Serum Triacylglycerol Concentrations Research Articles

Lipid Profile and Some Parameters of Lipid Peroxidation in Pregnancy Trimesters

Pregnancy is known to create profound metabolic, hormonal, and physiological changes in the body. Lipid profile and some parameters associated with lipid peroxidation play crucial roles in the sustenance of pregnancy and delivery. The biochemical changes resulting from pregnancy could be physiological or pathological depending on the parameter’s concentration and other ancillary considerations. This study was therefore intended to evaluate lipid profiles and lipid peroxidation parameters in the three trimesters of pregnancy. The study population comprised one hundred women equally divided into pregnant and non-pregnant groups. One half made up of 50 pregnant women was monitored from the first to third trimester of pregnancy while the other half of 50 non-pregnant women were controls. Blood samples were collected into plain tubes after an overnight fast by venepuncture and thereafter standard biochemical procedures for lipid profile and lipid peroxidation parameters were done. The result revealed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and catalase concentrations, whereas high-density lipoprotein, very LDL, and malondialdehyde exhibited a significant increase (P < 0.05) when compared to the controls and within trimesters multiple comparisons using one-way analysis of variance (post hoc-least significant difference). Conclusively, the alterations in serum lipid profiles and lipid peroxidation parameters are pointers to the predisposition of pregnancy to lipid dysfunction and oxidative stress phenomenon. Hence monitoring of these parameters during pregnancy is apt.

The Ameliorating Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Liver Steatosis Induced by a High-Fat Methionine Choline-Deficient Diet in Mice.

The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with abnormalities of liver lipid metabolism. On the contrary, a diet enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3-PUFAs) has been reported to ameliorate the progression of NAFLD. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of dietary n-3-PUFA enrichment on the development of NAFLD and liver lipidome. Mice were fed for 6 weeks either a high-fat methionine choline-deficient diet (MCD) or standard chow with or without n-3-PUFAs. Liver histology, serum biochemistry, detailed plasma and liver lipidomic analyses, and genome-wide transcriptome analysis were performed. Mice fed an MCD developed histopathological changes characteristic of NAFLD, and these changes were ameliorated with n-3-PUFAs. Simultaneously, n-3-PUFAs decreased serum triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations as well as ALT and AST activities. N-3-PUFAs decreased serum concentrations of saturated and monounsaturated free fatty acids (FAs), while increasing serum concentrations of long-chain PUFAs. Furthermore, in the liver, the MCD significantly increased the hepatic triacylglycerol content, while the administration of n-3-PUFAs eliminated this effect. Administration of n-3-PUFAs led to significant beneficial differences in gene expression within biosynthetic pathways of cholesterol, FAs, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and TNF-α). To conclude, n-3-PUFA supplementation appears to represent a promising nutraceutical approach for the restoration of abnormalities in liver lipid metabolism and the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

Postprandial Metabolic Responses to High-fat Feeding in Healthy Adults Following Ingestion of Oolong Tea–Derived Polymerized Polyphenols: A Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Crossover Study

BackgroundPolymerized polyphenols (PP) found in oolong tea can inhibit pancreatic lipase activity in vitro, and pilot work indicates that this may reduce postprandial lipemia. Since tea contains caffeine and catechins, the interactions between these ingredients and PP warrant investigation. ObjectivesTo assess whether PP ingested alone or with caffeine and catechins lowers postprandial lipemia. MethodsFifty healthy adults [mean (SD) age: 26 (7) y; BMI (in kg/m2): 24.0 (2.7); female: n = 16] completed 4 oral lipid tolerance tests in a placebo-controlled randomized, crossover design. Participants ingested 40 g of fat with either 1) placebo, 2) 100 mg PP, 3) 150 mg PP, or 4) 100 mg PP plus 50 mg caffeine and 63 mg catechins (PP + CC). Blood was sampled for 3 h postprandially to assess concentrations of serum and plasma triacylglycerol and plasma markers of lipid (NEFA; glycerol; LDL and HDL cholesterol; and ApoA-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III, and E) and glucose metabolism (glucose, insulin, and C-peptide). ResultsSerum and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and lipid metabolism variables generally increased following any test drink ingestion (main effect of time, p < 0.001). Nevertheless, for the lipid metabolism responses, there were no statistically significant condition–time interactions and no statistically significant differences in incremental or total area under the curve between conditions, apart from HDL cholesterol (p = 0.021). Ingesting 100 mg PP + CC lowered peak plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations compared with all other conditions 30 min postingestion (p < 0.001), with persistent alterations in glucose concentrations observed for 90 min compared with placebo and 100 mg PP conditions. ConclusionsPP ingested at doses ≤150 mg does not clearly alter early-phase postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations in healthy adults, irrespective of the presence or absence of caffeine and catechins. Nevertheless, caffeine and catechins added to PP lowered postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations.This trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT03324191 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03324191).

