Serum ALP Activity Research Articles

A retrospective study of 77 cats with severe hepatic lipidosis: 1975-1990.

The physical, clinicopathologic, and survival rates of 77 cats with severe spontaneous hepatic lipidosis are detailed in this report. Cats were subdivided into groups designated as idiopathic lipidosis if no other disease process was recognized, or secondary lipidosis if another disease process was diagnosed. Cats were also subdivided into groups designated as survivors or nonsurvivors on the basis of successful recuperation at 4 months after initial diagnosis. Differences between disease and survival groups were evaluated for significance. Overall, more female cats and middle-aged cats were affected. Presenting complaints of vomiting, anorexia, weakness, and weight loss were common. Physical assessment of most cats showed obvious hepatomegaly, jaundice, dehydration, and a weight loss > or = 25% of usual body weight. Neurobehavioral signs indicative of hepatic encephalopathy, other than ptyalism and depression, were rare. Clinicopathologic features are characterized by hyperbilirubinemia and increased activities of serum ALT, AST, and ALP, with only small if any increase in gamma GT activity. Clinical features distinguishing cats with hepatic lipidosis from those with other serious cholestatic disorders include absence of hyperglobulinemia and low gamma GT activity relative to ALP activity. Although coagulation tests were abnormal in 45% of cats tested (n = 44), few cats showed clinical bleeding tendencies. Most cats received prophylactic vitamin K1 therapy. Forty two cats received aggressive nutritional and supportive care and of these 55% survived. Cats with idiopathic disease were significantly younger, had significantly higher ALP activity and bilirubin concentration, and had a slightly better survival rate than cats with secondary lipidosis. Low PCV, hypokalemia, and an older age were significantly related to nonsurvival. Because of the variety of diets and food supplements used in case management, the influence of nutritional factors on survival could not be evaluated.

Experimental copper poisoning in the camel ( Camelus dromedarius)

Copper sulphate was administered by the oral or intravenous route to five dromedary camels. Two camels (1 and 2) receiving copper sulphate at 200 mg per kg per day by drench died within 8 days and camel 3, receiving 100 mg per kg per day by the same route, was slaughtered on day 172. Intravenous injection of 2 mg per kg per day caused the death of camel 4 on day 95 and camel 5, treated similarly, was slaughtered on day 138. Anorexia, dullness, diarrhoea, dehydration and recumbency in camels 1 and 2 were probably clinical signs of copper toxicity. Camels 3, 4 and 5 lost weight. Jaundice was not a prominent clinical sign. The main lesions in camels 1 and 2 were fatty change and necrosis of the liver cells, dilatation and necrosis of kidney tubules, catarrhal abomasitis, enteritis and congestion of the blood vessels of the heart. In camels 3, 4 and 5 the hepatic lesions were mild, with leucocytic infiltration and gastrointestinal and heart lesions were either mild (camel 3) or absent (camels 4 and 5). Cytoplasmic copper granules in hepatic cells were generalized in distribution but more concentrated in the centrilobular zone. In the kidney these granules were confined to the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules. Copper accumulated in the liver and kidneys of all the camels and zinc accumulated in the liver and kidneys of those receiving copper sulphate intravenously. Macrocytic hypochromic anaemia developed in camels 3, 4 and 5 and haemoconcentration in camels 1 and 2. The concentration of serum copper, zinc and iron increased in animals 1, 2 and 4, and unbound iron binding capacity decreased in four camels. There was a rise in the activity of gamma GT, GOT, LDH and CPK in the serum of all the animals. Serum ALP activity, however, increased in camels 1 and 2 and decreased in camels 3, 4 and 5.

Quantitative determination of equine alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in foal and adult serum.

