by reducing the level of morphological changes and necrosis. Therefore, probiotics may be effective hepatoprotective agents and should be considered useful for the treatment and prevention of hepatic disorders.