Resistant Starch Decreases Serum Total Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol Concentrations in Rats

Rats were meal-fed semipurified diets containing a low (0.8 g/MJ) and a high (9.6 g/MJ) amount of resistant starch (RS) or various amounts of RS (0.8 to 9.6 g/MJ) and guar gum (0 to 8.8 g/MJ). In one experiment, rats were fed the low and high RS diets in three dietary regimens (ad libitum consuming, 12 h ad libitum/12 h food deprived, and meal fed). Effects of RS and guar gum on serum postprandial and postabsorptive concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerol (TAG), growth, hydrogen excretion, tissue weights and contents of small intestine and cecum, and pH of cecal contents were investigated. In addition, effects of RS on food intake, de novo hepatic synthesis of fatty acids and neutral sterols, and on lipoprotein lipase activity and weight of epididymal fat pads were investigated. Compared with feeding the low RS diet, the high RS diet reduced the serum TC and TAG concentrations, with these effects observed after 1 and 2 wk of feeding, respectively. The dietary regimen did not influence the effect of RS on the serum TC and TAG concentrations, but it did affect the serum TAG concentration. Resistant starch had no effect on the hepatic synthesis of fatty acids and neutral sterols or on the lipoprotein lipase activity in epididymal fat pads. Guar gum also reduced the serum TC concentration, but it had no effect on serum TAG concentration. The tissue weights and contents of small intestine and cecum as well as hydrogen excretion increased with increasing amounts of dietary RS and guar gum, whereas the pH of cecal contents decreased. No effects of RS on food intake and total body weight gain were found, whereas guar gum decreased weight gain. Feeding the high RS diet also led to a lower weight of the epididymal fat pads. We conclude that dietary RS can reduce serum TC and TAG concentrations and fat accretion.

Predictive value of the complement factors B and H for women with gestational diabetes mellitus who are at risk of preeclampsia

We aimed to define the relationships between the serum concentrations of complement factors B and H in mid-pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia (PE) in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We performed a prospective nested case-control study of 503 patients with GDM who attended Peking University Third Hospital between March 2018 and December 2018. 456 patients were followed until delivery and blood samples were collected between gestational weeks 24 and 28. Thirty patients developed PE, 12 developed gestational hypertension (GH), and 42 matched cases were selected as a control group. The incidence of PE was 5.96%. The serum concentrations of triacylglycerol (TG), FB, and FH of women with GDM who developed PE (GDM-PE group) in mid-pregnancy were significantly higher than those of the GDM group [TG: 3.60 (2.94-4.63) vs 2.54 (2.14-3.01) mmol/L, p<0.001; FB: 346 (314-378) vs 284 (263-323) mg/L, p<0.001; FH: 417±45 vs 379±47mg/L, p=0.003]. Multivariate regression analysis showed that high serum concentrations of TG and FB in mid-pregnancy were related to the risk of patients with GDM developing PE [TG: odds ratio (OR) 2.035 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.032-4.013); FB: OR 1.018 (95% CI 1.001-1.035)]. The area under the curve (AUC) of FB for the prediction of PE was 0.821 (95% CI 0.722-0.921) and that for a combination of TG, FB, and FH was 0.857 (95% CI 0.770-0.944). High serum FB concentration during mid-pregnancy is a potential predictor of the risk of PE in patients with GDM, and the combination of FB, FH, and TG increased this predictive value.

Functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs762551) in CYP1A2 gene affects white coffee intake in healthy 20- to 40-year-old adults

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world, but the extent to which it is consumed is affected by both environmental and genetic factors. Genome-wide association studies and candidate date association studies have identified several gene variants associated with increased consumption of coffee. Functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in rs762551 (cytochrome P450 1A2 [CYP1A2]) and rs5751876 (adenosine receptor A2A [ADORA2A]) has been linked to individual caffeine response. Coffee intake has been shown to affect lipid metabolism. We thus hypothesize that rs762551 (CYP1A2) A allele carriers consume more coffee than C allele carriers and that rs5751876 (ADORA2A) C allele carriers consume less coffee than T allele carriers. Additionally, we hypothesize that CYP1A2 genotype can modulate serum glucose concentrations and lipid profile. A total of 421 participants aged 20 to 40 years were recruited from 2016 to 2018 in Poznań, Poland. Genotyping of CYP1A2 and ADORA2A was performed using TaqMan probes. Individuals with AA CYP1A2 genotype consumed relatively more coffee with milk (72.81 ± 10.15 mL/1000 kcal vs 43.38 ± 6.42 mL/1000 kcal, P = .008) and with milk or cream than did C allele carriers, whereas the rs5751876 ADORA2A polymorphism was not associated with coffee or tea intake. Additionally, subjects with AA CYP1A2 genotype had 10% higher serum triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations than C allele carriers. This study suggests that CYP1A2 rs762551 polymorphism is associated with coffee intake and serum TG concentrations in healthy 20- to 40-year-old adults.

The Regulation of Triacylglycerol Metabolism and Lipoprotein Lipase Activity.

Triacylglycerol (TG) metabolism is tightly regulated to maintain a pool of TG within circulating lipoproteins that can be hydrolyzed in a tissue-specific manner by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to enable the delivery of fatty acids to adipose or oxidative tissues as needed. Elevated serum TG concentrations, which result from a deficiency of LPL activity or, more commonly, an imbalance in the regulation of tissue-specific LPL activities, have been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease through multiple studies. Among the most critical LPL regulators are the angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8, and a number of different apolipoproteins including apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5), apolipoprotein C2 (ApoC2), and apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3). These ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins work together to orchestrate LPL activity and therefore play pivotal roles in TG partitioning, hydrolysis, and utilization. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action, epidemiological findings, and genetic data most relevant to these ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins. The interplay between these important regulators of TG metabolism in both fasted and fed states is highlighted with a holistic view toward understanding key concepts and interactions. Strategies for developing safe and effective therapeutics to reduce circulating TG by selectively targeting these ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins are also discussed.

Condensed Tannins Improve Glycolipid Metabolism but Induce Liver Injury of Chinese Seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus)

A 63-day feeding trial with 640 juvenile L. maculatus was conducted to assess the effects of dietary CT on serum metabolites, antioxidant and immune response, liver histomorphology and glycometabolism enzyme activities of fish. Four diets were formulated to contain 0 (T1), 1 (T2), 2 (T3), and 2 g/kg of CT plus 4 g/kg of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (T4). PEG specifically binds with CT to neutralize CT activity. Fish were randomly distributed into 16 tanks (4 tanks per group and 40 fish per tank) and were fed to apparent satiation twice daily. Results indicated that fish fed T2 and T3 had lower (P&amp;lt;0.05) concentrations of serum albumin, total cholesterol and triacylglycerol, but higher (P&amp;lt;0.05) alanine aminotransferase activity than T1 and T4. T3 had lower (P&amp;lt;0.05) serum glucose but higher (P&amp;lt;0.05) insulin concentrations than other groups. Fish fed T2 and T3 had higher (P&amp;lt;0.05) liver superoxide dismutase, catalase, lysozyme and immune globulin M than T1 and T4. Compared with T1 and T4, hepatocytes in T2 and T3 were shown to have obvious vacuolar degeneration along with different degree of inflammatory cell infiltration. Fish fed T2 and T3 had higher (P&amp;lt;0.05) values of eosinophilic infiltrate and necrosis and greater (P&amp;lt;0.05) pyruvate kinase, but lower (P&amp;lt;0.05) glucokinase activities than those of fish fed T1 and T4. All parameters were similar (P&amp;gt;0.05) between T1 and T4. In summary, dietary CT up to 2 g/kg reduced serum lipid and glucose concentrations, enhanced liver antioxidant and immune response, improved glucose utilization but of L. maculatus. CT induced liver injury of L. maculatus which provided a caution for its application in aquaculture.

