Serum Creatinine Tests Research Articles

Identification and outcomes of acute kidney disease in patients presenting in Bolivia, Brazil, South Africa, and Nepal.

The International Society of Nephrology proposes an acute kidney disease (AKD) management strategy that includes a risk score to aid AKD identification in low- and low-middle-income countries (LLMICs). We investigated the performance of the risk score and determined kidney and patient outcomes from AKD at multiple LLMIC sites. Adult patients presenting to healthcare facilities in Bolivia, Brazil, South Africa, and Nepal were screened using a symptom-based risk score and clinical judgment. Those at AKD risk underwent serum creatinine testing, predominantly with a point-of-care (POC) device. Clinical data were collected prospectively between September 2018 and November 2020. We analyzed risk score performance and determined AKD outcomes at discharge and over follow-up of 90 days. A total of 4,311 patients were at increased risk of AKD, and 2,922 (67.8%) had AKD confirmed. AKD prevalence was 80.2% in patients enrolled based on the risk score and 32.5% when enrolled on clinical judgment alone (p < 0.0001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.73 for the risk score to detect AKD. Death during admission occurred in 84 (2.9%) patients with AKD and 3 (0.2%) patients without kidney disease (p < 0.0001). Death after discharge occurred in 206 (9.7%) AKD patients, and 1865 AKD patients underwent reassessment of kidney function after discharge; 902 (48.4%) patients had persistent kidney disease including 740 (39.7%) patients reclassified with de novo or previously undiagnosed chronic kidney disease (CKD). The study was pragmatically designed to assess outcomes as part of routine healthcare, and there was heterogeneity in clinical practice and outcomes between sites, in addition to selection bias during cohort identification. The use of a risk score can aid AKD identification in LLMICs. High rates of persistent kidney disease and mortality after discharge highlight the importance of AKD follow-up in low-resource settings.

Kidney complications in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

To describe kidney outcomes in a cohort of children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We assessed short-term (acute kidney injury defined using neonatal KDIGO criteria) and long-term kidney outcomes, including chronic kidney disease (defined as a GFR < 90 ml/min/1.73 m2), albuminuria, and hypertension in a single-center retrospective cohort of children with BPD born between 2010 and 2020. 309 (38.8%) of 797 children included in the cohort had acute kidney injury (AKI) during their NICU admission. Kidney specific follow-up evaluation was infrequent in this cohort; 52.4% of patients had serum creatinine testing and 31.5% had a urinalysis performed after discharge. 163 (32.0%) of 510 patients with long-term data had CKD, which occurred at a median age of 2.2 years. An abnormal eGFR occurred in 31.7%, proteinuria in 12.5% and hypertension in 15.2%. Children with BPD had high frequencies of AKI and CKD. While the retrospective nature and single-center convenience cohort design limit generalizability, our findings suggest that children with BPD should be carefully monitored for short- and long-term kidney outcomes, including CKD. Children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) may have a higher likelihood of both acute and chronic kidney complications than currently recognized. Kidney outcomes in children with BPD is an area that remains underexplored. To our knowledge, this is the first study exploring the prevalence of CKD in a cohort of children with BPD. Our findings suggest children with BPD have high rates of kidney complications in early childhood. Increased attention should be placed on monitoring children with BPD for both short- and long-term kidney outcomes.

Ligustilide alleviates oxidative stress during renal ischemia-reperfusion injury through maintaining Sirt3-dependent mitochondrial homeostasis

BackgroundRenal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an inevitable complication during renal transplantation and is closely related to patient prognosis. Mitochondrial damage induced oxidative stress is the core link of renal I/R injury. Ligustilide (LIG), a natural compound extracted from ligusticum chuanxiong hort and angelica sinensis, has exhibited the potential to protect mitochondrial function. However, whether LIG can ameliorate renal I/R injury requires further investigation. Delving deeper into the precise targets and mechanisms of LIG's effect on renal I/R injury is crucial. PurposeThis study aimed to elucidate the specific mechanism of LIG's protective effect on renal I/R injury. MethodsIn this study, an in vivo model of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury was developed in mice, along with an in vitro model of hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) using human proximal renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). To assess the impact of LIG on renal injury, various methods were employed, including serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) testing, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). The effects of LIG on oxidative stress were examined using fluorescent probes dihydroethidium (DHE) and dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) staining, and flow cytometry. Additionally, the influence of LIG on mitochondrial morphology and function was evaluated through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Mito Tracker Red CMXRos staining, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration assays, and JC-1 staining. The potential mechanism involving LIG and Sirt3 was explored by manipulating Sirt3 expression through cell transfection. ResultsThe results showed that LIG could provide protective function for mitochondria to alleviate oxidative stress induced by renal I/R. Further mechanistic studies indicated that LIG maintained mitochondrial homeostasis by targeting Sirt3. ConclusionOur findings demonstrated that LIG alleviated oxidative stress during renal I/R injury through maintaining Sirt3-dependent mitochondrial homeostasis. Overall, our data raised the possibility of LIG as a novel therapy for renal I/R injury.