Automated and semiautomated assays were developed and validated for the determination of equine alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes including intestinal (IALP), bone (BALP), and liver (LALP). The addition of levamisole selectively inhibited more than 97% of LALP while inhibiting only 55% of IALP. Because these percentages were highly reproducible in an automated system, the IALP activity could be calculated in a sample. Bone alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme was selectively precipitated by adding an equal volume of wheat germ agglutinin (5 mg/mL), incubating for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C, and centrifugating. The LALP activity was determined from the supernatant fluid and BALP activity was calculated by subtraction from total ALP activity. The within-run coefficient of variation for determination of BALP activity was 4.7%. These assays were used to identify and quantify the isoenzymes present in pony foal sera through the first 21 days of life, in horse foal sera before colostrum ingestion and during the first 21 days of life, and in adult horse and pony sera. Intestinal ALP activity was not found in sera of any of the foals or adult ponies or horses. A majority of serum ALP activity of newborn foals is of bone origin (80 to 92%) which decreases markedly over the first 21 days. In adults, only 17.9% (51.2 +/- 18.1 U/L) of serum ALP is derived from bone. The absolute LALP activity in foal serum is similar to that in adults.

Diagnostic efficacy of serum alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase in dogs with histologically confirmed hepatobiliary disease: 270 cases (1980-1990)

Summary The diagnostic efficacy of serum alkaline phosphatase (alp) and γ-glutamy I transferase (ggt) activities was examined, using the records of 270 dogs initially suspected of having hepatobiliary disease on the basis of history, findings on physical examination, results of baseline screening tests, or any combination of these data. Histologic examination of hepatic tissue was performed in each dog. Sixty-three dogs did not have histologic evidence of hepatobiliary disease and served as the control group. On the basis of diagnosis, dogs were assigned to 1 of 8 groups: dogs with cirrhosis (n = 34), steroid hepatopathy (n = 16), hepatic neoplasia (primary and secondary, n = 36), chronic hepatitis (n = 14), chronic passive congestion (n = 5), hepatic necrosis (n = 17), portosystemic vascular anomaly (n = 35), and cholestasis (extrahepatic bile-duct obstruction and intrahepatic cholestasis, n = 50). Of the 207 dogs with hepatobiliary disease, 29 (14%) had normal alp and ggt activities, 31 (15%) had normal alp activity, and 112 (54%) had normal ggt activity. Of the 63 control dogs, 29 (46%) had normal serum alp and ggt activities, 32 had normal alp activity (alp specificity, 51%), and 55 had normal ggt activity (ggt specificity, 87%). The specificity of alp and ggt in parallel (positive result = result of either test abnormal) was 46%, and in series (positive result = results of both tests abnormal) was 91%. The highest median activities of alp developed in dogs with cholestasis, steroid hepatopathy, chronic hepatitis, and hepatic necrosis. The highest median activities of ggt developed in dogs with steroid hepatopathy, cholestasis, and hepatic necrosis. In most dogs with hepatobiliary disease, the magnitude of variation (measured value/highest normal value) for alp was greater than that for ggt. The sensitivity of alp exceeded that of ggt in all groups but the passive congestion group. The high sensitivity of alp increased the sensitivity of testing in parallel, compared with the sensitivity of testing in series. The positive predictive value (+ pv) was greater for ggt than for alp in all groups except dogs with portosytemic vascular anomaly. The + pv of testing in series was greater than the + pv associated with single tests or testing in parallel in all groups except dogs with passive congestion and with portosystemic vascular anomaly. Single tests or testing in parallel provided a greater negative predictive value (− pv) than did testing in series in most groups, although the differences were small in individual groups. The exception was the steroid hepatopathy group, in which testing in series provided the greatest − pv. The poor specificity of serum alp activity in the detection of hepatobiliary disease in dogs was confirmed by our data. Serum ggt activity was less influenced by nonhepatic disease processes or enzymeinducing drugs, compared with serum alp activity. The diagnostic value of alp and ggt was greater when tests were evaluated in series.

