Serum Catalase Research Articles

The ameliorating effects of mesenchymal stem cells compared to α-tocopherol on apoptosis and autophagy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Implication of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and entero-insular axis.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are considered a novel regenerative therapy that holds much potential. This study aimed to examine and compare the ameliorative effects of BM-MSCs compared to α-tocopherol (α-Toc) on apoptosis, autophagy, and β-cell function in a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and further analyzed the implications and interrelations of the entero-insular axis, and type I phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/Akt signaling.Forty adult male albino rats were categorized into four groups (n = 10, in each): control group, STZ-induced diabetic group (single i.p. injection of STZ 45 mg/kg), diabetic and treated with BM-MSCs injection, diabetic and treatment with α-Toc p.o. The serum glucose, insulin, nitric oxide (NO), and catalase (CAT) were measured. Histopathological examination of the pancreas, the expression levels of insulin, CD44, caspase-3, autophagy markers, P13K/Akt, and pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1, in pancreatic tissue, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in the duodenum were detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence labeling, and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.The diabetic rats showed reduced insulin, hyperglycemia, nitrosative stress (NO, CAT), augmented apoptosis (caspase 3), impaired autophagy (p62/SQSTM1, LC3), downregulated PI3K/Akt pathway and increased GIP expression, and degeneration of pancreatic islets. Treatment with either BM-MSCs or α-Toc suppressed the nitrosative stress, reduced apoptosis, recovered autophagy, upregulated PI3K/Akt pathway, and subsequently increased insulin levels, decreased blood glucose, and downregulated GIP expression with partial restoration of pancreatic islets.Based on our findings, the cytoprotective effects of BM-MSCs and α-Toc in type 1-induced diabetes appeared to be related to repaired autophagy and recovered PI3K/Akt signaling. Moreover, we reported their novel effects on reversing intestinal GIP expression level. The effect of BM-MSCs was notably superior to that of α-Toc.

Physiological responses of rabbit buck fed diets supplemented with varied levels of nutmeg seed meal, clove leaf meal, and their composite mix

Abstract Fifty-six Hyla breeds of 12-week-old rabbit bucks were randomly distributed across 7 diet groups comprising the control, 0.25% nutmeg seed meal (NSM), 0.50%, 0.25% clove leaf meal (CLM), 0.50% CLM, 0.25% composite nutmeg and clove leaf meal mix (CNCM), and 0.50%CNCM. At the end of the 8 weeks of the experiment, 3 bucks per diet group were sacrificed. The growth performance, haematology, serum biochemical indices, and testicular morphometry of the buck were assessed. The different diet groups significantly increased (P<0.05) the feed intake, weight gained, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control. The highest weight gained and best feed conversion ratio were observed among bucks fed 0.25% CNCM. Dietary supplementation of NSM, CLM, and CLCM at 0.25 and 0.50% levels did not affect (P>0.05) the blood parameters, serum proteins, enzymes, and metabolites except for serum glutathione and catalase activity which revealed that the phytochemicals in NSM and CNCM could effectively combat free scavenging radicals. Testicular weight and densities were positively influenced (P<0.05) by dietary supplements which are indicative of better testicular functions compared to the control. Hence, the synergetic effect of NSM and CLM at 0.25% supplementation level could be incorporated into Bucks’ diet for better productivity.

Effect of acute temperature stress on energy metabolism, immune performance and gut microbiome of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Frequent occurrences of extreme weather events, particularly severe temperature fluctuations, have significantly impaired the growth and health of fish and resulted in detrimental impacts on aquaculture production. Despite recognition of the crucial role that temperature plays in aquaculture, there is currently inadequate research to assess the consequences of extreme temperature fluctuations on fish health. Hence, we set up acute warming (AW) and cooling groups (AC) by increasing or decreasing water temperature by 8 °C and then gradually restoring the initial temperature (22 °C), to investigate the adaptive regulation of energy metabolism, immune function, and gut microbiota in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The fish antioxidant system responded to assist their environmental adaptation: both groups showed activation of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) secretion, and a significant increase in serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (P < 0.05). Distinct metabolic strategies were employed to cope with sudden environmental perturbations: upon experiencing a temperature decrease (AC1), largemouth bass exhibited a significant increase in serum triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL) levels (P < 0.05), coupled with a reduction in blood glucose levels (P < 0.05). However, a considerable reduction in serum TG and CHOL levels was observed after acute warming stage (AW1) (P < 0.05). Following the recovery of temperature, both groups demonstrated a tendency towards normal energy metabolism (CON). Compared to the AW group, the immune function of largemouth bass in the AC group was dramatically affected: alkaline phosphatase (AKP), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) increased significantly, while lysozyme (LZM) decreased significantly when the temperature dropped sharply (P < 0.05). After the temperature fluctuations, there were apparent changes in the gut morphology and microbiota of largemouth bass. Microbial functional analysis using the KEGG database revealed apparent alterations in microbial biological functions, especially during the cooling fluctuation (AC). The results indicated that dramatic weather changes, particularly extreme cold, may be detrimental to the health and welfare of largemouth bass.