Clinical outcomes in paediatric tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome (TINU).

To evaluate the clinical presentation, course, and outcomes of uveitis in paediatric patients with tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome (TINU). Multicentric Retrospective Cohort Study 110 patients ≤21 years of age diagnosed with TINU from 10 sites across the United States and Canada. Clinical diagnosis of TINU required uveitis diagnosed by an ophthalmologist, elevated serum creatinine (SCr) and elevated urine β2-microglobulin (β2M) or abnormal urinalysis. Renal biopsy and systemic illness were not mandatory. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to analyse risk factors and treatment modalities. Median age was 13 years (Range (5.9-18.4); 52% male); median follow-up, 1.6 years (IQR 0.98-4.02). Uveitis was symptomatic in 90%, with bilateral anterior uveitis in 94%. Ninety-two (84%) patients required immunomodulatory treatment (IMT). Methotrexate (n = 44) and mycophenolate mofetil (n = 39) were the first agents after oral corticosteroids. 45% required addition of biologic agents (Adalimumab [n = 33], Infliximab [n = 8]). Younger age (p = 0.018), male sex (p = 0.011), and higher uveitis grade at presentation (p = 0.031) were associated with greater IMT ( ≥ 2) requirement. 53% had uveitis recurrence compared to 16% with nephritis recurrence. At the most recent visit, nephritis was controlled in 90%, while uveitis in 74%. Four (4%) patients required glaucoma surgery. Nine (8%) patients had renal complications. Most patients with TINU require steroid-sparing IMT for control of uveitis, with nearly half requiring addition of biologic agents. Urinalysis, urine β2M and SCr testing should be considered in children presenting with uveitis, especially when the disease is bilateral and anterior.

#273 Identification of epipin expression in progression of chronic kidney disease—a multi-omic approach

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by irreversible reduction in kidney function eventually leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). ESRD is a stage when kidney function is no longer adequate for long-term survival without dialysis or kidney transplant. Over the past the prevalence is increased more than 3 fold. Impaired activity of endogenous renal matrix-degrading proteases enhance interstitial matrix accumulation but specific pathways are involved remain unclear. Hence, an urgent need for sensitive biomarkers can detect disease earlier than traditional one and predict disease progression. Present study intended to identify epipin during chronic kidney disease and also we highlight promising kidney biomarkers that have robust underpinnings in the pathophysiology of kidney damage. Method A cross sectional study was conducted on patients with CKD compared with patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy controls. The collected samples were analyzed for the biochemical investigations included renal profile tests such as urea, serum creatinine, uric acid and urine spot test was analyzed for the screen of kidney problems. Firstly we identified the novel epipin protein through LC-MS then we estimated its gene expression levels using RT-PCR and levels of protein expression measured by ELISA. Results Epipin was shown higher expression in CKD compared to controls and moderately expressed in patients with diabetes mellitus compared to controls. The expression level of epipin gene was 4 fold in DM compared with controls, 19 fold in CKD compared with controls and 5 fold change between CKD and DM. Epipin showed AUC of 0.99 and 1.00 in DM and CKD respectively. The present study found that epipin was highly expressed in CKD patients and moderately expressed in patients with diabetes mellitus when compared to controls. In a present study, we identified one of the epipin with increased expression in renal disease progression. Conclusion The expression of epipin in virtually all samples suggests that this intracellular protein may have diverse and an extensive biological roles and may be an important therapeutic target for development of renal disease and its progression.