Preoperative prognostic indicators in cattle with abomasal volvulus

Summary A prospective study evaluating preoperative prognostic indicators in 80 cattle with abomasal volvulus was done. Surgical correction of the abomasal volvulus was performed in all animals. After surgery, cattle were categorized into 3 groups: productive (acceptable milk production or appetite, n = 59), salvaged (poor milk production or appetite, n = 10), and nonsurvivors (n = 11). Mean values for study variables did not differ significantly between salvaged and nonsurvivor groups. Cattle in these 2 groups were combined to form a nonproductive group, which was compared with the productive group. Productive cattle had a significantly lower preoperative heart rate than nonproductive cattle, were less dehydrated, had lower serum alkaline phosphatase (alp) activity and serum creatinine concentration, more frequent rumen contractions, higher serum Na+ and Cl− concentrations, and had been inappetent for a shorter period. Significant differences were not detected in blood pH, base excess, anion gap, pcv, and serum K+ concentrations between the 2 groups. Feces from nonproductive cattle tended to be reduced in volume and were significantly darker. A number of preoperative prognostic indices were evaluated by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (+pv) of each variable and by using logistic regression. Positive predictive values were generally higher in identifying productive cattle than nonproductive cattle. High +pv for productive animals were observed for cattle with normal hydration status (+pv, 0.96), serum creatinine concentration ≤ 1.5 mg/dl (+pv, 0.91), serum alp activity ≤ 100 IU/L (+pv, 0.90), serum Cl concentration ≥ 95 mEq/L (+pv, 0.90), and heart rate ≤ 80 beats/min (+pv, 0.88). Positive predictive values for nonproductive animals exceeded 0.50 only in cattle with heart rates ≥ 120 (+pv, 0.67) or ≥ 100 beats/min (+pv, 0.56), serum alp activity > 100 IU/L (+pv, 0.55), or ≥ 6% dehydration (+pv, 0.52). Anion gap ≥ 30 mEq/L was a poor prognostic indicator (+pv, 0.33). Logistic regression was used to identify 4 variables (hydration status, heart rate, period of inappetence, and serum alp activity) that had good predictive value. Preoperative determination of heart rate, hydration status, and period of inappetence appears superior to routinely used laboratory tests in determining the prognosis of cattle with abomasal volvulus. The cause of the high serum alp activity in nonproductive cattle needs to be determined.

Effect of colostrum ingestion on gamma-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in neonatal pups

SUMMARY Analysis of hepatic enzyme activities in serum samples from 1- to 3-day-old pups revealed alkaline phosphatase (alp) activities that were 30 times higher and γ-glutamyltransferase (ggt) activities that were 100 times higher than activities in clinically normal adult dogs. A study was conducted to investigate high enzyme activity in pups and to determine whether there is any association between serum enzyme activity and colostrum ingestion, passive transfer of maternal serum enzyme (in colostrum or in utero), or excessive renal or hepatic tissue enzymes. Serum enzyme activity was quantified in 15 neonatal pups before and after ingestion of colostrum and in 3 colostrum-deprived neonates fed a milk substitute. Serum samples were collected on postpartum days 0, 1, 10, 15, and 30. Enzyme activity was also quantified in serum from pregnant and lactating bitches (collected on days -2, 0, 1, 10, 30), hepatic and renal tissue from clinically normal adult dogs and 1-day-old pups, colostrum, milk (collected on days 10 and 30), and milk replacer. Significant (P < 0.01) differences in serum ggt and alp activities between colostrum-deprived and suckling pups did not exist before initial feeding. Significant (P < 0.001) increases in serum ggt and alp activities developed within 24 hours in suckling pups, but not in the colostrum-deprived pups. At 10 and 30 days after birth, serum ggt and alp activities were less than values before suckling in all pups. Enzyme activities in bitches’ serum remained within the normal range for adult dogs throughout whelping and lactation. Renal ggt and alp activities were substantially greater than hepatic enzyme activities in neonates and adults. Renal tissue from adults contained 3 times greater ggt and 2 times greater alp activities than that from neonates. Hepatic tissue from neonates contained 5 times more ggt activity than did hepatic tissues from clinically normal adults; however, hepatic alp activity was similar in adults and neonates. Colostrum and milk had substantially higher enzyme activities than did bitches’ serum. Activities of ggt and alp in milk were 100 times and 10 times greater, respectively, than activities in serum through day 10. By day 30, ggt and alp activities in milk were less than before suckling. Enzyme activity was not detected in the milk substitute. These studies reveal an association between colostrum ingestion by suckling and acute, profound increases in serum ggt and alp in 1- to 3-day-old pups. Although this phenomenon might be useful as an indicator of colostrum ingestion, it precludes the diagnostic use of either enzyme as an indicator of hepatobiliary disease in 3-day-old pups.

