Serum Biochemical Analysis Research Articles

Cobalt Iron Oxide (CoFe2O4) Nanoparticles Induced Toxicity in Rabbits.

The market for nanoparticles has grown significantly over the past few decades due to a number of unique qualities, including antibacterial capabilities. It is still unclear how nanoparticle toxicity works. In order to ascertain the toxicity of synthetic cobalt iron oxide (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (CIONPs) in rabbits, this study was carried out. Sixteen rabbits in total were purchased from the neighborhood market and divided into two groups (A and B), each of which contained eight rabbits. The CIONPs were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. Crystallinity and phase identification were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average size of the nanoparticles (13.2 nm) was calculated by Scherrer formula (Dhkl = 0.9 λ/β cos θ) and confirmed by TEM images. The saturation magnetization, 50.1 emug-1, was measured by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). CIONPs were investigated as contrast agents (CA) for magnetic resonance images (MRI). The relaxivity (r = 1/T) of the MRI was also investigated at a field strength of 0.35 T (Tesla), and the ratio r2/r1 for the CIONPs contrast agent was 6.63. The CIONPs were administrated intravenously into the rabbits through the ear vein. Blood was collected at days 5 and 10 post-exposure for hematological and serum biochemistry analyses. The intensities of the signal experienced by CA with CIONPs were 1427 for the liver and 1702 for the spleen. The treated group showed significantly lower hematological parameters, but significantly higher total white blood cell counts and neutrophils. The results of the serum biochemistry analyses showed significantly higher and lower quantities of different serum biochemical parameters in the treated rabbits at day 10 of the trial. At the microscopic level, different histological ailments were observed in the visceral organs of treated rabbits, including the liver, kidneys, spleen, heart, and brain. In conclusion, the results revealed that cobalt iron oxide (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles induced toxicity via alterations in multiple tissues of rabbits.

The Synergistic Effect of Zuogui Pill and Eldecalcitol on Improving Bone Mass and Osteogenesis in Type 2 Diabetic Osteoporosis.

Background and Objectives: The incidence of diabetic osteoporosis, an important complication of diabetes mellitus, is increasing gradually. This study investigated the combined effect of the Zuogui pill (ZGP) and eldecalcitol (ED-71), a novel vitamin D analog, on type 2 diabetic osteoporosis (T2DOP) and explored their action mechanism. Materials and Methods: Blood glucose levels were routinely monitored in db/db mice while inducing T2DOP. We used hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson staining, micro-computed tomography, and serum biochemical analysis to evaluate changes in the bone mass and blood calcium and phosphate levels of mice. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess the osteoblast and osteoclast statuses. The MC3T3-E1 cell line was cultured in vitro under a high glucose concentration and induced to undergo osteogenic differentiation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, immunofluorescence, ALP, and alizarin red staining were carried out to detect osteogenic differentiation and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway activity. Results: ZGP and ED-71 led to a dramatic decrease in blood glucose levels and an increase in bone mass in the db/db mice. The effect was strongest when both were used together. ZGP combined with ED-71 promoted osteoblast activity and inhibited osteoclast activity in the trabecular bone region. The in vitro results revealed that ZGP and ED-71 synergistically promoted osteogenic differentiation and activated the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or AKT inhibitor ARQ092 altered the synergistic action of both on osteogenic differentiation. Conclusions: The combined use of ZGP and ED-71 reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic mice and promoted osteogenic differentiation through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, resulting in improved bone mass. Our study suggests that the abovementioned combination constitutes an effective treatment for T2DOP.

Diagnostic potential of serum miR-532-3p as a circulating biomarker for experimental intrinsic drug-induced liver injury by acetaminophen and cisplatin in rats.

