Serum Biochemical Values Research Articles

Haemato-biochemical studies in medically managed open and closed-cervix pyometra in dogs

Six dogs each with open and closed-cervix pyometra (Group I and II) were medically managed with mifepristone @ 2.5mg/kg body weight orally twice daily for five days, followed by cloprostenol @ 5?g/kg body weight subcutaneously on every alternate day after ensuring cervical patency, till complete evacuation of uterus was assessed by ultrasonography. Haematological and serum biochemical values were estimated on the day of presentation. The treatment response was assessed by reviewing both haematological and serum biochemical values further on days 3, 7, 14 and 21 of treatment. The mean total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin concentration and volume of packed red cells (VPRC) were significantly lower and mean total leucocyte count (TLC) was significantly higher in all animals of both groups during the day of presentation. The values significantly improved after initiation of treatment. Total thrombocyte count, serum total protein, albumin, BUN and serum creatinine levels were within the normal range. TEC, TLC, Hb concentration, VPRC could be used for prognostic markers of treatment evaluation in canine pyometra.

Comparison of selected serum biochemistry measurements between the Nova Prime Plus VET, Nova pHOx Ultra, and Beckman Coulter AU680 analyzers in dogs.

Blood gas chemistry analyzers typically produce results faster and use smaller sample volumes than reference chemistry analyzers. However, results may not be comparable between blood gas chemistry analyzers and reference chemistry analyzers or between different models of blood gas chemistry analyzers. This could suggest the use of separate reference intervals and, thus, has implications when making clinical decisions. We aimed to perform method comparison studies to evaluate selected canine serum biochemical values obtained using the Nova Stat Profile Prime Plus VET (Prime Plus VET), Stat Profile Nova pHOx Ultra (Ultra), and Beckman Coulter AU680 (Beckman) analyzers. We hypothesized that the three analyzers would be identical within inherent imprecision. Jugular venous blood samples were collected from 103 endurance-trained sled dogs, and serum was harvested and stored for analysis. Results for serum chloride, potassium, sodium, creatinine, and urea nitrogen concentrations obtained from the Prime Plus VET and Ultra analyzers were compared with results from the Beckman analyzer, which was considered to be a reference method. Results for serum chloride, potassium, sodium, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and L-lactate concentrations obtained from the Prime Plus VET and Ultra analyzers were compared. Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman plots were used for method comparison. Significant (P<0.05) constant or proportional bias was found for many analytes for all three method comparison studies. Due to the presence of statistically significant differences between all three analyzers that may be clinically relevant, it is recommended that reference intervals be created for new blood gas analyzers, even when similar methodologies are used.

Health reference intervals and values for common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), and beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas).

This study reports comprehensive clinical pathology data for hematology, serum, and plasma biochemistry reference intervals for 174 apparently healthy common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and reference values for 27 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), 13 beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), and 6 Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) in zoos and aquariums accredited by the Alliance for Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums and the Association of Zoos & Aquariums. Blood samples were collected as part of a larger study titled “Towards understanding the welfare of cetaceans in zoos and aquariums” (colloquially called the Cetacean Welfare Study). Two blood samples were collected following a standardized protocol, and two veterinarian examinations were conducted approximately six months apart between July to November 2018 and January to April 2019. Least square means, standard deviations, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for hematology, serum, and plasma biochemical variables. Comparisons by age, gender, and month revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) for several variables. Reference intervals and values were generated for samples tested at two laboratories for up to 56 hematologic, serum, and plasma biochemical variables. To apply these data, ZooPhysioTrak, an iOS mobile software application, was developed to provide a new resource for cetacean management. ZooPhysioTrak provides species-specific reference intervals and values based on user inputs of individual demographic and sample information. These data provide a baseline from which to compare hematological, serum, and plasma biochemical values in cetaceans in zoos and aquariums.