Effects of intraperitoneal administration of hexasodium N,N,N′,N′-ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate on rat bone metabolism

The influence of hexasodium N,N,N′,N′-ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate (EDITEMP.Na 6) on biochemical parameters in bone has been studied to help explain recently reported histological and pathological changes in bone induced by this agent. A single, intraperitoneal (ip) injection of EDITEMP.Na 6 (350 μmol/kg on Day 0) significantly decreased the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase (Alp) in mature male Wistar rats for up to 10 days following the injection. However, in immature rats the initial EDITEMP.Na 6-induced reduction of serum Alp activity preceded a steady increase in serum Alp activity, which was significantly elevated between Days 6 and 13. This increase coincided with a significant increase in bone Alp activity (an indicator of bone formation) on Day 8. Diaphyseal acid phosphatase (Acp) activity (an indicator of bone resorption) was significantly reduced, on Days 4 and 8 but not on Day 1, following treatment with EDITEMP.Na 6. Repeated exposure of immature male Wistar rats to EDITEMP.Na 6 (70 μmol/kg/day, ip for 7 days) also led to a significant and persistent increase in serum and bone Alp activities and a reduction in diaphyseal Acp activity. The data are in accord with published histomorphological evidence of reduced bone resorption and suggest delayed mineralization of osteoid tissue laid down during the treatment with EDITEMP.Na 6. There were only transient and limited changes in bone DNA content and [ 3H]thymidine incorporation throughout the studies, indicating the absence of marked cytotoxicity or altered bone cell proliferation associated with EDITEMP.Na 6-induced changes in phosphatase enzyme activities.

Effects of Intraperitoneal Administration of Hexasodium N,N,N′,N′-Ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate on Rat Bone Metabolism

Effects of Intraperitoneal Administration of Hexasodium N,N,N′,N′-Ethylenediaminetetra-methylenephosphonate on Rat Bone Metabolism. MOORE, N. C, AND CHIPMAN, J. K. (1990). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 14, 491–501. The influence of hexasodium N,N,N′,N′-ethylenedi-aminetetramethylenephosphonate (EDITEMP.Na6) on. biochemical parameters in bone has been studied to help explain recently reported histological and pathological changes in bone induced by this agent. A single, intraperitoneal (ip) injection of EDITEMP.Naj (350 μmol/kg on Day 0) significantly decreased the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase (Alp) in mature male Wistar rats for up to 10 days following the injection. However, in immature rats the initial EDITEMP.Na6-induced reduction of serum Alp activity preceded a steady increase in serum Alp activity, which was significantly elevated between Days 6 and 13. This increase coincided with a significant increase in bone Alp activity (an indicator of bone formation) on Day 8. Diaphyseal acid phosphatase (Acp) activity (an indicator of bone resorption) was significantly reduced, on Days 4 and 8 but not on Day 1, following treatment with EDITEMP.Na6. Repeated exposure of immature male Wistar rats to EDITEMP.Na* (70 μmol/kg/day, ip for 7 days) also led to a significant and persistent increase in serum and bone Alp activities and a reduction in diaphyseal Acp activity. The data are in accord with published histomorphological evidence of reduced bone resorption and suggest delayed mineralization of osteoid tissue laid down during the treatment with EDITEMP.Na6 There were only transient and limited changes in bone DNA content and [3H]thymidine incorporation throughout the studies, indicating the absence of marked cytotoxicity or altered bone cell proliferation associated with EDITEMP.Na6-induced changes in phosphatase enzyme activities.

The effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone mineral content in senile osteoporosis--a dose-finding study

In order to clarify the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the bone mineral content in senile osteoporosis, we examined the radial mineral density in 41 female cases of senile osteoporosis treated with 1,25(OH)2D3. The diagnostic criteria of senile osteoporosis were as follows. 1) Radial mineral density at below 0.5 g/cm2 by SPA 2) Bone dystrophy score in vertebra at over I degree 3) Presence of vertebral fracture 4) Over 60 years of age The subjects were divided into 5 groups: a control group (n = 11), a 0.25 microgram of 1,25(OH)2D3 once-a-day group (n = 5), a 0.5 microgram of 1,25(OH)2D3 once-a-day group (n = 8), a 0.25 microgram of 1,25(OH)2D3 twice-a-day group (n = 8) and a 0.25 microgram of 1,25(OH)2D3 three times-a-day group (n = 9). There was no significant difference in background data among these groups except for serum Al-P activity. The radial mineral density was measured in these 5 groups before and every 3 months after, starting the treatment by single photon absorptiometry in 1/3 distal site of radius for 1 year. No significant difference was detected in the serum levels of Ca, Pi and Al-P activity after starting the treatment among the 5 groups. The area under curve (AUC) of the radial mineral content after the treatment was calculated in each group. There was a significant dose-related increase in the AUC (p less than 0.05). However, the urinary Ca/Cr ratio was increased in the group receiving 0.75 microgram/day of 1,25(OH)2D3 The final AUC in the group receiving 0.5 microgram/day of 1,25(OH)2D3 tended to be very high compared with that in the other groups. From the above, it was suggested that 1,25(OH)2D3 might be effective for the treatment of senile osteoporosis especially at the dose of 0.5 microgram/day.

A missense mutation in the human liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase gene causing a lethal form of hypophosphatasia.

Hypophosphatasia is an inherited disorder characterized by defective bone mineralization and a deficiency of serum and tissue liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase (L/B/K ALP) activity. Clinical severity is variable, ranging from death in utero (due to severe rickets) to pathologic fractures first presenting in adult life. Affected siblings, however, are phenotypically similar. Severe forms of the disease are inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion; heterozygotes often show reduced serum ALP activity. The specific gene defects in hypophosphatasia are unknown but are thought to occur either at the L/B/K ALP locus or within another gene that regulates L/B/K ALP expression. We used the polymerase chain reaction to examine L/B/K ALP cDNA from a patient with a perinatal (lethal) form of the disease. We observed a guanine-to-adenine transition in nucleotide 711 of the cDNA that converts alanine-162 of the mature enzyme to threonine. The affected individual, whose parents are second cousins, is homozygous for the mutant allele. Introduction of this mutation into an otherwise normal cDNA by site-directed mutagenesis abolishes the expression of active enzyme, demonstrating that a defect in the L/B/K ALP gene results in hypophosphatasia and that the enzyme is, therefore, essential for normal skeletal mineralization.

Toxicity of pirimiphos-methyl: I. The acute and subacute oral toxicity in albino rats.

In an acute study, albino rats of both sexes were orally administered graded doses of Pirimiphosmethyl, and the statistically computed median lethal dose (LD-50) were 1861 and 1667 mg/kg body weight for male and female rats respectively. No treatment related changes were discernible with regard to food intake, growth, gross or histopathology of the organs. In a time-course study, the correlation between symptoms and degree of esterase inhibition was examined in rats administered the minimum lethal dose (MLD: 1000 mg/kg b.w.) of the insecticide. Time-course inhibition pattern of both cholinesterase (ChE) and non-specific carboxylesterase (NSE) activities in brain and plasma revealed maximum inhibition at 24 h post-treatment which correlated well with the intensity of symptoms. In a subacute study, groups of male rats were fed dietary Pirimiphos-methyl at 0, 10, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm for 28 days. Food consumption and growth rate were not affected throughout the experimental period. At necropsy after 28 days, no gross pathological changes were seen in any of the organs except a slight increase in liver weight at 1000 ppm. Though no statistical differences were observed in the levels of hepatic transaminases, a significant increase in serum transaminase was evident. Significant increase in the activities of hepatic ALP, beta-GLR and serum ALP were evident at 500 and 1000 ppm. Further, significant inhibition of plasma PChE was evident at 250, 500 and 1000 ppm while the degree of inhibition of brain AChE was significant only at the higher dosages. No histopathological alterations were observed in any of the organs.