#475 Association between hospital-acquired acute kidney injury and the risk of kidney cancer

Abstract Background and Aims The effects of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (HA-AKI) on kidney cancer remain unclear. The study aimed to investigate the association between HA-AKI and kidney cancer by a large multicenter cohort study. Method The real-world cohort study included Chinese adults with at least two serum creatinine (SCr) tests within 7 days during hospitalization from 24 regional central hospitals between January 2000 and December 2022. AKI was defined as a ≥26.5 μmol/l increase in serum creatinine concentration within 48 hours or a ≥50% increase over the baseline within 7 days. The primary outcome was a new diagnosis of kidney cancer, while the secondary outcomes included death attributed to kidney cancer and new diagnoses of other cancers of the urinary system. The Cox proportional hazard model was employed for analyses. Results Of the 342861 patients (median age, 57.06 [43.68, 68.54] yr; men, 179096 [52.2%]), 9337 patients experienced HA-AKI. During a mean follow-up of 2.03 years, 195 (0.57‰) patients with a new diagnosis of kidney cancer were detected. After multivariable adjustment, HA-AKI was significantly associated with a higher risk of kidney cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-4.17, P = 0.003) and kidney cancer-specific death (adjusted HR, 3.19; 95% CI, 1.90-5.37, P &amp;lt; 0.001). We also found that relationships between HA-AKI and cancers of the urinary system, excluding kidney cancer, such as bladder cancer, prostate cancer, were not statistically significant. Conclusion HA-AKI was significantly associated with increased risk of kidney cancer and death attributed to kidney cancer. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring HA-AKI patients for early detection of kidney cancer.

Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of acute liver injury in hospitalized adults with acute kidney injury: a large multicenter study.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and acute liver injury (ALI) were associated with poor outcomes during hospitalization, respectively. However, the clinical outcome of AKI combined with ALI (AKI-ALI) remains unknown. The current study aimed to describe AKI-ALI's incidences, risk factors, and outcomes. The study population included patients aged 18-99years with enough serum creatinine and liver testing hospitalized at 19 medical centers throughout China between 2000 and 2021. AKI was defined by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes and ALI was defined by the change of liver enzymes based on Asia Pacific Association of Study of Liver consensus guidelines. Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify risk factors for AKI-ALI, and a time-dependent Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the association between AKI-ALI and in-hospital mortality. Among the 18,461 patients with AKI, 1689 (9.1%) combined with ALI. Male patients or those who have used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or vasopressors, and who have heart failure or shock, with higher AST or GGT values, were associated with an increased risk of AKI-ALI. Compared with AKI-nonALI, patients with AKI-ALI were at higher risk of in-hospitalized mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.54, 2.00). In addition, a stronger association between AKI-ALI and in-hospital mortality was found in those with lower AKI grades (p for interaction = 0.037). ALI was not uncommon among patients with AKI, especially in patients who used vasopressors and had shock. This study highlights the association between AKI-ALI and a significantly increased risk of mortality. It suggests that dynamic monitoring of liver function is essential, particularly in patients with AST and GGT exceeding the normal upper limit, to improve the in-hospital prognosis of AKI patients.

A CAUSE OF PAROXYSMAL HYPERTENSION NOT TO BE OVERLOODED: CHILDREN'S PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA

Objective: We aimed to assess the clinical presentation, natural history, and treatment response of hypertension in children with pheochromocytoma. Design and method: O. Mohamed, an 8-year-old boy, without past medical history, hospitalized for paroxysmal hypertension evolving for 6 months with severe headaches, generating insomnia. No similar episodes in the family. Clinical features: BMI of 15. 1 kg/m2 (height: 1.26 m, weight: 24 kg). heart rate of 128 bpm (tachycardia) and blood pressure of 175/84 mm Hg (stage 2 for systolic hypertension and stage 1 for diastolic hypertension, table 1). The physical examination was unremarkable except for tenderness in the right hypochondrium. Biological tests: serum creatinine and proteinuria testing was normal. Ophthalmic examination: stage I hypertensive retinopathy (Arterial narrowing). Abdominal ultrasound: right adrenal mass, measuring 65–57–61 mm in size, well-defined, heterogeneous echo structure, with multiple echogenic areas. No calcifications. Abdominal CT scan: Solid right adrenal mass (Figures 1 &amp; 2) and no lymph node involvement. Urinary Vanyl Mandelic Acid: high level at 27.18 μmol/l (normal &lt; 10 μmol/l). MIBG scintigraphy: intense pathological uptake, posterior, projecting over the right renal region, intensifying at 48 hours. No other sites of uptake. Results: In summary, right adrenal pheochromocytoma revealed by a severe paroxysmal hypertension. Preoperative management: Nicardipine IV. Alpha-blocker combined with a beta-blocker were not used. Evolution under medical treatment while waiting for excision of the tumor is favorable with a significant reduction in blood pressure. The child was operated with complete excision of the tumor. Pathological examination of the surgical specimen: ovoid formation made of epithelial cells with basophilic nuclei arranged in cords separated by thin vascular axes = aspect of pheochromocytoma Post-operative evolution was favorable with disappearance of symptoms and normalization of blood pressure after stopping antihypertensives. Actually, the patient is asymptomatic after 4-year follow-up with normal blood pressure and no relapse. The family investigation does not report any family cases. Conclusions: Pheochromocytoma is rare in children. It often presents with severe paroxysmal hypertension. Malignant forms are rare in children; however, rigorous surveillance is necessary for at least 5 years.