Dynamics of oxidative stress and immune responses in neonatal calves during diarrhea

Oxidative stress is the imbalanced redox status between oxidant production and their scavengers leading to intestinal physiological dysfunction. However, the role of systemic and local oxidative status during neonatal calf diarrhea is not known. This study assessed systemic (serum) and local (fecal) oxidative status when calves either naturally developed diarrhea or naturally recovered. Healthy calves were enrolled in the study at d 18 of age, and their health status was monitored from the enrollment. Based on their enteric health status on d 21 and 28, calves were grouped as continuous diarrhea from d 21 to 28 (n = 14), diarrhea at d 21 but recovered at d 28 (DH group, n = 19), healthy at d 21 but developed diarrhea at d 28 (HD group, n = 15), and healthy throughout the study (HH group, n = 16). Serum and fecal samples were collected at d 21 and 28 from all calves in the morning 2 h after feeding. Dynamics of oxidative stress indicators including reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHDG), glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity and inflammatory indicators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ were evaluated using serum samples. In addition, fecal oxidative stress indicators ROS and MDA were measured. Serum ROS, MDA, 8-OHDG, as well as fecal ROS and MDA, were higher, whereas serum CAT and H2O2 were lower in diarrheic calves than those of healthy calves. Serum ROS, MDA, and 8OHDG and fecal ROS and MDA increased in the HD group from d 21 to 28 as they developed diarrhea. In contrast, all these oxidative stress markers decreased in the DH group from d 21 to 28 as they recovered. However, serum H2O2 had an opposite changing trend, which became lower in the HD group and higher in the DH group at d 28. In conclusion, both systemic and local oxidative stress markers and cytokine profiles altered as calves moved from being healthy to having diarrhea or vice versa. Serum ROS, MDA, and 8-OHDG can be used to develop biomarkers to screen calves prone to enteric infections during the preweaning period.

Acetylcholinesterase activity, histopathological changes, lipid peroxidation and stress-related genes expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to waterborne methidathion

The safety of aquatic system has been threatened due to extensive and inappropriate application of organophosphorus pesticide methidathion (MD). Hence, a 12-day stress trial was carried out to explore the impacts of waterborne MD on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, histopathology, antioxidant status and stress-related genes expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish (initial mean weight 60 ± 2 g) were placed in 18 tanks (volume 460 L, 30 fish/tank), with triplicate treatment groups being exposed to diverse concentrations of MD (0, 0.8, 1.67, 5.34, 7.49 and 15.83 µg/L). The results showed that AChE activities in serum and liver were inhibited by MD. After the 12-day stress trial, malonaldehyde (MDA) content in serum and liver was higher than that of 0 µg/L group when MD concentration exceeded 0.8 and 5.34 µg/L, respectively. Catalase (CAT) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in serum and liver revealed irregular variations. In addition, MD (＞0.8 µg/L) caused lesions in gills and liver tissues. MD also down-regulated expression of cytochrome P450 1B1, heat shock protein 70 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, which contradicted the trend of phospholipase A2 and cytochrome P450 1 A (except in the 15.83 µg/L group). In a word, waterborne MD suppressed AChE activities, induced oxidative stress and harmed the liver and gills. Additionally, it may negatively influence resistance to stress, oxidative phosphorylation, detoxification and anti-inflammatory response in Nile tilapia.