Serum components of small cetaceans in North-Western Pacific waters.

The serum levels of 18 constituents of 153 small cetaceans of both sexes from North-Western Pacific waters were measured. No sex differences were observed in any biochemical parameters in mature animals, but the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (Alp), P, Na, and Cl were found to be age-related. The increase in serum Alp activity in younger animals seemed to originate from bone. Comparing the levels with those in humans there was (1) no difference in the levels of total protein, albumin, creatinine, total cholesterol, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, (2) a lower level of uric acid, and (3) higher levels of serum urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactic dehydrogenase, Alp, creatine kinase, Na, K, Cl, Ca, and P.

Experimental study on the effect of high-sugar diets (low protein . low fat) on serum enzyme activity in man

The effects of dietary intake of sugar on serum GOT, GPT, AL-P and LDH activity were examined in 4 young healthy volunteers. The experiment lasted 35 days (usual diets 1; 7 days, experimental diets; 21 days, usual diets 2; 7 days). The composition of the experimental diets was rather high in sugar (low protein low fat), and their serum enzyme activity was measured at intervals.The results obtained were as follows.:Serum GOT activity in all subjects increased on experimental diets and the mean activity was approximately 1.7 times the initial level after 21 days in experimental diets. Changes in serum GPT activity were far larger than changes in serum GOT activity. Serum GPT activity in all subjects increased and the mean was about twofold after 21 days in experimental diets. Serum LDH activity showed no significant changes.It is possible to conclude from the results that serum GOT and GPT activity were affected by high sugar diets.

The changes in the mechanical properties of rat bones under the low-dose levels of cadmium. (III). The bending strength

A hundred and twenty 21 day-old Wistar male rats were divided into four groups: each group was given drinking water containing 0 (control), 1, 5 and 10ppm of cadmium daily. After four weeks, a hematological test, bending and compressive strength tests of the long bones and a cadmium determination of bone were carried out. The right femur and humerus were used for the bending test, and the left ones for the compressive test. The compressive strength of the diaphysis and the metaphysis were measured respectively by using the crosscut portions of bone.The bending strength, elasticity and deflection were statistically insignificant between the control and the cadmium groups. The strength to resist the compressive stress, which is a component of the bending stress, reduced in the diaphysis of the 5 and 10ppm groups and in the metaphysis of the 10ppm group. Dose related changes in the elasticity and deformation in compression tests were not observed.The hematological results of the 1ppm group were not different from those of the control group. In the 5 and 10ppm groups, anemia, decrease in serum iron and BUN and increase in serum phosphorus were observed, and the differences between the control and the 10ppm groups were larger than those between the control and the 5ppm groups. In the 10ppm group, the serum Alp activity also decreased.The cadmium concentrations were 12.7±8.4, 20.6±8.4, 74.3±18.7 and 127.3±23.2ng/g dry weight of the femur and 10.1±2.8, 17.0±4.3, 101.0±22.5 and 134.5±35.4ng/g dry weight of the humerus in the control, 1, 5 and 10ppm groups respectively.

Study on the serum enzyme activity and nutrient intakes. Application of canonical correlation analysis.

The purpose of this study is to make clear a comprehensive relationship between two groups of serum enzyme activity and nutrient intakes. The first group of measurement include serum GOT, GPT, ALP activity and the second group of measurements include protein, fat, carbohydorate, vitamin A, B1, B2, C, animal protein, animal fat, age, and weight.These figures are taken from the epidemiological survey of Tokushima prefecture, including 252 males and 383 females, investigated from 1975 to 1980.Appling the canonical correlation analysis, we found the following results.1) In male, only two canonical correlations were statistically significant. The serum GOT and GPT activity related to body weight, further serum GOT activity was effected quality of food intakes.2) In Female, three canonical correlations were statistically significant. Both serum GOT and GPT activity related to protein intakes. High correlations were observed between serum GOT activty and vitamin B1, between serum GPT activity and vitamin C, between serum ALP activity and age.