In vivo antibacterial and therapeutic properties of P. ostreatus against Staphylococcus aureus

Objectives: The use of natural products is embraced by a larger percentage of the world population. Most species of fungi including mushrooms produce useful secondary metabolites that stimulate the immune system against infection and diseases. Investigations were conducted to assay the therapeutic potentials of P. ostreatus against pathogenic staph infection.Methods: The methanol extract of P. ostreatus was prepared using the cold extraction method. Thirty Wistar albino rats weighing 82.0 g to 99.2 g were distributed into 6 groups of 5 and inoculated orally with actively growing Staphylococcus aureus suspension. P. ostreatus methanol extract LD &gt; 5000 mg/kg 50 was used to determine the graded doses for the study. Graded doses of the extract 625 mg, 1250 mg, and 2500 mg were administered orally to the experimental animals for seven days.Results: The negative control and 625 mg had skin ulceration while 1250 mg to 2500 mg produced apparently healthy skin. Bacterial count after 7 days post-treatment was significantly high in the negative control and 625 mg dose (32.00 x 104 ± 6.10b; 43.40 x 104 ± 6.20b Cfu/ml) P&lt; 0.05. Haematological and serum biochemical values were not significantly P &lt; 0.05 affected. Pleurotus ostreatus administration at 1250 to 2500 mg produced a statistically low colony count that was comparable with 13.33 mg Ciprofloxacin and placebo.Conclusion: Pleurotus ostreatus at 1250 to 2500 mg was able to produce clinical recovery from S. aureus infection while 625 mg could not. The extract had no deleterious effect on the blood parameters, liver enzymes, and kidney biomarkers.&#x0D;

Effect of Different Prosthodontic Treatment Modalities on Nutritional Parameters of Patients in Telangana, India

Background: Oral health is a mirror of general health. Certain risk factors are common between oral and systemic diseases. The absence of teeth also affects oral health by altering the quality of life. Hence, the nutritional changes occurring in elderly patients following prosthodontic rehabilitation are evaluated. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients who underwent prosthodontic treatment for missing teeth were included in the study. Twice measurement of nutritional parameters was done: Initially at the time of diagnosis and then 5 months following commencement of the prosthodontic treatment. Dental analysis, evaluation of the diet, anthropometric assessment, and analysis of serum biochemical values were done in all the patients, and tabulated records were maintained. Independent Student's t-test and Tukey's test were done to assess the level of significance. Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the study. The complete denture (CD) group showed the highest alteration in the mean values of the nutritional parameters followed by the removable partial denture group. A significant change was seen in the body mass index, protein, carbohydrate, and iron levels among the different patients who were grouped based on the mode of treatment modality. The CD group showed significantly higher mean change in carbohydrates value compared with mean change in patients receiving fixed treatment. Conclusion: Our results conclude that nutrition and diet form an integral part of prosthodontic treatment to maintain the health of elderly population.

Controlling Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in Oreochromis niloticus spawners by cefotaxime sodium

Spawners are considered the cornerstone in aquaculture; bacterial diseases are one of the most serious challenges facing this sector. The present study aimed to determine the efficacy of cefotaxime in treating the experimentally infected Oreochromis niloticus brooders with virulent Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fish were grouped into normal group (N), infected non-treated group (INT) and infected-cefotaxime treated groups (ICT-W, ICT-24 & ICT-72) that administrated cefotaxime at 10 mg/l, and 10 mg/kg BW, administrated intraperitoneally at 24 h and 72 h intervals. Serum biochemical parameters, histopathological findings and cefotaxime concentration were studied in different groups. Tested P. aeruginosa was highly sensitive to cefotaxime with MIC equals 0.5 μg/ml and LD50 for O. niloticus was 0.2 ml of 8 × 107 CFU.fish−1. Mortality percent were 0, 50, 6.66, 23.33 and 13.33% for (N, INT, ICT-W, ICT-24 & ICT-72) respectively. There was significant amelioration in the serum biochemical parameter values (AST, ALT, creatinine, urea, uric acid and serum proteins) of all treated groups in comparison with the INT group, histopathological findings represented a marked improvement in hepatopancreas and posterior kidney tissues architecture when compared with (INT). Serum cefotaxime level were 0.517 ± 0.23, 0.951 ± 0.34 and 0.589 ± 0.18 μg/ml while, cefotaxime residues were 1.086 ± 0.12, 1.670 ± 0.36 and 1.261 ± 0.37 μg/g in muscular tissue for (ICT-W, ICT-24 & ICT-72) groups respectively. Cefotaxime considered effective antibiotic in the treatment of P. aeruginosa infection in O. niloticus brooders when administrated as 10 mg/litter medicated water or 10 mg/kg B·W. by I/P administration at 72 h interval.