Impact of dietary piperine on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant status, and immune-related gene expression in pathogen-aggravated Cyprinus carpio

This study investigated the effects of dietary piperine (PIP) on growth performance, digestive enzymes, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant and immune responses, and gene expression in Cyprinus carpio challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Six diets were prepared with PIP doses of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 g/kg, corresponding with the control, PR50, PR100, PR200, PR300, and PR400, respectively. Fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila after 8 weeks of feeding with the respective diets. Weight gain (PWG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly enhanced, whereas feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lowered in PR200. The cumulative post-challenge survival was improved to 68.43% in the PR200 group compared with 28.08% in the control. Serum total protein and albumin levels were significantly enhanced in the PR200 group compared to the control. However, dietary PIP up to 3 g/kg had no significant effect on serum glucose, cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase, or alkaline phosphatase activities; however, the alanine aminotransferase level was lower (P < 0.05) in the PR200 group than in the control. Intestinal amylase, lipase, and protease activities increased in PR300, and intestinal amylase and lipase increased in the PR100 group (P < 0.05). The serum immunological indices (lysozyme, alternative complement pathway, phagocytic activity, and respiratory burst activity) were higher (P < 0.05) in the PR200 group than in the control group. Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly intensified in PR200–PR300 than in the control group, with the highest activity observed in the PR200 group. Malondialdehyde was significantly lower in the PR200 group than in the control group. Furthermore, SOD, CAT, and Nrf2 expression was strongly upregulated in the liver tissue of the PR200 and PR300 groups compared to that in the control. The transcript levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines viz. IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly upregulated in the kidneys of the PR100 and PR200 post-challenged. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly downregulated in the kidneys of PR200. The expression of HSP70 was upregulated only in the PR400. Quadratic regression analysis showed that the optimal dietary PIP level was estimated as 2.07−2.13 g/kg to maximize growth performance. Overall, these results indicate that dietary PIP at an appropriate level can improve immunity, cytokine gene expression, and disease resistance in C. carpio.

Chitosan oligosaccharides in the diet of broiler chickens under cold stress had anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and improved hematological and biochemical indices, cardiac index, and growth performance

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on broiler chickens under cold stress. A total of 500 one -day-old male broiler chickens were randomly allocated into five treatments with five replicate pens (with 20 broiler chickens per pen). The broiler chickens in thermoneutral treatment (TN control) were reared at normal temperature, while the broiler chickens in other four treatments were subjected to the cold stress (CS) + 0, 1, 2, and 3 g COS/kg. At d 42, two broiler chickens per cage were weighed and euthanized, and samples for blood and heart were collected. Dietary COS improved growth performance indices and reduced relative heart weight, right ventricle to total ventricle ratio, right ventricle to body weight, and mortality (P < 0.01). The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in serum and liver were increased, and malondialdehyde was reduced by COS supplementation compared to the CS treatment (P < 0.01). The cold stress-induced effect on serum and liver levels of TNF-α and interleukin-1β were reduced, and interleukin-10 was increased by dietary COS supplementation (P < 0.01). Moreover, supplementing of diets with COS alleviated the adverse effect of cold stress as reflected by a reduction in alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride, and cholesterol compared to the CS treatment (P < 0.01). It is also, the red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, heterophil, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio reduced by COS supplementation compared to the CS treatment . In conclusion, COS supplementation during cold stress may be used to alleviate cold stress related changes in broiler chickens.

Boric acid is associated with the suppression of apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in rat model of paracetamol -induced hepatotoxicity

Paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen or APAP) is an analgesic and antipyretic drug that is widely used all over the world. Boron is an element proven by many studies that it has indispensable effects on human health. In light of the information expressed about boron, we investigated whether there are any effects of boron on paracetamol-induced liver damage. We analyzed the 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG), ALT, AST, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in serum or erythrocyte and liver tissue. At the same time, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18 levels were examined in liver tissues to determine the effect of boron on inflammation caused by paracetamol in serum and liver tissue. In this study to determine the effect of ER stress-mediated apoptosis, signal transducers that lead the cell to ER stress-mediated apoptosis, IRE1, ATF6 and PERK, caspase 1, 3, 8, 9 and 12, which play a role in the apoptotic process, antiapoptotic factors bcl2, bcl-xL mRNA gene expressions were determined and the effect level of boron on ER stress-mediated apoptosis was determined by immunohistochemical methods. This study demonstrate that boric acid protects against paracetamol-induced liver damage in association with the augmentation of biomarkers of oxidative and nitrosative stress, inflammation and the ER stress / apoptosis axis in rats.