Evaluating tissue injury largely depends on serum biochemical analysis despite insufficient tissue specificity and low sensitivity. Therefore, attention has been paid to the potential of microRNAs (miRNAs) to overcome the limitations of the current diagnostic tools, as tissue-enriched miRNAs are detected in the blood upon tissue injury. First, using a cisplatin-injected rats, we screened a specific pattern of altered hepatic miRNAs and their target mRNAs. Subsequently, we identified novel liver-specific circulating miRNAs for drug-induced liver injury by comparing miRNA expression changes in organs and serum. RNA sequencing revealed that 32 hepatic miRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) in the cisplatin-treated group. Furthermore, among the 1217 targets predicted using miRDB on these DE-miRNAs, 153 hepatic genes involved in different liver function-related pathways and processes were found to be dysregulated by cisplatin. Next, comparative analyses of the liver, kidneys, and serum DE-miRNAs were conducted to select circulating miRNA biomarker candidates reflecting drug-induced liver injury. Finally, among the four liver-specific circulating miRNAs selected based on their expression patterns in tissue and serum, miR-532-3p was increased in the serum after cisplatin or acetaminophen administration. Our findings suggest that miR-532-3p is potential as a serum biomarker for identifying drug-induced liver injury, leading to the accurate diagnosis.

D,l-Methionine in combination with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid successfully dissolves spontaneously occurring infection-induced struvite urocystoliths in dogs: a pilot study.

To determine the efficacy and safety of a urinary acidifier (d,l-methionine [Methio-Form]) and an antimicrobial agent (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid [Clavamox]) without changing diet for dissolving infection-induced struvite urocystoliths in dogs. 14 dogs were recruited for this prospective study; 11 completed it and 3 dogs withdrew due to inability of the owners to administer the treatment (n = 2) or refusal of treatment by the dog (1). All dogs were administered d,l-methionine (approx initial dose of 75 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (22 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) based on urine culture and sensitivity. Urine pH, urinalysis, urine culture, venous blood gas and serum biochemical analysis, and lateral survey abdominal radiographic images were evaluated initially and every 4 weeks until urolith dissolution (success) or lack of change in size and/or shape of urocystoliths on 2 consecutive reevaluation points (failure) occurred. Uroliths dissolved in 8 of 11 dogs in a median of 2 months (range, 1 to 4 months) with a final effective dosage of d,l-methionine of approximately 100 mg/kg, PO, every 12 hours. In 3 dogs, uroliths failed to dissolve and were removed surgically; they contained variable amounts of calcium oxalate. No adverse events occurred. Infection-induced struvite urolithiasis is 1 of the 2 most common minerals occurring in canine uroliths. Results of this study supported the use of d,l-methionine and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid without changing diet for dissolution of infection-induced struvite urocystoliths in dogs.

Effects of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Tibetan chickens on the growth performance and gut microbiota of broiler.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are organic supplements that have several advantages for the health of the host. Tibetan chickens are an ancient breed, which evolve unique gut microbiota due to their adaptation to the hypoxic environment of high altitude. However, knowledge of LAB isolated from Tibetan chickens is very limited. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the probiotic properties of Lactobacillus Plantarum (LP1), Weissella criteria (WT1), and Pediococcus pentosaceus (PT2) isolated from Tibetan chickens and investigate their effects on growth performance, immunoregulation and intestinal microbiome in broiler chickens. Growth performance, serum biochemical analysis, real-time PCR, and 16S rRNA sequencing were performed to study the probiotic effects of LP1, WT1, and PT2 in broiler chickens. Results showed that LP1, WT1 and PT2 were excellent inhibitors against Escherichia coli (E. coli ATCC25922), meanwhile, LP1, WT1, and PT2 significantly increased weekly weight gain, villus height, antioxidant ability and gut microbiota diversity indexes in broilers. In addition, LP1 and PT2 increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased Desulfovibrio in comparison with T1 (control group). Additionally, oral LAB can reduce cholesterol and regulate the expression of tight junction genes in broiler chickens, suggesting that LAB can improve the integrity of the cecal barrier and immune response. In conclusion, LAB improved the growth performance, gut barrier health, intestinal flora balance and immune protection of broiler chickens. Our findings revealed the uniqueness of LAB isolated from Tibetan chickens and its potential as a probiotic additive in poultry field.