Determination of Hemobiochemical Profiles of Apparently Healthy Exotic Breed of Dogs in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

The hematological and serum biochemical profiles of apparently healthy exotic breed of dogs in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria was studied in this research. One hundred and seven exotic breed of dogs were examined from October - December, 2018. The results from physical, clinical examinations and parasitological examinations were used to determine apparently healthy exotic breed of dogs which were used in this study. The parameters measured were rectal temperature, parasitaemia, hematology which included red blood cells count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and hemoglobin content; total white blood cell count, including eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes counts, and platelets; serum biochemical parameters also included Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total proteins, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol and triglyceride, using standard methods. Data generated from the study were statistically analyzed using students t-test one-way analysis of variance while the level of significance was measured at p < 0.05. From this study, hematological and serum biochemical values were comparable to and not different from those reported for dogs in available literature, but the upper and lower reference limits (minimum and maximum values) were different for most parameters. Sex-related significant difference (p < 0.05) occurred only in WBC and total protein while age-related significant difference occurred only in total protein and urea level. Breed affected the MCHC and total bilirubin level which was evident in higher MCHC level in Neapolitan mastiff than Alsatian breed while total bilirubin was higher in Alsatian breed than Bull mastiff (p < 0.05). The present study has presented preliminary information on the range of hematological and serum biochemistry profile of exotic breed of dogs in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria which may be useful to biomedical researchers and veterinary clinicians.

Hematologic and serum biochemistry reference intervals using defined ASCVP methodology for laboratory natal multimammate mice (Mastomys natalensis).

Complete blood count, serum chemistry values, and biological reference intervals were compared between two age groups (34-49 and 84-120 days old) of healthy male and female laboratory raised natal multimammate mice (Mastomys natalensis). Blood was collected via cardiocentesis under isoflurane anesthesia. Data sets of machine automated complete blood counts and clinical chemistries were analyzed. Significant differences between sex and age groups of the data sets were defined. The baseline hematologic and serum biochemistry values described here can improve interpretation of laboratory research using natal multimammate mice.

Blood Profiling of Captive and Semi-Wild False Gharial in Peninsular Malaysia.

Simple SummaryIll or injured wildlife species are been rescued, treated and or rehabilitated usually at the wildlife rescued centers, zoos clinic facilities and or wildlife conservation centers. The false gharial also known as Malayan gharial is a crocodile species native to Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and Indonesia with extirpation in Singapore, Vietnam and Thailand. The false gharial is facing a threat of extinction due to habitat destruction and hunting Policies were implemented to conserve this species through the establishment of Ex-Situ Conservation centers, as such to maintain the health and welfare status of this species while in captivity, understanding its normal Haematology and serum biochemistry values becomes necessary to save the false gharial from extinction. The involvement of veterinary medicine in wildlife research has played an important role in understanding the health status of various wildlife species. Health status is a very important aspect of species conservation. However, it requires a widely employed knowledge of veterinary clinical pathology, as a diagnostic tool in diagnosing the various disease conditions of wildlife species. Notwithstanding, a gap exists in the literature about the clinical pathology of the false gharial, due to the lack of normal reference values for hematological and serum biochemical analysis. The present study investigated the normal blood profile of 10 healthy false gharials, from two different zoos, and wildlife conservation centers located in three different states of Peninsular Malaysia. Blood samples were collected from the lateral caudal vein and divided into a vacutainer without anticoagulant for biochemical analysis, and a lithium heparin vacutainer (containing sodium heparin) for hematological studies. The results of the study indicated that the false gharial has a smaller erythrocyte dimension compared to other crocodilian species. At the same time the study revealed that the false gharial in a natural captive pond showed more leukocytes than false gharial kept in zoos, hence, habitat and environmental factors significantly affect hematological values. The biochemistry values also showed differences between the false gharial in different environmental conditions. Total protein, albumin (Alb), globulin (Glob), and Alb: Glob ratio were higher in false gharials kept in wildlife conservation centers than in false gharials kept in zoos. The values obtained in this study provide baseline data of hematological and serum biochemical values of the false gharial for future research and routine clinical diagnosis.