Therapeutic effect and mechanism of Mailuo Shutong Pills on posterior limb swelling caused by femur fracture in rats based on intestinal flora and intestinal metabolism

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect and underlying mechanism of Mailuo Shutong Pills(MLST) on posterior limb swelling caused by femur fracture in rats. The rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group, a model group, a low-dose MLST group(1.8 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), a high-dose MLST group(3.6 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), and a positive drug group(60 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) Maizhiling Tablets). The femur in the sham operation group was exposed and the wound was sutured, while the other four groups underwent mechanical damage to cause femur fracture. The rats were treated with corresponding drugs by gavage 7 days before modeling and 5 days after modeling, while those in the sham operation group and the model group were given an equivalent dose of distilled water by gavage. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to detect the pathological injury of the posterior limb muscle tissues in rats, and the degree of hind limb swelling was measured. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) kit was used to detect the expression levels of interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in the serum of rats in each group. The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), malondialdehyde(MDA), catalase(CAT), and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) in rat serum was also measured. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of heme oxygenase 1(HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1), and nuclear transcription factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2) in rat posterior limb muscle tissues. The changes in the intestinal flora and intestinal metabolites in rats were detected by 16S rDNA sequencing and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS), respectively, to explore the underlying mechanism of MLST in treating posterior limb swelling caused by femur fracture in rats. Compared with the model group, MLST significantly improved the degree of posterior limb swelling in rats, reduced the levels of serum inflammatory factors, and alleviated oxidative stress injury. The HE staining results showed that the inflammatory infiltration in the posterior limb muscle tissues of rats in the MLST groups was significantly improved. Western blot results showed that MLST significantly increased the protein expression of HO-1, NQO1, and Nrf2 in rat posterior limb muscle tissues compared with the model group. The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that MLST improved the disorder of intestinal flora in rats after femur fracture. The UPLC-MS/MS results showed that MLST significantly affected the bile acid biosynthesis and metabolism pathway in the intestine after femur fracture, and the Spearman analysis confirmed that the metabolite deoxycholic acid involved in bile acid biosynthesis was positively correlated with the abundance of Turicibacter. The metabolite cholic acid was positively correlated with the abundance of Papilibacter, Staphylococcus, and Intestinimonas. The metabolite lithocholic acid was positively correlated with Papilibacter and Intestinimonas. The above results indicated that MLST could protect against the posterior limb swelling caused by femur fracture in rats. This protective effect may be achieved by improving the pathological injury of the posterior limb muscle, reducing the expression levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress-related factors in serum, reducing the oxidative injury of the posterior limb muscle, improving intestinal flora, and balancing the biosynthesis of bile acids in the intestine.

Novel VEGFR2 inhibitors with thiazoloquinoxaline scaffold targeting hepatocellular carcinoma with lower cardiotoxic impact

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal tumor which is usually diagnosed at advanced stage. Molecular targeted drugs were used recently to treat HCC, however, due to serious side effects, mainly cardiotoxicity and emergence of resistance, there is demanding to explore new chemotherapeutics. 10 novel thiazoloquinoxaline derivatives coupled with different sulfonamide moieties 4(a–j) were designed and synthesized fulfilling pharmacophoric features of VEGFR-2 inhibition. Structures of all new compounds were verified via spectral and microanalytical data. After carrying in-vitro VEGFR-2 assay for compounds 4(a–j); sulfapyridine and sulfamethoxazole derivatives 4d and 4f showed potential inhibitory effect [61.04 and 83.35 nM], respectively, comparable to standard sorafenib [51.41 nM]. Both were then further evaluated for their cytocidal activity against HepG2 cell-line and against myocardium cells using H9C2 cell-line. As a result, only sulfapyridine derivative 4d exhibited a significant inhibition of HepG2 cells viability [IC50 = 4.31 μM]. Furthermore, it showed relatively lower cytotoxic impact against normal H9C2 myocardium cells [IC50, 33.47 μM] compared to that of sorafenib [IC50, 98.07 μM]. In-vivo study was carried out to determine myocardium safety of compound 4d on irradiated mice (8 Gy). In-vivo results of sulfapyridine derivative 4d showed normal cardiac enzyme function (CK) and serum catalase activity with significant reductions in LDH, cardiac TNF-α and caspase-9 levels, alongside with its efficacy in suppressing the expression of hepatic VEGF. In conclusion, sulfapyridine derivative 4d could be considered a promising candidate as VEGFR-2 inhibitor with less myocardium side effect.