Interindividual variability in response to protein and fish oil supplementation in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

BackgroundPrecision nutrition is highly topical. However, no studies have explored the interindividual variability in response to nutrition interventions for sarcopenia. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of interindividual variability in response to two nutrition supplementation interventions for sarcopenia and metabolic health, after accounting for sources of variability not attributable to supplementation.MethodsA 24 week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial tested the impact of leucine‐enriched protein (LEU‐PRO), LEU‐PRO plus long‐chain n‐3 PUFA (LEU‐PRO+n‐3) or control (CON) supplementation in older adults (n = 83, 71 ± 6 years) at risk of sarcopenia. To estimate the true interindividual variability in response to supplementation (free of the variability due to measurement error and within‐subject variation), the standard deviation of individual responses (SDR) was computed and compared with the minimally clinically important difference (MCID) for appendicular lean mass (ALM), leg strength, timed up‐and‐go (TUG), and serum triacylglycerol (TG) concentration. Clinically meaningful interindividual variability in response to supplementation was deemed to be present when the SDR positively exceeded the MCID. The probability that individual responses were clinically meaningful, and the phenotypic, dietary, and behavioural determinants of response to supplementation were examined.ResultsThe SDR was below the MCID for ALM (LEU‐PRO: −0.12 kg [90% CI: −0.38, 0.35], LEU‐PRO+n‐3: −0.32 kg [−0.45, 0.03], MCID: 0.21 kg), TUG (LEU‐PRO: 0.58 s [0.18, 0.80], LEU‐PRO+n‐3: 0.73 s [0.41, 0.95], MCID: 0.9 s) and TG (LEU‐PRO: −0.38 mmol/L [−0.80, 0.25], LEU‐PRO+n‐3: −0.44 mmol/L [−0.63, 0.06], MCID: 0.1 mmol/L), indicating no meaningful interindividual variability in response to either supplement. The SDR exceeded the MCID (19 Nm) for strength in response to LEU‐PRO (25 Nm [−29, 45]) and LEU‐PRO+n‐3 (23 Nm [−29, 43]) supplementation but the effect was uncertain, evidenced by wide confidence intervals. In the next stage of analysis, similar proportions of participant responses were identified as very likely, likely, possibly, unlikely, and very unlikely to represent clinically meaningful improvements across the LEU‐PRO, LEU‐PRO+n‐3, and CON groups (P > 0.05). Baseline LC n‐3 PUFA status, habitual protein intake, and numerous other phenotypic and behavioural factors were not determinants of response to LEU‐PRO or LEU‐PRO+n‐3 supplementation.ConclusionsApplying a novel, robust methodological approach to precision nutrition, we show that there was minimal interindividual variability in changes in ALM, muscle function, and TG in response to LEU‐PRO and LEU‐PRO+n‐3 supplementation in older adults at risk of sarcopenia.

Renal Protective and Lipid Profile Modulatory Effects of Ethanol Extract of Anthocleista vogelii Stem Bark (EASB) in Renal Injury Rats Induced with Carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4)

The study evaluated the effects of ethanol extract of Anthocleista vogelii stem bark (EASB) on renal function indices and lipid profile in rats induced renal injury with CCl4. Following a completely randomized experimental design, 30 rats were randomly distributed into 6 groups (n = 5). Group 1 was the normal control, group 2 was the negative control while group 3 was the silymarin control. Groups 4 – 6 were CCl4 induced but treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg EASB/day respectively. The study was conducted using appropriate methods. The results showed that the negative control had a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in the serum urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations, and a significant reduction in the serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration relative to the normal control. Treatments with EASB lowered the serum creatinine, urea, and TAG concentrations when compared with the negative and silymarin controls respectively. The EASB at 100 mg/kg restored the serum HDL concentration to a normal level but 200 and 400 mg/kg EASB/day caused no significant (P&gt;0.05) increase in the serum HDL concentrations relative to the negative control. The rats treated with EASB had elevated serum LDL and cholesterol concentrations in comparison with the negative and silymarin controls. Treatments with EASB prevented the tubular necrosis, degeneration, and infiltration of inflammatory leucocytes observed in the kidney histomorphology of the negative control. These findings suggest that EASB improves renal function and some lipid profile parameters but could cause dyslipidemia when taken in excess dose.