Urine and Serum Electrolytes and Biochemical Values Associated with Osteoporosis in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women: A Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Study Using Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) Cohort.

Osteoporosis is a major public health concern, especially in women. This study aims to identify early biomarkers from biochemical measurements of serum and urine for recognizing the development of osteoporosis and osteopenia in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. From the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) cohort, longitudinal study participants with normal bone density were enrolled and assessed for the association of baseline clinical and biochemical factors with osteoporosis development over 4 years. In addition, a cross-sectional study between normal bone density and osteopenia/osteoporosis was conducted to validate the risk factors found in the longitudinal cohort. Of the 5272 female participants in the KoGES cohort, 813 women (501 premenopausal and 312 menopausal) who had normal bone density at baseline were included in the longitudinal study. During the 4 years of follow-up, 64 patients developed osteoporosis and 354 developed osteopenia. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, serum calcium and urine uric acid levels were significantly associated with elevated osteoporosis risk in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, respectively (risk of osteoporosis by serum calcium levels in premenopausal women: 4.03 (1.09–14.93), p = 0.037; risk of osteoporosis by urine uric acid levels in postmenopausal women: 24.08 (1.79–323.69), p = 0.016). For the cross-sectional study, serum and urine parameters were compared between women with osteopenia or osteoporosis at baseline and those with normal bone density. Urine uric acid levels were found to be significantly higher in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women with bone loss than in women with normal bone density (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). Uric acid level in urine may be an early marker for the development of osteoporosis in women, especially after menopause.

Serum Biochemical Profile of Captive-bred Philippine Crocodiles (Crocodylus mindorensis Schmidt, 1935) Sub-adults

The Philippine crocodiles Crocodylus mindorensis Schmidt, 1935 are a critically endangered species that necessitate minimally invasive diagnostic tools for their physiological state and health assessment. In the current study, we determined the reference ranges for the serum biochemistry of male and female captive-bred C. mindorensis sub-adults. We collected blood samples from the post-occipital venous sinus of six male and seven female captive-bred crocodile sub-adults at the Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center and quantified the serum biochemical values for cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, glucose, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, total protein, and globulin. We defined reference ranges through the central 95% of the concentration values obtained. The uric acid concentrations were significantly different between male and female C. mindorensis sub-adults. Uric acid levels were higher (P = 0.035) in male sub-adults because of their higher food intake resulting from dominance and aggression during feeding times. Serum biochemical values of C. mindorensis exhibited similarities with and variations from other crocodile species. We briefly discussed the differences with other species and the influence of factors such as field and laboratory methodologies, environmental conditions, nutritional status, and size class.

SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY AND SELECT MINERAL PARAMETERS OF PRE-RELEASE SUNDA PANGOLINS (MANIS JAVANICA) FOLLOWING REHABILITATION IN VIETNAM.