A study of biochemical changes in river buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) naturally infected with Anaplasma marginale

Anaplasma marginale as an intracellular rickettsia, endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This study was performed to determine A. marginale infection, molecularly, and to investigate its effects on some serum biochemical parameters in river buffaloes referred to Ahvaz abattoir, Southwest Iran. A total of 103 apparently healthy river buffaloes were randomly sampled. Whole blood samples were subjected to PCR analysis and blood smears were examined microscopically for the presence of Anaplasma inclusions. Serum biochemical parameters including total protein, albumin, glucose, urea, iron, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium concentrations, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and also serum electrolytes comprising Na and K were assessed. The results revealed that 16 and 32 samples were infected with A. marginale in microscopic and PCR assessment, respectively. Serum biochemical analysis showed no significant difference between A. marginale infected and non-infected buffalo groups. It can be concluded that infection with A. marginale does not lead to much pathogenicity in river buffaloes, so that in infected animals, no clinical signs or abnormalities in the performance indicators of various organs can be detected at the laboratory level. However, the role of this species as a reservoir of this microorganism in nature and in the epidemiology and transmission of anaplasmosis to other species remains significant. Buffaloes can be a substitute to raising cattle in regions with high occurrence of anaplasmosis.

Farnesoid X receptor is an important target for the treatment of disorders of bile acid and fatty acid metabolism in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease combined with cholestasis.

The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been rising globally. NAFLD patients combined with cholestasis have more obvious liver fibrosis, impaired bile acid (BA), and fatty acid (FA) metabolism and severer liver injury; however, its therapeutic options are limited, and the underlying metabolic mechanisms are understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) on BA and FA metabolism in NAFLD combined with cholestasis and related signaling pathways. A mouse model of NAFLD combined with cholestasis was established by joint intervention with high-fat diet (HFD) and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate. The effects of FXR on BA and FA metabolism were evaluated by serum biochemical analysis. Liver damage was identified by histopathology. The expression of nuclear hormone receptor, membrane receptor, FA transmembrane transporter, and BA transporter protein in mice were measured by western blot. NAFLD mice combined with cholestasis developed more severe cholestasis and dysregulated BA and FA metabolism. Meanwhile, the expression of FXR protein was decreased in NAFLD mice combined with cholestasis compared to the controls. Fxr-/- mice showed liver injury. HFD aggravated the liver injury with decreased BSEP expression, increased expression of NTCP, LXRα, SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC1, and CD36, and significantly increased BA and FA accumulation. All the results suggested that FXR plays a key role in both FA and BA metabolism in NAFLD combined with cholestasis and thus may be a potential target for the treatment of disorders of BA and FA metabolism in NAFLD combined with cholestasis.

Swertia bimaculata moderated liver damage in mice by regulating intestine microbiota

Swertia bimaculata (SB) is a medicinal herb in China having an array of therapeutic and biological properties. This study aimed to explore the attenuating effect of SB on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepato-toxicity by regulation of gut microbiome in ICR mice. For this purpose, CCl4 was injected intraperitoneally in different mice groups (B, C, D and E) every 4th day for a period of 47 days. Additionally, C, D, and E groups received a daily dose (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg respectively) of Ether extract of SB via gavage for the whole study period. The results of serum biochemistry analysis, ELISA, H&E staining, and sequencing of the gut microbiome, indicated that SB significantly alleviates the CCl4-induced liver damage and hepatocyte degeneration. The serum levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, malondialdehyde, interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly lower in SB treated groups compared to control while levels of glutathione peroxidase were raised. Also, the sequencing data indicate that supplementation with SB could restore the microbiome and its function in CCl4-induced variations in intestinal microbiome of mice by significantly downregulating the abundances of pathogenic intestinal bacteria species including Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium while upregulating the levels of beneficial bacteria like Christensenella in the gut. In conclusion, we revealed that SB depicts a beneficial effect against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 in mice through the remission of hepatic inflammation and injury, through regulation of oxidative stress, and by restoring gut microbiota dysbiosis.