Antenatal corticosteroid therapy modulates hepatic AMPK phosphorylation and maternal lipid metabolism in early lactating rats

Antenatal corticosteroid therapy is used to reduce neonatal mortality in preterm infants but it is currently unknown whether this intervention affects lipid metabolism at the peripartum. This study aimed to evaluate if antenatal corticosteroid therapy in pregnant rats and women affects lipid metabolism during early lactation. We evaluated women at risk of preterm delivery that received corticosteroid therapy (CASE) and women that were not exposed to corticosteroid and were not at risk of preterm delivery (CONTROL). Samples were collected to measure serum and milk triacylglycerol (TAG) three days after delivery. Rats were treated with dexamethasone (DEX) between the 15th and the 20th days of pregnancy. Samples were collected at different days after delivery (L3, L8 and L14). TAG was measured in serum, liver and mammary gland (MG). TAG appearance rates were measured after tyloxapol injection and gavage with olive oil. We also evaluated the expression of key genes related to lipid metabolism in the liver and in the MG and hepatic phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). CASE volunteers delivered earlier than CONTROL but presented unaltered milk and serum TAG concentrations. Early lactating DEX rats exhibited increased TAG in serum, MG and milk. No changes in CD36 and LPL were detected in the MG and liver. Early lactating DEX rats displayed increased TAG appearance rate and reduced hepatic AMPK/ACC phosphorylation. Our data revealed that antenatal corticosteroid therapy reduces hepatic AMPK/ACC phosphorylation during early lactation that reflects in increased TAG concentration in serum, MG and milk.

Foetal hyperinsulinaemia and increased fat mass correlate negatively with circulating fatty acid concentrations in neonates of gestational diabetic mothers with dietary-controlled glycaemia.

Higher accretion of prenatal fat is associated with a higher proportion of obesity in children. However, most of the data on regulatory factors involved in fetal adipogenesis come from animal studies; in humans there is no evidence on how fetal insulin affects fatty acid concentrations and fetal adiposity. We evaluate the relationship between fetal adipose tissue accretion with insulin and fetal consumption of circulating fatty acid (FA). In fasting maternal blood at term and cord samples, from 41 gestational diabetes mellitus women (GDM) and 68 non-diabetic controls, serum compounds were determined. Individual FA were analyzed and expressed as concentrations of FA (mmol/L). Both groups had similar maternal serum glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol (TAG), non-esterified FA (NEFA), glycerol and leptin concentrations, but most individual maternal serum FA were lower in GDM than controls. Neonatal fat mass (FM) was higher in the GDM group even though neonatal birth weights were similar. In GDM cord serum glucose, insulin, NEFA and leptin were higher than controls, but glycerol and all individual FA were lower. In GDM neonates only, a negative correlation was found between each FA and FM, and there was a strong negative correlation between the concentrations of umbilical blood insulin and five major FA. Our results show for the first time that hyperinsulinemia in fetuses of GDM women increases FA utilization, which may contribute to to their increased adiposity.