Long-Term Prognosis of Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The Impact of Serum Creatinine Levels on All-Cause Mortality.

BACKGROUND The correlation between serum creatinine levels and the long-term prognosis of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not yet been systematically investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the association between long-term prognosis and serum creatinine levels in patients after PCI. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was an observational cohort study of 2533 patients who received PCI and completed serum creatinine and other tests in China. The study's primary prognostic indicators were the frequency of clinical adverse events, all-cause death, cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke. All-cause death referred to death from all causes during the follow-up period, whereas cardiac death was death due to cardiac injury resulting in severe cardiac dysfunction or failure. Clinical events included death, ischemia, and stroke. Yao et al completed the entire study and uploaded the data to the DATADRYAD website. We used only this data for secondary analysis. RESULTS The study involved 2533 participants, with a mean age of 59.9±11.1 years and a median follow-up of 29.8 months. The analysis, controlling for confounding factors, revealed a positive correlation between serum creatinine and all-cause death (OR: 2.178, 95% CI: 1.317-3.603, P<0.05), which was confirmed by the results of sensitivity analysis (P for trend <0.05). However, no direct linear correlation was found between serum creatinine and acute myocardial infarction, cardiac death, or stroke. CONCLUSIONS There was a linear correlation between serum creatinine and all-cause death in the long-term prognosis of patients after PCI, independent of acute myocardial infarction, cardiac death, and stroke.

Acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients with nonmalignant pleural effusions: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundNonmalignant pleural effusion (NMPE) is common and remains a definite health care problem. Pleural effusion was supposed to be a risk factor for acute kidney injury (AKI). Incidence of AKI in NMPE patients and whether there is correlation between the size of effusions and AKI is unknown.ObjectiveTo assess the incidence of AKI in NMPE inpatients and its association with effusion size. Study design and methodWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of inpatients admitted to the Chinese PLA General Hospital with pleural effusion from 2018-2021. All patients with pleural effusions confirmed by chest radiography (CT or X-ray) were included, excluding patients with diagnosis of malignancy, chronic dialysis, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), community-acquired AKI, hospital-acquired AKI before chest radiography, and fewer than two serum creatinine tests during hospitalization. Multivariate logistic regression and LASSO logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors associated with AKI. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests for effusion volume were performed adjusted for the variables selected by LASSO. Causal mediation analysis was used to estimate the mediating effect of heart failure, pneumonia, and eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 on AKI through effusion volume. ResultsNMPE was present in 7.8% of internal medicine inpatients. Of the 3047 patients included, 360 (11.8%) developed AKI during hospitalization. After adjustment by covariates selected by LASSO, moderate and large effusions increased the risk of AKI compared with small effusions (moderate: OR 1.47, 95%CI 1.11-1.94 p = 0.006; large: OR 1.86, 95%CI 1.05-3.20 p = 0.028). No significant modification effect was observed among age, gender, diabetes, bilateral effusions, and eGFR. Volume of effusions mediated 6.8% (p = 0.005), 4.0% (p = 0.046) and 4.6% (p < 0.001) of the effect of heart failure, pneumonia and low eGFR on the development of AKI respectively. ConclusionThe incidence of AKI is high among NMPE patients. Moderate and large effusion volume is independently associated with AKI compared to small size. The effusion size acts as a mediator in heart failure, pneumonia, and eGFR.