Astragalus saponins protect against extrahepatic and intrahepatic cholestatic liver fibrosis models by activation of farnesoid X receptor

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCholestatic Liver Fibrosis (CLF) is a hepatobiliary disease that typically arises as a late-stage complication of cholestasis, which can have multiple underlying causes. There are no satisfactory chemical or biological drugs for CLF. Total Astragalus saponins (TAS) are considered to be the main active constituents of the traditional Chinese herb Astragali Radix (AR), which has the obvious improvement effects for treating CLF. However, the mechanism of anti-CLF effects of TAS is still unclear. Aim of the studyThe present study was undertaken to investigate the therapeutic effects of TAS against bile duct ligation (BDL) and 3, 5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydroxychollidine (DDC) -induced CLF models and to reveal the potential mechanism to support its clinic use with scientific evidence. Materials and methodsIn this study, BDL-induced CLF rats were treated with TAS (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg) and DDC-induced CLF mice were treated with 56 mg/kg TAS. The therapeutic effects of TAS on extrahepatic and intrahepatic CLF models were evaluated by serum biochemical analysis, liver histopathology and hydroxyproline (Hyp). Thirty-nine individual bile acids (BAs) in serum and liver were quantified by using UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap HRMS. qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to measure the expression of liver fibrosis and ductular reaction markers, inflammatory factors and BAs related metabolic transporters, along with nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR). ResultsThe serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TBiL), direct bilirubin (DBiL) and contents of liver Hyp were dose-dependently improved after treatment for TAS in BDL and DDC- induced CLF models. And the increased levels of ALT and AST were significantly improved by total extract from Astragali radix (ASE) in BDL model. The liver fibrosis and ductular reaction markers, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and cytokeratin 19 (CK19), were significantly ameliorated in TAS group. And the liver expression of inflammatory factors: interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were significantly decreased after TAS treatment. In addition, TAS significantly ameliorated taurine-conjugated BAs (tau-BAs) levels, particularly α-TMCA, β-TMCA and TCA contents in serum and liver, which correlated with induced expressions of hepatic FXR and BAs secretion transporters. Furthermore, TAS significantly improved short heterodimer partner (SHP), cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1), Na+ taurocholate cotransport peptide (NTCP) and bile-salt export pump (BSEP) mRNA and protein expression. ConclusionsTAS exerted a hepatoprotective effect against CLF by ameliorating liver injury, inflammation and restoring the altered tau-BAs metabolism to produce a positive regulatory effect on FXR-related receptors and transporters.

INFLUENCE OF COUMARIN ON PRODUCTIVITY, IMMUNITY AND ANTIOXIDANT STATUS OF HEALTHY BROILERS

Background. Coumarins are natural compounds (secondary metabolites of plant origin) that have a wide range of biological activity, mainly due to their ability to interact with various enzymes and receptors in living organisms. The relevance of their use in feeding poultry is obvious, in view of the active search for alternatives to feed antibiotics.
 The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of coumarin on the productivity and antioxidant status of broiler chickens.
 Materials and methods. Objects of study: broiler chickens of the Arbor Acres cross, 7-hydroxycoumarin. The experiment was carried out on 180 heads of 7-day-old broiler chickens (n=45). Control - the main diet (OR), 1 experimental – OR + coumarin (at a dose of 1 mg/kg of feed/day, 2 experimental – OR + coumarin at a dose of 2 mg/kg of feed / day, 3 experimental – OR + coumarin in at a dose of 3 mg/kg feed/day. Hematological parameters (number and type of leukocytes) were taken into account on an automatic hematological analyzer URIT-2900 Vet Plus (URIT Medical Electronic Group Co., Ltd, China). Biochemical analysis of blood serum was performed on an automatic biochemical analyzer CS-T240 (Dirui Industrial Co., Ltd, China).
 Results. The inclusion of 7-hydroxycoumarin in the diet contributed to an increase in live weight in the experimental groups by 8,6–19,4%; (by 9,2–21,1%), slaughter yield (up to 4,76%), against the background of a decrease in feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight gain (by 3,5–15,7%). showed a decrease in total protein, albumin, ALT (groups 1 and 2 (p≤0,05)), bilirubin (by 38,3–68,6%), cholesterol (in group 3 by 16,4% (p≤0,05)), triglycerides (groups 1 and 2, p≤0,05), urea (41,8–65,1%; p≤0,05), against the background of elevated iron levels (groups 1 and 2, p≤0,05). Depending on the dose of 7-hydroxycoumarin, a decrease in the number of leukocytes (group 1, p≤0,05), neutrophils (groups 1 and 2, p≤0,05), monocytes, eosinophils and basophils (p≤ 0,05). Antioxidant indicators were characterized by a decrease in the level of malondialdehyde (by 63,7–77,3%), superoxide dismutase activity (22,4–71,5%) and an increase in catalase activity (by 24,3–46,1%).
 Conclusion. Thus, the inclusion of 7-hydroxycoumarin (2 mg/kg feed/day) in the diet contributed to an increase in the live weight of broiler chickens, feed intake, slaughter yield, against the background of a lower feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight gain; had a positive effect on the parameters of the liver (ALT, total bilirubin), lipid and nitrogen metabolism (triglycerides, urea), the antioxidant status of the body of broiler chickens.