Astragaloside IV ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome‑mediated inflammation.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a primary cause of end-stage renal disease. Despite the beneficial effects of astragaloside IV (AS)-IV on renal disease, the underlying mechanism of its protective effects against DN has not been fully determined. The aims of the present study were to assess the effects of AS-IV against DN in db/db mice and to explore the mechanism of AS-IV involving the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β pathways. The 8-week-old db/db mice received 40 mg/kg AS-IV once a day for 12 weeks via intragastric administration. Cultured mouse podocytes were used to further confirm the underlying mechanism in vitro. AS-IV effectively reduced weight gain, hyperglycemia and the serum triacylglycerol concentration in db/db mice. AS-IV also reduced urinary albumin excretion, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio and creatinine clearance rate, as well as improved renal structural changes, accompanied by the upregulation of the podocyte markers podocin and synaptopodin. AS-IV significantly inhibited the expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β in the renal cortex, and reduced the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. In high glucose-induced podocytes, AS-IV significantly improved the expression levels of NLRP3, pro-caspase-1 and caspase-1, and inhibited the cell viability decrease in a dose-dependent manner, while NLRP3 overexpression eliminated the effect of AS-IV on podocyte injury and the inhibition of the NLRP3 and caspase-1 pathways. The data obtained from in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that AS-IV ameliorated renal functions and podocyte injury and delayed the development of DN in db/db mice via anti-NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation.

The protective effects of Spirulina against Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high fat diet in rats

The ultimate goal of this study is to investigate the bimolecular changes in a rat model of high fat diet induced Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Also, the lipotropic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of spirulina platensis treatment were clarify through evaluation of certain biochemical and molecular parameters in the blood and liver tissue of rats. Twenty one adult white albino rats were separated into three groups. Group I (Normal control): received no drugs and balanced diet, Group II (NAFLD- induced group): rats fed high fat diet for 8 weeks followed by normal basal ration feeding for another 8 weeks. Group III (NAFLD + spirulina): rats treated with spirulina orally at a dose of (150 mg/kg b.wt/day) for 8 weeks after induction of NAFLD. The obtained results showed a significant increase in serum total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerols (TAG) concentrations with significant up-regulation of liver gene expression TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-kβ, PPAR-α, ACC, FAS and SREBT-1in NAFLD- induced rats. Also, various histopathological alterations were detected in liver tissue of induced NAFLD rats. Treatment with spirulina in NAFLD-induced rats parameters measured near the normal level of rats group (G1). Also, spirulina potentially improved molecular hepatic function alterations related to NAFLD. Interestingly, histopathological findings supported that spirulina markedly attenuates harmful effects of NAFLD and protects liver tissue. We conclude that, spirulina has a great role as antioxidant, anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory via inhibition of liver lipid metabolic disturbance, steatosis and oxidative stress singling.

Beneficial effects of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is sickness with different causes and it is the most hepatic illness. The objective of this work is to investigate the bimolecular changes in a model of high fat diet induced- NAFLD in rats. Also, the hypolipidemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 were clarify via evaluation of some biochemical and molecular parameters in the liver tissue of rats.Twenty one adult white albino rats were divided into three groups. Group I (Normal control): received no drugs and fed balanced diet, Group II (NAFLD- induced group): rats fed high fat diet for 8 weeks followed by normal basal ration for additional 8 weeks. Group III (NAFLD + omega-3): rats administrated omega-3 (300 mg/kg b.wt/day), orally for 8 weeks post-induction of NAFLD. The obtained results showed a significant increase in serum Total cholesterol and Triacylglycerols (TAG) concentrations, L-MDA and TAC in liver tissuewith significant up-regulation in CPT-1α, FAS, SREBP-1c, PPAR-α, Nrf2 and TAK1gene expression in NAFLD-induced rats. Treatment with Omega-3 to NAFLD induced rats potentially improved molecular hepatic cell function and oxidative alterations related to NAFLD near its normal ranges. Meanwhile, histo-pathological findings supported that Omeg-3 markedly attenuates harmful effects of NAFLD and protected liver cell. On conclusion, Omega-3 plays an important role as potent anti-oxidant, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory via inhibition of hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress singling.