Native to Southeast Asia, the Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) is critically endangered largely because of poorly regulated wildlife trade, consumptive practices, and use in traditional Chinese medicine. Efforts to rescue and rehabilitate animals confiscated from the illegal trade are complicated by a general lack of knowledge surrounding the normal health and disease processes unique to the species. To provide clinical reference intervals for normal health states of Sunda pangolins, biochemical parameters were determined from rescued individuals in Vietnam that had undergone a 14-day observation period and met a set of criteria for release back into the wild. Blood samples were collected from 42 apparently healthy Sunda pangolins while anesthetized or awake. Packed cell volume (PCV) and total solids (TS) were determined manually, and serum biochemistry values were determined in-house with a benchtop analyzer. Additional biochemical and mineral parameters not included in the primary panel were determined from a subset of 10 pangolins through an external diagnostic laboratory. Overall reference intervals were calculated for PCV and TS (n = 29) and for standard serum biochemistry parameters (n = 42). Females and males demonstrated significant variation with respect to body mass, potassium (K+), and phosphorus, whereas age was a significant source of variation in alkaline phosphatase. Seasonal variation in glucose (GLU), creatinine (CRE), total proteins, sodium, calcium, and K+ was also observed. Comparisons between anesthetized and awake pangolins demonstrated significant variation in GLU, CRE, and K+. The parameters determined in this study can serve as a clinical reference for ex situ Sunda pangolin conservation efforts. In the context of wildlife rehabilitation, serial bloodwork allows for continued monitoring of patient health and should inform decision making regarding release readiness and timing.

Evaluation of the toxic effect of aqueous extract of the bark of Morinda morindoides root in male Wistar rats

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The toxic effect of the aqueous extract of the bark of the root of Morinda morindoides was studied in 24 sexually matured, male Wistar rats weighing between 150-200g. The rats were randomly divided into four groups (I-IV). Rats in groups I, II and III received 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and I,600 mg/kg of 50mg/ml of the aqueous extract respectively once daily for 28 days while the control group (Group IV) was given distilled water (5ml/kg) once daily for 28 days after which the rats were euthanized. Following euthanasia, about 3 ml of blood was collected and was divided into 1.5ml each for haematology and serum chemistry. In addition, samples of the kidney, liver, heart, lungs and spleen were also harvested for histopathology. Haematological and serum biochemical values were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean and were analyzed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. Lesions observed in histopathology were scored as mild, moderate or severe. Results were considered statistically significant at 95% confidence interval (P&lt;0.05). In this study, there was no significant difference in the haematological parameters, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase between the treated groups and the control. Histopathologically, the extract caused mild, diffuse degeneration of the liver, mild tubular nephrosis; mononuclear cellular infiltration in the heart and mild hypoplasia of the lymphoid nodules in the spleen of rats to which 1,600 mg/kg of the extract was administered. It was therefore concluded that aqueous extract of the root of Morinda morindoides may produce subchronic toxicity at the dosage of 1600mg/kg.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway contributes to the progression of secondary hepatic injury and fibrosis in hepatolithiasis

This paper focused on evaluating the effect of TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway in the progression of secondary hepatic injury and fibrosis in hepatolithiasis. The levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and serum biochemical values (ALT, AST, Tbil, Dbil, ALP, GGT) were detected by ELISA. IHC was used to detected the expression level of TLR4 in liver tissues of hepatolithiasis patients and mice. The pathological changes of liver tissue were observed by HE staining. The levels of MyD88, NF-κB, IκB, Laminin (LN), and chitosan enzyme 3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) were detected by western blotting. In hepatolithiasis patients, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were distinctly raised and proteins associated with TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway (such as TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, and IκB) in liver tissues were significantly up-regulated. In Bile duct ligation (BDL) model of mice, the results showed that in addition to the significant increase of inflammatory factors, liver function indexes, and fibrosis indexes in BDL mice were also significantly up-regulated. Additionally, TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway was activated in BDL mice. After TLR4 knockdown in BDL mice, inflammatory factors, liver function indexes, and fibrosis indexes were significantly down-regulated. TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway proteins were restrained. TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway took part in the progression of secondary hepatic injury and fibrosis in hepatolithiasis. Inhibition of TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway can reduce the progression of secondary hepatic injury and fibrosis in hepatolithiasis.