Macleaya cordata extract phytogenic additive: A safe alternative for horses that influences intestinal wall thickness

Macleaya cordata extract (MCE), a phytogenic additive, is used in various species because of its multiple biological effects. These effects are linked especially to its major active compound sanguinarine, an isoquinoline alkaloid. To date, there is little information on its effects on horses. Our objectives were to determine whether a commercial MCE phytogenic additive is safe for horses and evaluate the effects of increasing inclusion rates of it on gut health and systemic inflammation of horses fed with a high-starch diet. The study design was a contemporary double 4 × 4 Latin square design. Eight healthy gelding ponies were used (8 experimental units per treatment, and a total of 32 experimental units). Dry matter intake was 1.75% body weight (BW) and starch intake was 2.2 g/kg BW per meal. Horses were randomly assigned into four treatments: Control, without MCE; S1, 1 mg MCE/kg BW; S1.5, 1.5 mg MCE/kg BW; and S2, 2 mg MCE/kg BW. Feed safety was determined by hemogram, leucogram, serum biochemical, and oxidative stress analyses. Systemic inflammation was measured by fibrinogen and gene expression of interleukins (IL) 6 and 10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The thickness of the right dorsal colon (RDC) wall was examined by abdominal ultrasonography as a variable related to gut health. Data were analyzed by PROC MIXED of SAS, and the means were compared using Tukey's test at 5% significance. RDC wall thickness, fibrinogen, IL-6, and IL-10 were analyzed by orthogonal polynomials and Pearson correlation. Serum albumin presented a lower value in S2 (2.97 g/dL) when compared to Control (3.10 g/dL) (P = 0.005), but albumin/globulin relation was not different among treatments. In orthogonal polynomial analyses, there were no differences among the systemic inflammatory variables; only RDC wall thickness values presented a linear response (R² = 0.223; P = 0.001). Pearson correlation showed a strong positive and significant correlation between IL-6 and IL-10 (R = 0.818; P < 0.001). The commercial MCE is safe for horses up to doses of 2 mg/kg. No systemic anti-inflammatory effects were observed, but the thinner intestinal wall in supplemented horses showed that the phytogenic additive had a local effect. We suggest that further studies must be done using this commercial MCE for horses.

Features of the biochemical profile of blood in the pre-breeding period in breeding goats with various manifestations of sexual reflexes during the breeding season

Serum biochemical analysis is a valuable diagnostic tool to evaluate the metabolic and health status of animals. Сcompared with females, the relationship between biochemical components of blood and the effectiveness of the male reproductive system have been poorly understood. The aim of the work was to determine the biochemical blood profile before the start and at the peak of the breeding season in male Saanen goats with differences in the manifestation of sexual behavior. Blood sampling from animals (n = 16) was carried out twice: before the start of the breeding season (4th week of July) and at the peak of the breeding season (4th week of September). In the blood serum, the concentration of total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, glucose, total cholesterol, total bilirubin was determined, as well as the activity of enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). At the end of the observation period, the animals were divided into groups: group I (n=10) - males with a full manifestation of sexual reflexes when taking sperm and group II (n=6) - individuals with incomplete manifestation of sexual reflexes. The biochemical profile of blood had features in males with differences in the manifestation of sexual behavior. At the peak of the breeding season in group I compared to group II in the blood of animals, the concentration of creatinine, triglycerides and total bilirubin increased by 37.4%, 170%, 48.3%, respectively (at least p&lt;0.05). Before the mating period, the content of total bilirubin in the blood in group II was 63.9% higher than in group I (p&lt;0.01) and 12.1% higher than the upper limit of the reference interval. We assume that an increase in the concentration of total bilirubin in the blood of males in the pre-mating period above the boundary of the reference interval is negatively associated with the full manifestation of sexual reflexes in the breeding season.