Effects of cadmium on the mechanical strength of rat bones

Wistar male rats (21 days-old at the start) were administered drinking water containing 0 (control), 1, 2.5 or 5ppm of cadmium respectively, for 25 weeks. All four groups were given a normal diet MF (ORIENTAL YEAST Co., LTD.). After the administration of cadmium, the femurs and the humeri were dissected out and used for mechanical strength tests. Ultimate strength, elasticity and fracture strain were measured under compressive, bending and torsional loadings. A hematological test, determination of Alp activity, NPN, BUN, calcium, phosphorus and iron levels in the serum, calcium, phosphorus and cadmium determinations in the tibia and cadmium determinations of the liver and kidney cortex were also done.There was no decrease in bone strength nor any anemia in the 1 and 2.5ppm groups.In the 5ppm group, the ultimate strength of the compressive, bending and torsional loadings decreased compared with the control group. There was a decrease in serum iron, but anemia was not observed. A slight decrease in serum Alp activity, NPN, BUN and calcium levels were also observed. The calcium and phosphorus levels in the tibia did not vary in the 5ppm group. Cadmium concentrations were 136.0±26.0ng/g dry weight of the epi- and meta-physes of tibia, 69.3±17.8ng/g dry weight of the diaphysis of tibia, 10.01±2.43μg/g dry weight of the liver and 30.23±4.52μg/g dry weight of the kidney cortex in the 5ppm group.

魚類組織内酵素活性に対するカドミウムの影響

The present study was carried out to investigate tissue enzymes available as indicators for Cd water pollution. Carp (Cyprinus carpio, 304±55g in body weight) were exposed to Cd (50μg/l, CdCl2⋅21/2H20) for 2 and 6 weeks. There were no effects on hematoclit value and hemoglobin concentration after 2 week exposure and on serum Ca, inorganic P, Na and K concentrations after 2 and 6 week exposure, while after 6 week exposure hematoclit value and hemoglobin concentration decreased. These decreases indicate that the Cd-exposed fish were anemic. Because the serum GOT, GPT, Al-P, Acid P and LDH activities of Cd-exposed fish did not significantly change and showed remarkable variation, these were not available as indicators.There were no effects on the activities of Al-P and LDH in hepatopancreas, Al-P in kidney and ChE in brain. On the other hand, the activities of GOT and GPT in hepatopancreas and Al-P in gill inclined to decrease, while the activities of Acid P in hepatopancreas, kidney and gill and LDH in kidney inclined to increase. But there were no necessarily proportional dose-response relationships between activities of tissue enzymes and Cd content in hepatopancreas.In conclusion, these results indicate that Cd exposure produces effects on the activities of GOT and GPT in hepatopancreas, Al-P in gill, Acid P in hepatopancreas, kidney and gill and LDH in kidney. Especially, Acid P activity in each tissue is considered to be one of the most suitable indicators for Cd water pollution.

Defense mechanisms against cadmium toxicity I. A biochemical and histological study of the effects of pretreatment with cadmium on the acute oral toxicity of cadmium in mice.