Effects of replacing fish meal with soybean meal on growth performance, feed utilization and physiological status of juvenile redlip mullet Liza haematocheila

The purpose of this study was carried out to elucidate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance, feed utilization, and physiological status of juvenile redlip mullet Liza haematocheila. Five test diets were formulated to replace FM protein by SBM at the levels of 0% (SBM0), 25 %(SBM25), 50 %(SBM50), 75 %(SBM75), or 100 % (SBM100). Each treatment was triplicated (20 fish per tank, initial average weight 5.08 ± 0.11 g fish−1). No significant differences were observed in weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) between fish fed with SBM0 and SBM75 diets. However, the WG, FE, and PER values showed a decreased trend with fish fed diet containing more than 75 % SBM protein. The value of HSI decreased significantly with increasing dietary SBM levels. An increase of dietary SBM level linearly decreased energy retention (ER) and lipid retention (LR). Concentrations of serum triacylglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol (T−CHO) decreased significantly with increasing the dietary SBM levels. FM substitution with different levels of SBM had no statistical differences in the activities of trypsin, lipase (LPS), and amylase (AMS) on the intestine. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutamyl oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in the liver increased significantly with increasing dietary SBM levels. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver was significant higher in fish fed SBM100 diet than other treatments. Based on the model of broken-line model of WG and FE, it showed that SBM can replace 51.18–52.46% FM in juvenile L. haematocheila.

Does supplementation with leucine-enriched protein alone and in combination with fish-oil-derived n–3 PUFA affect muscle mass, strength, physical performance, and muscle protein synthesis in well-nourished older adults? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

ABSTRACTBackgroundLeucine-enriched protein (LEU-PRO) and long-chain (LC) n–3 (ω–3) PUFAs have each been proposed to improve muscle mass and function in older adults, whereas their combination may be more effective than either alone.ObjectiveThe impact of LEU-PRO supplementation alone and combined with LC n–3 PUFAs on appendicular lean mass, strength, physical performance and myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) was investigated in older adults at risk of sarcopenia.MethodsThis 24-wk, 3-arm parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 107 men and women aged ≥65 y with low muscle mass and/or strength. Twice daily, participants consumed a supplement containing either LEU-PRO (3 g leucine, 10 g protein; n = 38), LEU-PRO plus LC n–3 PUFAs (0.8 g EPA, 1.1 g DHA; LEU-PRO+n–3; n = 38), or an isoenergetic control (CON; n = 31). Appendicular lean mass, handgrip strength, leg strength, physical performance, and circulating metabolic and renal function markers were measured pre-, mid-, and postintervention. Integrated rates of MyoPS were assessed in a subcohort (n = 28).ResultsNeither LEU-PRO nor LEU-PRO+n–3 supplementation affected appendicular lean mass, handgrip strength, knee extension strength, physical performance or MyoPS. However, isometric knee flexion peak torque (treatment effect: −7.1 Nm; 95% CI: −12.5, −1.8 Nm; P < 0.01) was lower postsupplementation in LEU-PRO+n–3 compared with CON. Serum triacylglycerol and total adiponectin concentrations were lower, and HOMA-IR was higher, in LEU-PRO+n–3 compared with CON postsupplementation (all P < 0.05). Estimated glomerular filtration rate was higher and cystatin c was lower in LEU-PRO and LEU-PRO+n–3 postsupplementation compared with CON (all P < 0.05).ConclusionsContrary to our hypothesis, we did not observe a beneficial effect of LEU-PRO supplementation alone or combined with LC n–3 PUFA supplementation on appendicular lean mass, strength, physical performance or MyoPS in older adults at risk of sarcopenia. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03429491.

Consumption of Sourdough Breads Improves Postprandial Glucose Response and Produces Sourdough-Specific Effects on Biochemical and Inflammatory Parameters and Mineral Absorption.