The role of natural compounds in rat mammary cancer: the beneficial effects of Santolina chamaecyparissus L. aqueous extract

Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer among women, and a leading cause of death worldwide. Santolina chamaecyparissus L. is a plant with multiple health benefits, including anticancer and anti-diabetic properties. This study aimed to assess the chemopreventive effects of S. chamaecyparissus aqueous extract (SCE) in an animal model of mammary cancer. A total of 28 four-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, MNU-induced (IND), SCE-supplemented (SCE), and SCE+IND. SCE was added to drinking water (12.72 mg/kg body weight) ad libitum. MNU was administered via the intraperitoneal route at 50 days of age. Weekly monitoring of body weight, food/drink intake, humane endpoints, and number of mammary tumours were recorded. Twenty weeks after MNU administration, animals were sacrificed by anaesthetic overdose and a necropsy was performed. Blood samples were used to determine blood count and serum biochemistry analysis, while kidney and liver samples were analysed for oxidative stress. Tumour samples were collected for gene expression and histology studies. SCE chemical composition was analysed by LC-MS and contained 19 phenolic compounds, with the most abundant being myricetin-O-glucuronide and 1,3-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid. Two animals in the IND group were sacrificed due to exceeding the humane endpoint limits. SCE supplementation delayed mammary tumour development, reducing its volume and weight. SCE had a positive impact on haematological parameters, particularly the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (P=0.026). No significant differences were observed in serum biochemistry, except for creatinine kinase MB, or in oxidative stress markers. Gene expression analysis showed significantly reduced VEGF expression levels (P=0.0158) in tumours from SCE+IND. These findings suggest that SCE is deserving of further study to identify the individual compounds and to understand its influence on animal models during cancer development.

Osteomalacia Prevalence, Biochemical Profile, and Histology in Patients with Low-Energy Hip Fractures Over the Age of 45.

Our objective was to determine the prevalence of osteomalacia in low-energy hip fracture patients over the age of 45, based on biochemical and histological measures. This cross-sectional study included 72 patients over 45 with low-energy mechanism hip fractures. Samples of fasting venous blood were taken for hemograms and serum biochemistry analyses. Bicortical biopsies of the iliac crest were obtained, processed, and evaluated by an expert pathologist for osteomalacia. Biochemical osteomalacia (b-OM) is defined according to a distinct criterion. A low level of serum calcium, phosphorus, albumin, and 25OHD was found in 43.1, 16.7, 73.6, and 59.7% of patients, respectively. 50.0% of patients had high serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. b-OM was found in 30 (41.7%), and no significant association was found with PTH, Cr, Alb, age, sex, fracture type, side of the trauma, and season were not associated with osteomalacia. Osteomalacia was diagnosed on histopathological analysis in 19/72 (26.7%), and 54/72 (75.0%) of all cases fulfilled b-OM criteria. In the histologic evaluation, osteoid seam width, osteoid surface, and osteoid volume were 28.5µm, 25.6, and 12.1%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the biochemical test for detecting osteomalacia were 73.6, 64.2, 42.4, 87.2, and 66.7%, respectively. Up to 30% of elderly patients with low-energy hip fractures are affected by osteomalacia. A biochemical screening along with a bone biopsy and histopathologic evaluation may be logical in a high-risk population for osteomalacia diagnosis.

Study on the mechanism of Shuganzhi Tablet against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and lipid regulation effects of its main substances in vitro