Hematologic and serum biochemical reference values in chemically immobilized free-ranging sambar (Rusa unicolor)

Hematological and serum biochemical reference values for 33 free-ranging sambar deer following immobilization with medetomidine (70–100 μgkg−1) and ketamine (1–2 mgkg−1) in Sariska Tiger Reserve in India were established and the differences across sex and age group were compared. Hematological and biochemical variables across different age-classes for red blood cell count, eosinophils, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, triglycerides, and blood glucose varied significantly though the hematological values did not vary between sexes. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were significantly influenced by sex in the present study. Interpretation of the result, however, needs to be made with caution due to the low number of sub-adult compared to adults in the present study. The study highlights the need for understanding the source of individual variation for meaningful interpretation. This paper provides the first report of baseline hematologic and serum biochemistry values for free-ranging sambar deer that can form basis for assessing the state of health and nutritional condition of the animal.

Hematological and Serum Biochemistry Values in Free-Ranging Crested Porcupine.

The crested porcupine is a widespread naturalized Italian rodent of African origin; nevertheless, very little information on the population abundance and its health status is available. In this study, the hematological and serum chemistry profile of 10 free-ranging captured crested porcupines was established for the first time. The mean hematological values resulted: 5.7 SD 0.4 M/μL for red blood cells; 13.6 SD 0.8 g/dL for hemoglobin; 77.3 SD 5.7 fL for mean corpuscular volume and 30.1 SD 4.7 g/dL for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; 14.4 SD 7.2 K/μL for white blood cells; and 557.0 SD 469.9 K/μL for platelets. The mean urea and creatinine values resulted with 19.8 SD 8.3 mg/dL and 1.6 SD 3.0 mg/dL, respectively. The mean value of total protein was 6.7 SD 1.0 g/dL, with values of albumin higher than globulins. The mean activity of creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase was 927.3 SD 607.6 U/L, 199.2 SD 70.8 U/L, 16.9 SD 13.7 U/L, and 256 SD 75.8 U/L, respectively. Highest values of alkaline phosphatase were recorded in two porcupines presenting severe injuries with clear signs of infection. These preliminary results may be a helpful tool in order to assess porcupine health status.

Clinico-pathological Diagnosis of Transmissible Venereal Tumour with Hepatozoon canis and Babesia canis Infection in a Chippiparai Dog

Background: The concurrent infection of tick borne haemoprotozoan diseases like B.canis, E.canis and H.canis were commonly recorded in breed dogs. There is paucity in recording the combined haemoprotozoan infection with neoplasms in the native breeds of Tamil Nadu. The current investigation was documented to study the clinico-pathological changes, diagnosis and treatment of the concomitant infection of Hepatozoon canis and Babesia canis along with transmissible venereal tumor in a native dog.Methods: This Clinical investigation was carried out during April’ 2019 for about a month. A male Chippiparai dog was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, VCRI, Tirunelveli with history of mass and bleeding from the genital area. The impression cytology from the mass and the whole blood and serum samples were collected for the laboratory diagnosis.Result: The hematological examination showed marked anaemia and the blood smear revealed the presence of H.canis gamonts in neutrophils and B.canis piroplasm in red bloods cells. The serum biochemical values showed the elevation of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and reduction of total protein, albumin. The impression cytology revealed the presence of uniform sheets discrete round cells with punctuate vacuolation in the cytoplasm, confirmed the sexually transmitted venereal tumor.