Relationships between the Structural Characteristics of General Medical Practices and the Socioeconomic Status of Patients with Diabetes-Related Performance Indicators in Primary Care.

The implementation of monitoring for general medical practice (GMP) can contribute to improving the quality of diabetes mellitus (DM) care. Our study aimed to describe the associations of DM care performance indicators with the structural characteristics of GMPs and the socioeconomic status (SES) of patients. Using data from 2018 covering the whole country, GMP-specific indicators standardized by patient age, sex, and eligibility for exemption certificates were computed for adults. Linear regression models were applied to evaluate the relationships between GMP-specific parameters (list size, residence type, geographical location, general practitioner (GP) vacancy and their age) and patient SES (education, employment, proportion of Roma adults, housing density) and DM care indicators. Patients received 58.64% of the required medical interventions. A lower level of education (hemoglobin A1c test: β = -0.108; ophthalmic examination: β = -0.100; serum creatinine test: β = -0.103; and serum lipid status test: β = -0.108) and large GMP size (hemoglobin A1c test: β = -0.068; ophthalmological examination β = -0.031; serum creatinine measurement β = -0.053; influenza immunization β = -0.040; and serum lipid status test β = -0.068) were associated with poor indicators. A GP age older than 65 years was associated with lower indicators (hemoglobin A1c test: β = -0.082; serum creatinine measurement: β = -0.086; serum lipid status test: β = -0.082; and influenza immunization: β = -0.032). Overall, the GMP-level DM care indicators were significantly influenced by GMP characteristics and patient SES. Therefore, proper diabetes care monitoring for the personal achievements of GPs should involve the application of adjusted performance indicators.

Physicians' Practices in Diabetic Nephropathy in Primary Healthcare Centers in Jazan City, Saudi Arabia, 2023.

Background and Objectives: Diabetes is one of the most common diseases dealt with by physicians in primary healthcare centers (PHCs). The disease is associated with macrovascular and microvascular complications, especially in those with long disease duration and uncontrolled diabetic nephropathy, which is one of the most common microvascular complications among diabetic patients. This investigation assessed the practices of physicians working at PHCs in terms of diabetic nephropathy screening, management, and referral. Materials and Methods: This study is a cross-sectional investigation targeting physicians working at PHCs in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia between March and August of 2023. Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire, which was distributed via online platforms. The questionnaire included sections measuring physicians' demographic data and associated factors regarding training, the availability of resources, and practices in diabetic nephropathy, including screening, management, and referral. Chi-squared tests were used to assess associations between the practices of physicians and the measured demographics. Result: A total of 234 physicians participated in the investigation. The median age of the participants was 35 years. The adherence level of practice toward diabetic nephropathy according to American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines ranged from 40 points (the highest adherence level of participants) to 19 points (the lowest adherence level of participants), with a median of 33 points. Higher adherence levels were noted among physicians in Saudi Arabia, physicians with higher education levels, physicians specializing as family physicians or diabetologists, physicians who reported attending online and on-site training at diabetic centers, physicians who reported continuous access to urine and serum creatinine tests, and physicians who reported continuous access to the American Diabetes Association guidelines (p < 0.05). Conclusions: There are several factors associated with the level of adherence in diabetic nephropathy practice, such as physicians' education level, specialty, training, and access to guidelines. The findings suggest the need for more training for PHC physicians in the care of patients affected by or at risk of diabetic nephropathy.

Effects of inpatient creatinine testing frequency on acute kidney injury identification and staging: a historical cohort study

BackgroundAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a multifactorial condition often induced by drugs commonly used in hospitals. Identifying and staging AKI necessitates frequent monitoring of renal function.AimTo assess the impact of real-world hospital practices regarding serum creatinine (SCr) testing on the identification and staging of AKI, and its implications for adjusting drug doses.MethodA historical cohort study utilizing hospital records from all adult patients admitted between 01/06/2018 and 31/12/2020 was conducted. Patients with no SCr assessment during their stay or those with an SCr at admission ≥ 2 mg/dL were excluded. AKI was determined using two criteria, namely AKIN and KDIGO, considering the time intervals between two SCr tests as outlined in the criteria. Additionally, patients with SCr increases exceeding AKI limits, regardless the time interval, were also identified. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and kinetic eGFR (KeGFR) were calculated.ResultsDuring the study period, 17,269 hospitalizations and 62,255 SCr tests were recorded. Among the 17,032 hospitalizations with a length of stay > 48 h, 46.8% experienced periods with no SCr tests performed for more than 48 h. Any stage of AKI was identified in 7.0% of patients and in 9.1% using AKI and KDIGO criteria, respectively. Ignoring time limits in both criteria revealed potential AKI in 1942 patients (11.2%), indicating a potential underdiagnosis of AKI by 37.5% or 19.1%, depending on the criteria used. A total of 76 drugs requiring dose adjustment in patients with eGFR ≤ 50 ml/min were prescribed in 78.5% admissions. These drugs were prescribed in 87.9% of patients potentially underdiagnosed with AKIN and in 88.9% with KDIGO.ConclusionThere is a need for changes in the established hospital procedures to ensure more frequent testing of SCr levels. Implementing an advanced scope of practice for clinical pharmacists could support these changes.

Assessing trends and variability in outpatient dual testing for chronic kidney disease with urine albumin and serum creatinine, 2009–2018: a retrospective cohort study in the Veterans Health Administration System

BackgroundSimultaneous urine testing for albumin (UAlb) and serum creatinine (SCr), that is, ‘dual testing,’ is an accepted quality measure in the management of diabetes. As chronic kidney disease (CKD) is...

Characteristics of Metformin Transporter Coding Gene (SLC22A1 rs628031 and SLC47A1 rs2289669) in Healthy Indonesian Subject

Background: Metformin might be a first therapy for Type 2 diabetes; however, it had a lot of variation in glycemic response. Objective: to analyze the frequency of minor alleles of the OCT1 coding gene (SLC22A1 rs628031) and MATE1 coding gene (SLC47A1 rs2289669) as well as the genotypic variation of the interaction of these two genetic polymorphisms in healthy subjects of Indonesia. Material and Methods: Through inclusion criteria, the study employed an observational descriptive technique with 70 Indonesian Javanese healthy individuals. Subject health information was obtained from the complete blood routine test, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase/ serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGOT/SGPT), complete urine test, and serum creatinine tests. All data were compared to the normal range. Results: The finding shows that the minor allele frequency on SLC22A1 rs628031 A&gt;G and SLC47A1 rs2289669 G&gt;A respectively at 53% and 36%. There are four SLC22A1 rs628031 and SLC47A1 rs2289669 genetic polymorphism interactions; 16 Wt/Wt (16.75%), 24 Wt/M (25%), 32 M/Wt (33.3%) and 24 M/M (25%). The discovery demonstrates that such minor allele frequencies of the SLC22A1 rs628031 OCT1 and SLC47A1 rs2289669 MATE1 genes in healthy Indonesian subjects are relatively high. The SLC22A1 rs628031 A&gt;G and SLC47A1 rs2289669 G&gt;A respectively at 53% and 36%, almost the same as the minor allele frequencies found in several other Asian countries eg. India, Japan, and China. Conclusions: OCT1 coding genes (SLC22A1 rs628031 A&gt;G) were found more dominant than MATE1 coding genes (SLC47A1 rs2289669 G&gt;A) and both alleles are relatively high in healthy subjects of Indonesia, which can be used as information to explore the consequences of different genes' interactions on the Indonesian pharmacokinetic properties, and the efficacy variations of metformin in Type2 DM patients.

Drug Use Evaluation of Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Dolutegravir (TLD) Fixed-Dose Combination for Initiation and Transition Among HIV-Infected Individuals Attending Lumame Primary Hospital, North West Ethiopia.