Ethnopharmacological relevanceShuganzhi Tablet (SGZT) originates from a famous traditional Chinese herbal formula Chaihu Decoction which can be applied to treat liver diseases, however, the pharmacodynamic mechanism of SGZT needs to be evaluated. Aim of this studyTo study the mechanism of SGZT in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and screen out its effective ingredients. Materials and methodsIn this study, firstly, the main components of SGZT were analyzed qualitatively. And a rat model of NAFLD was established by feeding high-fat diet. Serum biochemical indexes and liver pathological analysis were used to evaluate the pharmacodynamic effect of SGZT in the treatment of NAFLD. In order to explore the pharmacodynamic mechanism, proteomics and metabolomics analysis were used. Western blotting was used to verify the expression of important differential proteins. And L02 cells were treated with free fatty acids (FFA) and the main substances of SGZT to establish the cell model of NAFLD in vitro and to reveal the pharmacodynamic substance of SGZT. ResultsTwelve components were detected in SGZT, and according to the results of serum biochemical indexes and liver pathological analysis, SGZT could effectively treat NAFLD. Combined with the results of bioinformatics analysis, we found that 133 differentially expressed proteins were reversed in liver samples of rats treated with SGZT. The important proteins in PPAR signaling pathway, steroid biosynthesis, cholesterol metabolism and fatty acid metabolism were mainly regulated to maintain cholesterol homeostasis and improve lipid metabolism. SGZT also affected various metabolites in rat liver, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and taurine. In addition, the main components contained in SGZT (hesperidin, polydatin, naringin, emodin, specnuezhenide, saikosaponin A) and a metabolite (resveratrol) could significantly reduce FFA-induced intracellular lipid accumulation. ConclusionSGZT effectively treated NAFLD, and PPAR-γ, Acsl4, Plin2 and Fads1 may be the main targets of SGZT. And Fads1-EPA/DHA-PPAR-γ may be the potential pharmacodynamic pathway. Cell experiments in vitro revealed that the main components of SGZT and their metabolites, such as hesperidin, polydatin, naringin, emodin, specnuezhenide, saikosaponin A and resveratrol may be the main components of its efficacy. Further research is needed to reveal and validate the pharmacodynamic mechanism.

Hematology and serum biochemistry variables in apparently normal Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx).

Hematology and serum biochemical analyses are integral parts of the clinical evaluation of sick animals. This is especially true regarding the clinical care of wildlife species, where clinical signs and historical data relating to the particular illness are often not available. Therefore, this study was designed to report various hematology and serum biochemistry parameters in Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). Various hematology and serum biochemistry parameters were determined in 49 Arabian oryx of various ages and sexes. Hematology parameters included total red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, and total leukocyte count (white blood cell) using an automated hematology analyzer. Serum biochemistry variables included glucose (Trinder method), total protein (biuret method), albumin using the Bromcresol Green (BCG) method, and blood urea nitrogen (colorimetric method). In addition, serum electrolyte concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were determined using colorimetric methods. There was a significant difference in RBC count, PCV, and serum glucose concentration between adult and young Arabian oryx. The RBC count was significantly higher in males than in females, whereas the serum glucose concentration was significantly higher in females. Results of this study showed significant differences in RBC, PCV, and serum glucose concentration between apparently normal young and Adult Arabian oryx. Similar differences were also detected between normal males and females. Knowledge of these data could prove vital in the clinical evaluation of the health status of this wildlife species.

Metabolic Alterations in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Muntingia calabura Extract via 1H-NMR-based Metabolomics.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic endocrine disorder caused by decreased insulin concentration or poor insulin response. Muntingia calabura (MC) has been used traditionally to reduce blood glucose levels. This study aims to support the traditional claim of MC as a functional food and blood-glucose-lowering regimen. The antidiabetic potential of MC is tested on a streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA)-induced diabetic rat model by using the 1H-NMR-based metabolomic approach. Serum biochemical analyses reveal that treatment with 250 mg/kg body weight (bw) standardized freeze-dried (FD) 50% ethanolic MC extract (MCE 250) shows favorable serum creatinine (37.77 ± 3.53 µM), urea (5.98 ± 0.84 mM) and glucose (7.36 ± 0.57 mM) lowering capacity, which was comparable to the standard drug, metformin. The clear separation between diabetic control (DC) and normal group in principal component analysis indicates the successful induction of diabetes in the STZ-NA-induced type 2 diabetic rat model. A total of nine biomarkers, including allantoin, glucose, methylnicotinamide, lactate, hippurate, creatine, dimethylamine, citrate and pyruvate are identified in rats' urinary profile, discriminating DC and normal groups through orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Induction of diabetes by STZ-NA is due to alteration in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, gluconeogenesis pathway, pyruvate metabolism and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Oral treatment with MCE 250 in STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats shows improvement in the altered carbohydrate metabolism, cofactor and vitamin metabolic pathway, as well as purine and homocysteine metabolism.