Hemolysin from Aeromonas hydrophila enhances the host's serum enzyme activity and regulates transcriptional responses in the spleen of Cyprinus rubrofuscus

Aeromonas hydrophila is a conditional pathogen impacting public hygiene and safety. Hemolysin is a virulence factor of Aeromonas hydrophila that causes erythrocyte hemolysis, yet its transcriptional response to Cyprinus rubrofuscus remains unknown. Our investigation confirmed the hemolysis of hemolysin from A. hydrophila. Serum enzyme activity was evaluated weekly after C. rubrofuscus were immunized with hemolysin Ahh1. The results showed that the hemolysin enhances the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme (LZM), and catalase (CAT) activity, which reached a maximum on day 14. To elucidate the molecular interaction between hemolysin from A. hydrophila and the host, we performed transcriptome sequencing on the spleen of C. rubrofuscus 14 days post hemolysin infection. The total number of clean reads was 41.37 Gb, resulting in 79,832 unigenes with an N50 length of 1863 bp. There were 1982 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1083 upregulated genes and 899 downregulated genes. Transcript levels of the genes, such as LA6BL, CD2, and NLRC5, were significantly downregulated, while those of IL11, IL1R2, and IL8 were dramatically upregulated. The DEGs were mainly enriched in the immune disease, viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor, and toll-like receptor pathways, suggesting that hemolysin stimulation can activate the transcriptional responses. RT-qPCR experiments results of seven genes, IL-8, STAT2, CTSK, PRF1, CXCL9, TLR5, and SACS, showed that their expression was highly concordant with RNA-seq data. We clarified for the first time the key genes and signaling pathways response to hemolysin from A. hydrophila, which offers strategies for treating and preventing diseases.

Reassessment of dietary protein and lipid requirements for large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea, reared in net pens

AbstractAt present, large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea, a carnivorous fish ranked fifth in aquaculture production among marine finfishes in the world, still relies on raw fish diet because formulated feed alone is not able to sustain rapid growth of the fish. The present study evaluated growth, feed utilization efficiency, body composition and antioxidant capacity of large yellow croaker fed diets containing four protein (430, 460, 490 and 520 g/kg) and three lipid (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) levels. Fish weighing 11.4 ± 2.8 g were fed with the test diets in net pens for 8 weeks. Final body weight and nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE) were dependent on dietary protein and lipid levels and their interaction. Weight gain, body protein content, serum catalase (CAT) activity and liver glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity were dependent on dietary protein and lipid levels. Phosphorus retention efficiency was dependent on dietary protein level and interaction between protein and lipid levels. Hepatosomatic index, body lipid and energy contents, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH‐Px in serum, and CAT activity and malondialdehyde content in liver were dependent on dietary lipid level. The final body weight and weight gain of fish fed at 490 g/kg protein level did not significantly differ from those fed at 520 g/kg protein level. The final body weight, weight gain and NRE of fish fed at 90 g/kg lipid level were higher than those fed at 60 g/kg lipid level, but did not significantly differ from those fed at 120 g/kg lipid level. The maximum weight gain occurred in fish fed the diets either containing 520 g/kg protein or 90 g/kg lipid. The body lipid content, as well as SOD and GSH‐Px activities in serum, were higher in fish fed the diets with 90 and 120 g/kg lipid compared to fish fed the diets with 60 g/kg lipid. The present study reveals that the optimal dietary protein and lipid levels for large yellow croaker reared in net pens were 490–520 g/kg and 90 g/kg, respectively.

Protective effect of Lizhong Pill on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats: Possible involvement of TNF and IL-17 signaling pathways

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe traditional Chinese medicine formula Lizhong Pill (LZP) and its herbal constituents are frequently utilized in Asian (China, Saudi Arabia, India, Japan, etc.) and some European (Russia, Sweden, UK, etc.) nations to treat various gastrointestinal ailments. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to investigate the protective impact and potential mechanism of LZP against indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Material and methodsUsing a biochemical kit, we investigated the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in rat serum, as well as pepsin in rat stomach tissue, using an IND-induced rat model of gastric mucosal injury. Various imaging tools, including HE staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were used to examine the gastric mucosa’s surface morphology and ultrastructure. Furthermore, molecular docking was employed to predict the binding capacity of the primary bioactive components of LZP to the critical molecular protein targets in the IL-17 and TNF signaling pathways. At the same time, immunofluorescence was used to determine the protein expressions of CASP3, VCAM1, MAPK15, MMP3, IL-17RA, and TNFR1. ResultsThe present study demonstrates that LZP (3.75 and 7.50 g/kg) significantly reduces the gastric mucosal injury index induced by IND. This effect is evidenced by the improved morphology, surface, and structure of the gastric mucosa, as determined by HE, SEM, and TEM findings. Additionally, 3.75 and 7.50 g/kg LZP intervention significantly increased SOD and CAT contents and inhibited pepsin and GST activities. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the small molecular components of LZP can bind spontaneously to crucial proteins involved in the IL-17 and TNF signaling pathways, including MAPK15, MMP3, VCAM1, and CASP3. The immunofluorescence findings proved that LZP (3.75 and 7.50 g/kg) can inhibit the protein expressions of MAPK15, MMP3, VCAM1, CASP3, IL-17RA, and TNFR1. ConclusionsOur investigation findings demonstrate that LZP can potentially ameliorate IND-induced damage to the gastric mucosa by inhibiting IL-17 and TNF signaling pathways. These results offer encouraging support for using alternative medicine to manage drug-induced gastric mucosal injury.