Resistance to the lethal action of Cd2+ produced in mice was maintained for 6 to 24 hr after pretreatment with 1/10 of the challenge Cd2+ doses as shown by an increased oral LD50. Pretreatment 24 hr prior to the challenge doses was most effective. In addition, 1/20 to 1/7 of the challenge doses was necessary to acquire the tolerance to the acute oral toxicity of Cd2+. The largest effect was found for pretreatment with 1/7 of the challenge doses. Acute liver injury at 24 hr after challenge with a large dose of Cd2+ (100 mg Cd2+/kg, p.o.) was markedly reduced by pretreatment with a small dose of the cation (15 mg Cd2+/kg, p.o.) 24 or 48 hr prior to the challenge dose as shown by a marked reduction in serum GOT and GPT activities and the reversal of histopathological changes. The elevated serum urea nitrogen at 4 hr after the Cd2+ challenge was reduced by pretreatment 6 to 24 hr prior to the challenge dose. In spite of the increased urea nitrogen 4 hr after the Cd2+ challenge, no morphological alterations were observed in the kidney at 24 hr. Serum Alp activity was not significantly influenced by the Cd2+ challenge. Glucose in serum was increased by the administration of a small dose of Cd2+, but was unaffected by a large dose. Decreases in hepatic RNA and DNA concentrations at 24 hr after the Cd2+ challenge were prevented by pretreatment 24 or 48 hr prior to the challenge dose. Potentiation of hexobarbital sleep time was observed at 6 or 24 hr after a small dose of Cd2+. Nevertheless, further potentiation at 24 hr after the Cd2+ challenge (75 mg Cd2+/kg, p.o., in this case) was reduced by pretreatment 24 hr prior to the challenge dose. A major target organ for the acute oral toxicity of Cd2+ was the liver rather than the kidney.

Defense Mechanisms against Cadmium Toxicity I. A Biochemical and Histological Study of the Effects of Pretreatment with Cadmium on the Acute Oral Toxicity of Cadmium in Mice

Resistance to the lethal action of Cd2+ produced in mice was maintained for 6 to 24 hr after pretreatment with 1/10 of the challenge Cd2+ doses as shown by an increased oral LD50. Pretreatment 24 hr prior to the challenge doses was most effective. In addition, 1/20 to 1/7 of the challenge doses was necessary to acquire the tolerance to the acute oral toxicity of Cd2+. The largest effect was found for pretreatment with 1 /7 of the challenge doses. Acute liver injury at 24 hr after challenge with a large dose of Cd2+ (100 mg Cd2+/kg, p.o.) was markedly reduced by pretreatment with a small dose of the cation (15 mg Cd2+/kg, p.o.) 24 or 48 hr prior to the challenge dose as shown by a marked reduction in serum GOT and GPT activities and the reversal of histopathological changes. The elevated serum urea nitrogen at 4 hr after the Cd2+ challenge was reduced by pretreatment 6 to 24 hr prior to the challenge dose. In spite of the increased urea nitrogen 4 hr after the Cd2+ challenge, no morphological alterations were observed in the kidney at 24 hr. Serum Alp activity was not significantly influenced by the Cd2+ challenge. Glucose In serum was increased by the administration of a small dose of Cd2+, but was unaffected by a large dose. Decreases in hepatic RNA and DNA concentrations at 24 hr after the Cd2+ challenge were prevented by pretreatment 24 or 48 hr prior to the challenge dose. Potentiation of hexobarbital sleep time was observed at 6 or 24 hr after a small dose of Cd2+. Nevertheless, further potentiation at 24 hr after the Cd2+ challenge (75 mg Cd2+/kg, p.o., in this case) was reduced by pretreatment 24 hr prior to the challenge dose. A major target organ for the acute oral toxicity of Cd2+ was the liver rather than the kidney.

Effects of zinc on cadmium-induced alterations in hepatic functions and blood glucose of rats

The role of zinc (Zn) in preventing cadmium (Cd)-induced alterations of liver function and carbohydrate metabolism was studied in female rats. The animals were divided into four groups. To the diet for Group I was added 200 μg Cd/g of diet, to that for Group II was added 200 μg Zn/g of diet, and to that for Group III were added 200 μg Cd/g and 200 μg Zn/g of diet. Group IV was the control group fed normal diet. At the 11th, 26th, and 40th week of exposure, one-third of each group of animals were sacrificed and serum GPT and ALP activities, and glucose and insulin levels were measured. At the 26th and 40th week, serum GPT activity of Group I was significantly higher compared with those of Groups III and IV, and the serum glucose value of Group I was lower than that of Group III. At the 40th week, the serum insulin value of Group I was significantly higher than that of Group III. From these results, it is suggested that orally administered Zn prevents Cd-induced alterations of liver functions and the regulation of blood glucose in rats.