To evaluate responses to different sourdough breads, six groups of rats were fed a conventional refined wheat bread with no sourdough content (C_WhB); a leavened spelt bread baked with Rebola sourdough (Re_SpB); a durum wheat bread with Rebola sourdough (Re_DuB); or a multigrain bread leavened with Rebola (Re_MGB), Carla (Ca_MGB), or San Francisco sourdough (SF_MGB). Compared to C_WhB-fed rats, Re_SpB-, Re_DuB-, and Re_MGB-fed animals showed lower postprandial blood glucose levels, whereas SF_MGB-fed rats displayed a decreased postprandial blood insulin response and glucose and insulin products. The 3 week intake of Ca_MGB decreased blood triacylglycerols and the relative apparent absorption (RAA) of Fe2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+, whereas Re_MGB-fed animals showed lower serum levels of the MCP-1 inflammatory marker and decreased the Fe RAA. The 3 week consumption of the multigrain bread produced sourdough-specific effects. Thus, Re_MGB-fed animals displayed higher insulin concentrations than Ca_MGB- and SF_MGB-fed rats and decreased blood MCP-1 levels compared to those of Ca_MGB-fed animals. In addition, Ca_MGB-fed rats showed lower serum triacylglycerol concentrations than those of Re_MGB- and SF_MGB-fed animals, whereas SF_MGB-fed rats displayed higher RAA values of Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+ than their Re_MGB and Ca_MGB counterparts. These sourdough-specific effects could be related to changes in the contents of sugars and organic acids, acidity, microbial composition, and proteolytic activity among sourdoughs. Hence, the consumption of sourdough breads improved postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses and produced sourdough-specific effects on RAA and serum insulin and triacylglycerol and MCP-1 levels in rats, showing that SF_MGB has the most promising beneficial effects.

Whole grain intake favorably affects blood glucose and serum triacylglycerols in overweight and obese children: A randomized controlled crossover clinical trial

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of whole grain consumption on the metabolic profiles of overweight or obese children. MethodsThis was a randomized crossover clinical trial with 44 overweight or obese girls. After a 2-wk run-in period, girls were randomly assigned to either intervention or control groups. Participants in the intervention group were asked to obtain 50% of their grain servings from whole grain foods each day for 6 wk. Those in the control group were asked not to consume any of these foods. A 4-wk washout period was applied following which participants were crossed over to the alternate arm. Fasting blood samples were taken before and after each phase of study. ResultsMean (± SD) age and body mass index was 11.2 ± 1.49 y and 23.5 ± 2.5 kg/m2, respectively. Mean whole grain intake in intervention and control groups throughout the study was 26.5 and 3.7 g/d, respectively (P = 0.01). Whole grain consumption resulted in lower concentrations of plasma glucose (changes from baseline in intervention group: –0.10 versus 0.21 mmol/L in control group, P = 0.01), serum triacylglycerols (changes from baseline in intervention group: –0.18 versus 0.08 mmol/L in control group, P = 0.01) and higher concentrations of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (changes from baseline in intervention group: 0.16 versus –0.14 mmol/L in control group, P = 0.05) after 6 wk of intervention. No effects of whole grain intake on serum concentrations of total- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or on blood pressure were found. ConclusionThis study provided evidence supporting the beneficial effects of whole grain foods on serum concentrations of glucose, triacylglycerols and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in overweight children.

Phytic Acid Protects from Oxidative Stress Induced by Iron-Overload and High-Fat Diets in ß2-Microglobulin Knockout Mice.

The objective of this study was to examine the protective effect of phytic acid (PA) in reducing oxidative stress in an animal model for human hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) fed high-fat diets. Sixty-four ß2 microglobulin knockout (β2m KO) mice were randomly assigned to three treatments by feeding: control (basal), atherogenic (AT), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) diets. One-half of the mice in each treatment group were fed 2% (wt/wt) PA. The ß2m+/+ mice (wild type (WT)) were fed a basal diet. All seven groups were fed for 10 weeks with a 50-ppm iron-containing diet (AIN-93G). Free iron and lipids were measured in serum samples. Nonheme iron, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase concentrations were measured in the liver tissue. Nonheme iron concentration in ß2m KO mice (on the basal diet) was 20× higher (p < 0.0001) than in the WT mice. Compared to the WT mice, ß2m KO mice had a significantly higher concentration of free iron in the serum (p < 0.0001), six-fold higher hepatic TBARs (p < 0.0001), and 18% lower hepatic SOD level. When PA was added to the β2m KO basal diet, a reduction (26 to 50%) of iron concentration was seen in the liver and heart. The addition of PA also significantly reduced TBARs in all three dietary groups of the iron-overloaded group, but most effectively in the control group. An increase in SOD concentration was seen only in the PUFA group, but serum triacylglycerol (TG) concentration was reduced in both dietary fat groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that PA protects against oxidative stress-induced by genetic iron overload alone or when fed high fat.