Weissella confusa MW051433 and Levilactobacillus brevis MW362788 of human milk origin possess antioxidant competency: In vivo evidence

Consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) is directly associated with oxidative stress (OS), a root cause of metabolic disorders while probiotics have been recently recognized to play important role in OS management. The current study describes the antioxidant potential of well characterized and least explored probiotics, Levilactobacillus brevis MW362788 and Weissella confusa MW051433 isolated from human milk. Wistar rats were exposed to HFD to induce OS and treated with W. confusa MW051433, L. brevis MW 362788 and their mixture. W. confusa MW051433 treatment led to amelioration of OS as depicted by improvement in Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total oxidant status (TOS), Total antioxidant status (TAS), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and Glutathione (GSH) in serum, liver, kidney, and brain. The L. brevis MW362788 administration restored MDA, SOD (serum, liver, kidney), TOS (serum, kidney), TAS (serum, liver, kidney, brain), GST (liver), GSH (kidney, brain) but could not influence CAT activity in any organ. While administration of their mixture could customize MDA, TAS (serum, liver, kidney, brain), TOS, SOD, CAT (serum, liver, kidney), GST (serum, liver), and GSH (serum, kidney, brain). The OS modulation was strain specific and the promising antioxidant behavior of W. confusa MW051433 signatures its bio therapeutic potential.

Assessment of the influence on Hypsizygus marmoreus stem waste as a sustainable alternative to corn in Holdobagy geese dietary

The processing of edible mushrooms generates a large amount of mushroom residue. How to handle this mushroom residue in a way that avoids environmental pollution and maximizes effective utilization is a current issue that needs to be explored. This study aimed to investigate the effects of substituting dietary corn with Hypsizygus marmoreus mushroom stem waste (HSW) in the diet of geese. The control group was fed with a basal diet (BD), and the other groups were fed the basal diet to which 12% (HSW12 group), 24% (HSW24 group), or 32% (HSW32 group) of HSW were added to replace the equivalent proportion of corn. The test lasted 28 days. The results showed that the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the HSW12 and HSW24 groups at 35–49 d, and the HSW12 and HSW32 groups at 35–63 d, was significantly higher compared to the BD group (p&amp;lt;0.05). The average daily gain (ADG) of the HSW12 group was significantly higher than BD at 35–49 d (p&amp;lt;0.05), but there was no significant difference in the feed/gain (F/G) among the groups. The levels of serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in HSW24 group were significantly higher than those in the BD group (p&amp;lt;0.05). Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly, and there were no significant differences in carcass traits and meat quality. As 24% HSW supplementation had the best overall effect on the growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, meat quality, and carcass traits of geese, gut microbiota analysis was only performed on this group. The microbiota α-diversity of the cecum and ileum did not differ significantly between the BD and HSW24 groups. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) indicated that the difference in the cecum was significant in the β-diversity (p&amp;lt;0.05). Short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and decomposing protein and carbohydrate bacteria (Prevotella) were enriched in the cecum in the HSW24 group. Gut immune regulating and nutritional bacteria, Lactococcus and Bacillus, respectively, were enriched in the ileum in HSW24 group. Spearman’s analysis indicated that Bacillus, Prevotella, and Clostridium were positively associated with serum protein and lipid metabolism. These results indicate that 24% HSW substitution of corn could improve goose serum ALB and fat metabolism, and increase serum antioxidant capacity, which may becaused by the improvement of goose cecal microbiota.

Effects of Bacillus licheniformis on the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Ileal Morphology, Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids, and Colonic Microflora in Piglets Challenged with Lipopolysaccharide