A key strategy for quality improvement is drug use evaluation, which looks at the safe, appropriate use of medication principles. Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Dolutegravir (TLD-FDC) usage has not yet been sufficiently examined in published literature. The purpose of this study was to assess how TLD were used by HIV-positive patients Using WHO drug use evaluation standards in Lumame Primary Hospital, North West Ethiopia. Using WHO drug use evaluation standards, a retrospective study design was used to evaluate the appropriateness of TLD use. Systematic random sampling was utilized to gather patient medical records containing TLD. Accordingly, 100 records that met the inclusion criteria were selected and reviewed between April 1 and 15, 2021. Five criteria, namely, indication, dose, contraindication, drug interaction, and TLD safety monitoring were used to evaluate the appropriateness of TLD utilization. 80% of patients were transited to TLD from other regimens. The median time on TLD was found to be 13 months with 9 months to 18 months IQR. The latest CD4 count as well as CD4 count at the initiation or transition of TLD was not done for 75% and 89% of the patients, respectively. 3/4 (75%) of the patients were found to have a scheduled medication refill history. TLD dosing, indications, and contraindications were found to be 100% appropriate. No, TLD safety monitoring tests were done for 21% of the patients in this study. However, viral load, liver/kidney function, and serum creatinine tests were done for 77% (95% CI: 74%-79%), 5% (95% CI: 2%-8%), and 14% (95% CI: 11%-17%) of the patients, respectively. More over, In 93% (95% CI: 91%-95%) of the patients, the TLD interaction was appropriate; in 7%, it was not. All recording, documenting, and reporting technologies were available and used efficiently, except for the Electronic Dispensing Tool. Generally, good adherence to national and WHO guidelines was obtained regarding dose, indication, and contraindications. However, improvement in safety monitoring tests and CPT utilization is recommended. Drug interactions satisfied the majority of the criteria's threshold, while certain standards were not followed.

Kidney function in healthcare clients in Khayelitsha, South Africa: Routine laboratory testing and results reflect distinct healthcare experiences by age for healthcare clients with and without HIV.

In South Africa, PLHIV are eligible for free ART and kidney function screening. Serum creatinine (SCr) laboratory test data from the National Health Laboratory Service are collated at the Provincial Health Data Centre and linked with other routine health data. We analysed SCr and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) results for PLHIV and HIV-negative healthcare clients aged 18-80 years accessing healthcare in Khayelitsha, South Africa and comorbidity profiles at SCr and eGFR testing. 45 640 individuals aged 18-80 years with at least one renal test accessed Khayelitsha public health facilities in 2016/2017. 22 961 (50.3%) were PLHIV. Median age at first SCr and eGFR test for PLHIV was 33yrs (IQR: 27,41) to 36yrs (IQR: 30,43) compared to 49yrs (IQR: 37,57) and 52yrs (IQR: 44,59) for those without HIV. PLHIV first median SCr results were 66 (IQR: 55,78) μmol/l compared to 69 (IQR: 58,82) μmol/l for HIV-negative individuals. Hypertension, diabetes, and CKD at testing were more common in HIV-negative people than PLHIV. HIV, diabetes and tuberculosis (TB) are associated with higher eGFR results; whilst hypertension, being male and older are associated with lower eGFR results. These data reflect testing practices in the Western Cape: younger people without HIV have generally worse kidney function test results; younger PLHIV have generally good test results, and older people with/without HIV have generally similar test results, reflecting regular screening for kidney function in asymptomatic PLHIV whereas young HIV-negative people are tested only when presenting with renal symptoms. Our analysis suggests we cannot infer the future healthcare requirements of younger PLHIV based on the current ageing population, due to changing ART availability for different generations of PLHIV. Instead, routine health data may be used in an agile way to assess ongoing healthcare requirements of ageing PLHIV, and to reflect implementation of treatment guidelines.

Identification of antidiabetic inhibitors from Allophylus villosus and Mycetia sinensis by targeting α-glucosidase and PPAR-γ: In-vitro, in-vivo, and computational evidence

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder arising from insulin deficiency and defectiveness of the insulin receptor functioning on transcription factor where the body loses control to regulate glucose metabolism in β-cells, pancreatic and liver tissues to homeostat glucose level. Mainstream medicines used for DM are incapable of restoring normal glucose homeostasis and have side effects where medicinal plant-derived medicine administrations have been claimed to cure diabetes or at least alleviate the significant symptoms and progression of the disease by the traditional practitioners. This study focused on screening phytocompounds and their pharmacological effects on anti-hyperglycemia on Swiss Albino mice of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extract of both plants Mycetia sinensis and Allophylus villosus as well as the in-silico investigations. Qualitative screening of phytochemicals and total phenolic and flavonoid content estimation were performed significantly in vitro analysis. FTIR and GC–MS analysis précised the functional groups and phytochemical investigations where FTIR scanned 14, 23 & 17 peaks in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of Mycetia sinensis whereas the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of Allophylus villosus scanned 11 peaks, 18 peaks, and 29 peaks, respectively. In GC–MS, 24 chemicals were identified in Mycetia sinensis extracts, whereas 19 were identified in Allophylus villosus extracts. Moreover, both plants' ethyl acetate and ethanol fractioned extracts were reported significantly (p < 0.05) with concentrations of 250 mg and 500 mg on mice for oral glucose tolerance test, serum creatinine test and serum alkaline phosphatase test. In In silico study, a molecular docking study was done on these 43 phytocompounds identified from Mycetia sinensis and Allophylus villosus to identify their binding affinity to the target Alpha Glucosidase (AG) and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma protein (PPARG). Therefore, ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) analysis, quantum mechanics-based DFT (density-functional theory), and molecular dynamics simulation were done to assess the effectiveness of the selected phytocompounds. According to the results, phytocompounds such as 2,4-Dit-butyl phenyl 5-hydroxypentanoate and Diazo acetic acid (1S,2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl obtained from Mycetia sinensis and Allophylus villosus extract possess excellent antidiabetic activities.