Isolation and Identification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus from Diseased Hybrid Sturgeon

Hybrid sturgeon is an important economic fish species in China. In 2021, a bacterium was isolated from the liver and kidneys of freshwater-farmed hybrid sturgeon in Yichang City, Hubei Province, causing a disease with high mortality and surface bleeding. Through morphological observation, 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis, pathogenicity, an antimicrobial sensitivity test, as well as serum physiological and biochemical analysis, it was identified as Staphylococcus saprophyticus and named E702. The 16S rDNA gene sequence of E702 is highly homologous to S. saprophyticus in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that E702 and S. saprophyticus clustered into one clade. The 50% lethal dose of E702 was 2.14 × 105 CFU/g. The percentages of monocytes and eosinophils were markedly increased in the diseased sturgeon’s blood, whereas the percentages of platelets and lymphocytes were decreased. The activity levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in the diseased fish were significantly increased. The diseased fish suffered obvious damage to many tissues and organs, especially the liver and kidney, showing swelling, hyperemic and inflammatory cell infiltration. E702 was sensitive to antibiotics such as neomycin, cefazolin, norfloxacin, carbenicillin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. The study not only proved that S. saprophyticus was responsible for a great deal of hybrid sturgeon deaths, but also shed light on its potential risks in hybrid sturgeon farming. The research results provided the theoretical basis for the diagnosis as well as prevention of this disease.

Sclareol attenuates liver fibrosis through SENP1-mediated VEGFR2 SUMOylation and inhibition of downstream STAT3 signaling.

Liver fibrosis is a key global health care burden. Sclareol, isolated from Salvia sclarea, possesses various biological activities. Its effect on liver fibrosis remains unknown. This study was proposed to evaluate the antifibrotic activity of sclareol (SCL) and explore its underlying mechanisms. Stimulated hepatic stellate cells served as an in vitro liver fibrosis model. The expression of fibrotic markers was assessed by western blot and real-time PCR. Two classical animal models, bile duct-ligated rats and carbon tetrachloride-treated mice, were utilized for the in vivo experiments. The liver function and fibrosis degree were determined by serum biochemical and histopathological analyses. VEGFR2 SUMOylation was analyzed using coimmunoprecipitation assay. Our results indicated that SCL treatment restricted the profibrotic propensity of activated HSCs. In fibrotic rodents, SCL administration alleviated hepatic injury and reduced collagen accumulation. Mechanistic studies indicated that SCL downregulated the protein level of SENP1 and enhanced VEGFR2 SUMOylation in LX-2 cells, which affected its intracellular trafficking. Blockade of the interaction between VEGFR2 and STAT3 was observed, resulting in the suppression of downstream STAT3 phosphorylation. Our findings demonstrated that SCL has therapeutic efficacy against liver fibrosis through mediating VEGFR2 SUMOylation, suggesting that SCL may be a potential candidate compound for its treatment.

Fecal metabolomics analysis for deciphering the lipid-lowering effect of Qizhi capsule on high-fat feed induced hyperlipidemia.

Qizhi capsule (QZC), a Chinese patent drug, has been utilized to treat hyperlipidemia. The present study aims to investigate the lipid-lowering effect of QZC, as well as the mechanism of action for treating hyperlipidemia. High-fat diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemia rats were administrated with different doses of QZC for 28 days, and atorvastatin calcium tablets was used as the positive control. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were used to evaluate the effectiveness of QZC treatment. The metabolic profiles of feces were analyzed by UPLC-MS-based metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate data analysis. The levels of serum TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C were significantly reversed in QZC treatment groups, showing a similar or even better treatment effect compared with the atorvastatin calcium group. Thirty-two potential fecal biomarkers related to hyperlipidemia were identified. QZC could partially recover the disturbed metabolic pathways of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. Meanwhile, the signal pathways of regulation of lipid metabolism by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), PPARα activates gene expression, and transcriptional regulation of white adipocyte differentiation can be also regulated by QZC. The lipid-lowering effect of QZC was confirmed by both serum biochemistry and metabolomics analysis. The beneficial effects of QZC were mainly attributed to the correction of metabolic disorders and the maintenance of the dynamic balance of metabolites.