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Bacillus licheniformis (BL) on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, ileal morphology, intestinal fecal short-chain fatty acids, and microflora of weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Piglets were assigned into three groups: basal diet (Con), a basal diet with added 109 CFU B. licheniformis/kg (BLl), and a basal diet with added 1010 CFU B. licheniformis/kg (BLh). On day 28, BLh piglets were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (CBL) and sterilized saline water (BL), Con piglets were injected with LPS (LPS) and sterilized saline water (Con), with the injections being administered for three consecutive days. The average daily gain significantly increased from day 1 to day 28 and the feed: gain ratio decreased with BL supplementation compared with the Con group. Supplementation with BLl and BLh reduced the diarrhea rate in piglets. Serum catalase activity increased and malondialdehyde concentration decreased in the CBL treatment group compared with the LPS treatment group. Both BL and CBL treatments increased the ileal villus length/crypt depth ratio compared with Con and LPS treatments. BL administration significantly increased colonic propionic and isobutyric acid concentrations compared with Con treatment. Both BL and CBL piglets had significantly increased fecal acetic, propionic, and butyric acid levels compared with LPS piglets. Analysis of the colonic microbial metagenome showed that Prevotella species were the predominant bacteria in piglets treated with BL and CBL. The CBL-treated piglets had higher scores for lysine biosynthesis, arginine biosynthesis, sulfur relay system, and histidine metabolism. BL-treated piglets had higher scores for glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis-keratan sulfate, oxidative phosphorylation, and pyruvate and carbon metabolism.

Hydroalcoholic extract of Passiflora incarnata improves the autistic-like behavior and neuronal damage in a valproic acid-induced rat model of autism.

Experimental autism in rodents can be caused by prenatal valproic acid (VPA) exposure. Some diseases, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), insomnia, opiate withdrawal, and generalized anxiety disorder can be treated by consuming Passiflora incarnata, due to the possession of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, phenols, and flavonoids. The present study aims to investigate the role of the hydroalcoholic extract of Passiflora incarnata in behavioral and oxidative stress aberrations induced by VPA. On the gestational day (GD), 12.5, pregnant Wistar rats received VPA (600mg/kg subcutaneously). Male pups were treated with the extract (30,100, and 300mg/kg) from postnatal day 35 to the end of the experiment, and underwent behavioral testing to evaluate locomotion, repetitive, and stereotyped movements, anxiety, and social and cognitive behaviors. After behavioral testing, the blood sample was taken from the left ventricle to determine serum catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Then the animals were euthanized and their brains were taken out for histological assays of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and CA1 hippocampus with hematoxylin/eosin. The total phenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the extract were also measured. A significant improvement was observed in behavioral disturbances, particularly with 300mg/kg of Passiflora. Moreover, the formation of oxidative stress markers significantly decreased at this dose. The extract also reduced the percentage of damaged cells in the CA1 and PFC. The results indicated that Passiflora extract could ameliorate VPA-induced behavioral aberrations possibly due to the antioxidant actions of its bioactive compounds.

Influence of pregnancy and lactation on vitamin D serum levels and antioxidant status in randomized women in Zaria.

Pregnancy and lactation are normal physiological conditions that tend to influence numerous biological processes. The aim of this study was to identify the impact of pregnancy and lactation on serum vitamin D level and antioxidant status in some women in Zaria, Nigeria. A cross‑sectional descriptive study conducted at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria for a period of three (3) months. Blood samples were collected, serum catalase, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation and vitamin D, were determined using standard methods. Data were presented as mean ± SD, analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlation analysis. Values were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) serum malondialdehyde level, superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione peroxidase activity during the various trimesters of pregnancy and lactating group. However, the levels of these markers were highest in the lactating group. Furthermore, serum level of vitamin D and catalase activity was highest in the 2nd trimester and lowest in the control and lactating group respectively. Pregnancy and lactation altered serum level of Vitamin D, CAT, SOD, MDA and GPx suggesting a variation in oxidative stress at different trimester of pregnancy and lactation. Key words: Pregnancy, lactation, oxidative stress, vitamin D.

Стан прооксидантної та антиоксидантної систем організму щурів за умов однократної дії деяких метильних похідних N-оксид піридину – Івіну і Потейтіну