Haematological and serum biochemical reference values in Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis): a preliminary study

BackgroundA selection of haematological and serum biochemical profile was first presented from the 81 samples of Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis). The deer health assessment database was initially established, especially in relation to determining potential effects associated with diseases diagnosis.ResultsBlood samples were analyzed for different haematological parameters viz. white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB), packed-cell volume (PCV), platelet count (PLT), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean red blood cells distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW) and different hematological parameters viz. total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), albumin to globulin ratio (A/G), total bilirubin (TBIL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), AST/ALT, creatinine, urea (BUN), uric acid, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cortisol. The adult females had higher values than adult males in albumin, mean corpuscular volume, packed-cell volume, and hemoglobin content values. The deer from Shanghai had higher urea nitrogen values than those from Zhoushan.ConclusionTo our knowledge this is the first report about the haematological and serum biochemical parameters in Chinese water deer. We had initially established a profile of Chinese water deer on haematological and serum biochemical parameters based on 81 samples we had collected. The findings can serve as a primary reference for health monitoring and disease prevention in this species.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE IN YANKASA RAMS FED ALKALI-TREATED GROUNDNUT SHELLS

The study was conducted to assess the chemical composition of alkali treated groundnut shells and their effects on growth and serum biochemical parameters in Yankasa rams. A total of 4 Yankasa rams where used to conduct the experiment in a 4×4 Latin square design. Four diets (14% crude protein) were formulated to contain untreated groundnut shell (UTGNS), urea treated groundnut shell (UGNS), lime treated groundnut shell (LGNS) and urea-lime treated groundnut shell (ULGNS). Growth and blood serum parameters were measured at the end of each period. Samples of the treated groundnut shell and the experimental diets were analysed for proximate analysis, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and lignin. The results of the chemical composition of treated groundnut shell showed that alkali chemical increased the protein, energy, and reduced the cell wall constituents of the untreated groundnut shell. Significant (P&lt;0.05) effect were observed for daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio and serum biochemical profile. Daily feed intake and daily weight gain were higher in UTGNS (183.50 g and 1110.90 g respectively); UGNS had the least feed conversion ratio (5.98). Total protein and glucose levels were above normal range of serum biochemical values for sheep while blood urea and creatinine were within normal range of values. The study revealed that dietary inclusion of treated groundnut shell did not show any negative effect on the growth performance and kidney function but indicated some signs of ailment on the activities of the liver and pancreas.

Acute and chronic oral toxicity assessment of longan sugar extracts derived from whole fruit and from fruit pulp in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLongan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) is one of the most popular subtropical fruits. Various parts of longan, including seeds, pericarp and pulp, have long been used in traditional medicine in China, Thailand and other Asian countries. The pulp has high sugar, vitamin and mineral content as well as bioactive components. The seeds and pericarp have also been reported to contain beneficial polyphenolic compounds. Longan sugar extract from pulp (LGSP) is prepared as a conventional sugar product. Longan sugar extract from whole longan fruit (LGSW) is also offered as a health food and as a medicinal product. Aim of the studyThe objective of this study was to identify and compare potential health hazards of both LGSW and LGSP by testing for acute and chronic oral toxicity in rats. Materials and methodsIn acute toxicity testing, an oral dose (20 g/kg) of either LGSW or LGSP was administered to groups of rats. Mortality and clinical signs of toxicity were observed for 24 h, and then daily for a total of 14 days. In the chronic toxicity test, either LGSW (1, 2.5 and 5 g/kg/day) or LGSP (5 g/kg/day) was administered orally for a period of 180 days. After that treatment period, the rats in the satellite groups which received the highest doses of either LGSW or LGSP were observed for an additional 28 days. The rats then underwent clinical observation, body and organ weight measurement, hematological and biochemical analyses, and histopathological examination. ResultsIn the acute toxicity study, the oral administration of LGSP or LGSW in either pellet or syrup formulations did not cause mortality or any pathological abnormalities. In the chronic toxicity study, neither LGSW nor LGSP resulted in death or in any changes in behavior of the rats. All hematological and serum biochemical values of both the LGSW- and LGSP-treated groups were within the normal ranges. No histopathological abnormalities of any internal organs were observed. ConclusionThe safety of longan sugar extract made from whole fruit (pulp, seeds and pericarb) is comparable to that of longan sugar extract made from pulp alone.