Prevalence of target organ disease and its relation with HbA1c at the point of detection of type 2 diabetes mellitus – A cross sectional study from a tertiary care hospital in Odisha

Introduction and Aim: HbA1c is not only a valid indicator of chronic hyperglycaemia but also coincides with the increased risk of diabetic complications in the long term. This study focuses on the prevalence of target organ disease (TOD) and its relation with HbA1c at the point of detecting Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(T2DM). Materials and Methods: This is a single-centre cross-sectional study done in the Department of General medicine at IMS and SUM Hospital, Odisha, between November 2020 and June 2022, including all newly diagnosed Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus patients aged &gt; 30 years. Besides all the biochemical parameters, the demographic profile was noted in an excel sheet, and later on, using SPSS version 26, the data was analysed categorically. Results: 148 newly diagnosed Type 2 DM patients were enrolled in the study with male predominance (54.72%). The mean age was found as 52.49±9.40 years. There were 29 (19.5%) cases of diabetic retinopathy, 39 (26.3%) diabetic neuropathy, 32(21.6%) diabetic nephropathy and 23(15.54%) left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, with a minimal number of RWMA [7 (4.72%)], Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy [9 (6.08%)] and Ischemic DCM [1(0.67%)] found as complications of newly diagnosed Diabetes mellitus patients. The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) is higher in our study than in other diabetic complications, i.e., 40 (27.02%).A statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) correlation exists between newly diagnosed Diabetes patients with higher HbA1C and serum creatinine, serum urea, microalbuminuria, and positive monofilament test. Conclusion: This study underscores the significance of assessing target organ damage (TOD) prevalence for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) detection, highlighting the utility of HbA1c testing. HbA1c, a rapid and precise diagnostic tool, holds promise, especially in resource-limited settings, aiding in timely T2DM diagnosis and improved patient care amid the global diabetes epidemic.

Effects of Mamsyadi Kwatha in primary insomnia - A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundInsomnia is the second most commonly presenting symptom, after pain, in clinics. Insomnia prevalence in India is 28.1 %. Objective: This study explores the effect of Mamsyadi Kwatha in the management of primary insomnia. Materials and methodsFifty patients attending KLE Ayurveda hospital meeting the diagnostic criteria of primary insomnia (DSM IV TR) were enrolled. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: group MK and TK. Intervention in group MK was 24 ml of Mamsyadi Kwatha twice a day and in group TK was 24 ml of Tagaradi Kwatha twice a day for 30 days. Assessment was done through primary outcome measures like Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), insomnia severity index (ISI). Secondary outcome measures were sleep diary recordings of past 15 days and depression anxiety and stress scale (DASS). Follow ups were at base line, 15th and 30th day of interventions. Laboratory assessments of liver function test, haemoglobin, and serum creatinine levels were carried at base line and 30th day of intervention. ResultsEffect on primary and secondary outcomes showed that both the drugs were comparable. = Within group comparison of both the drugs showed that they produced significant improvement in PSQI, ESS, ISI, sleep diary variables, and DASS. However, Mamsyadi kwath has additional benefit of early recovery in total sleep. Both the drugs showed good safety profile evaluated through serum creatinine and liver function tests. ConclusionThe effects of Mamsyadi Kwatha is comparable to Tagaradi Kwatha. Both drugs produced significant improvement in clinical assessments of insomnia, anxiety, depression, and stress.