АBSTRACT. Previously, it was shown that pyridine N-oxide based plant growth regulators (PGR) Ivin and Poteitin when combined with pesticides reduce the acute and subchronic toxicity of pesticides for mammals, have a hepatoprotective effect, contribute to the reduction of mutagenic activity, in particular, of Cyclophosphane and Dioxidin cytostatics (Vasetska O.P., 2017, Vasetska O.P. et al., 2020, 2021). It is possible that a wide range of their biological effects may be associated with the activation of the body’s protective systems, in particular the antioxidant system. The effect of these PGRs on the state of the pro-oxidant and antioxidant systems is not sufficiently clarified. Therefore, an important issue for preventive toxicology is the study of the nature of the effect of PGR on the state of the body’s pro-oxidant and antioxidant systems, which will contribute to the development of preventive measures to preclude acute and chronic intoxications with pesticides. Aim. To find out the state of the body’s pro-oxidant and antioxidant systems under a single oral exposure to some plant growth regulators –pyridine N-oxide methyl derivatives. Materials and Methods. For the aim of this research we used PGR 2.6-dimethyl- pyridine N-oxide (Ivin) and a complex of 2.6- dimethylpyridine-N-oxide with succinic acid (Poteitin). PGR in the form of an aqueous solution was administered to male Wistar Han rats orally with a probe: Ivin at doses of 650 mg/kg (1/2 LD50) and 13 mg/kg (1/100 LD50), Poteitin – at doses of 1150 mg/kg (1/2 LD50) and 23 mg/kg (1/100 LD50). The influence of Ivin and Poteitin on the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the antioxidant system under a single oral exposure to the body of male rats was determined on days 1, 3, and 7. LPO in liver tissues was determined by the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), diene conjugates (DC), ketodienes (KD), conjugated trienes (CT) and Schiff bases (SB). MDA level was determined by the reaction with 2-thiobarbituric acid, DC, KD, CT, and SB in liver tissues – by the extraction-spectrophotometric method. The antioxidant status of the body was assessed by the activity of the catalase enzymes (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR), the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant activity (AOA). The results of the research were estimated by standard methods of variational statistics according to Student’s t-test criterion. Results. It was established that Ivin in the researched doses in the heptane fraction reduces the LPO intensity (containing MDA, DC, SB) in the liver tissues of rats, in the isopropanol fraction – DC; increases the activity of catalase and total AOA in blood serum. Poteitin in the tested doses in the heptane fraction reduces the formation of lipid products (containing MDA, DC, KD and CT) in the liver tissues of rats, in the isopropanol fraction – DC; increases the activity of catalase and the content of GSH, total AOA. Both substances do not disrupt the glutathione system. Compared to Ivin, Poteitin has a more pronounced effect on the intensity of LPO and the activity of the antioxidant system. Conclusions. 1. Plant growth regulators Ivin and Poteitin, at a single exposure to the body of male rats in doses corresponding to 1/2 and 1/100 LD50, reduce pro-oxidant activity, do not disrupt the glutathione system, increase the activity of the antioxidant system. 2. Increase in the activity of the antioxidant system and inhibition of the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes both under the influence of Ivin and Poteitin are aimed at adapting the body to the chemical factor. 3. Activation of the antioxidant system together with a decrease in the intensity of LPO can be one of the mechanisms of protection of the body from the toxic effects of pesticides when they are simultaneously introduced into the body with plant growth regulators based on methyl derivatives of pyridine N-oxide. Key words: plant growth regulators, Ivin, Poteitin, prooxidant and antioxidant systems.

Effects of dietary essential oil supplementation on growth performance, carcass yield, meat quality, and intestinal tight junctions of broilers with or without Eimeria challenge

The effects of dietary supplementation of essential oil on growth performance, carcass yield, meat quality, serum antioxidant capacity, and intestinal tight junctions of broilers with or without Eimeria challenge were investigated. A total of 576 one-day-old male broilers were randomly separated into 8 treatments (6 replication floor-pens per treatment, 12 broilers per pen) in a 4×2 factorial design. The 4 diets consisted of 1) a corn and soybean meal basal diet, 2) an anticoccidial diet (60 g nicarbazin and 60 g narasin per ton of feed), 3) an oregano oil diet (500 ppm oregano oil), and 4) a clove oil diet (500 ppm clove oil). On d 10, half chicks were challenged with 1×104 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella, E. acervulina, and E. maxima per chick, whereas the others were inoculated with an equal amount of dilution (0.5 mL). The Eimeria challenge induced a higher fecal oocyst output on d 18, a lower duodenum Occludin expression level on d 28, a lower serum catalase level, and a higher cook loss and protein loss in thigh muscle on d 42. The anticoccidial diet lowered fecal Eimeria output and increased d 1 to 42 BW gain as compared to the control diet. The clove oil treatment enhanced duodenum ZO-1 expression level in nonchallenged birds, increased BW gain from d 1 to 14 and breast yield on d 42. The oregano oil treatment enhanced ZO-1 expression of challenged birds, reduced feed intake from 15 to 28 d, and helped broilers gain more tender meat. For those Eimeria-challenged broilers, both clove and oregano oil treatments recovered drip loss in breast muscle. Our results suggested that Eimeria challenge in broiler early age could interrupt later serum antioxidant capacity and damage meat quality. The dietary supplementation of clove or oregano essential oils could improve broiler growth performance and partially relieve the coccidial damage in gut integrity and meat quality.