Series Of Vowels Research Articles

Bilinguals from Larynx to Lips: Exploring Bilingual Articulatory Strategies with Anatomic MRI Data.

The goal of this article is to illustrate the use of MRI for exploring bi- and multi-lingual articulatory strategies. One male and one female speaker recorded sets of static midsagittal MRIs of the whole vocal tract, producing vowels as well as consonants in various vowel contexts in either the male's two or the female's three languages. Both speakers were native speakers of English (American and Australian English, respectively), and both were fluent L2 speakers of French. In addition, the female speaker was a heritage speaker of Croatian. Articulatory contours extracted from the MRIs were subsequently used at three progressively more compact and abstract levels of analysis. (1) Direct comparison of overlaid contours was used to assess whether phones analogous across L1 and L2 are similar or dissimilar, both overall and in specific vocal tract regions. (2) Consonant contour variability along the vocal tract due to vowel context was determined using dispersion ellipses and used to explore the variable resistance to coarticulation for non-analogous rhotics and analogous laterals in Australian, French, and Croatian. (3) Articulatory modeling was used to focus on specific articulatory gestures (tongue position and shape, lip protrusion, laryngeal height, etc.) and then to explore the articulatory strategies in the speakers' interlanguages for production of the French front rounded vowel series. This revealed that the Australian and American speakers used different strategies to produce the non-analogous French vowel series. We conclude that MRI-based articulatory data constitute a very rich and underused source of information that amply deserves applications to the study of L2 articulation and bilingual and multi-lingual speech.

Analisis Deret Vokal Dalam Cerpen “Cerita Si Kancil Dan Buaya”

This study discusses the vocal series as a sequence of elements in a series of sounds. This abstract reviews the concept of vocal series from a theoretical and practical point of view, focusing on the analysis of vocal series in the short story "the story of the mouse deer and the crocodile". This study aims to investigate the properties of vocal series and their potential in providing new insights related to understanding and application of vocal series in sound processing technology. explore the use of vowel series in language and understand their role in creating nuance in stories. Qualitative analysis methods are used to explore the meaning contained in vowel series, explain the relationship between vowel use and characters, and identify linguistic patterns that enrich the narrative. The findings from this study may provide additional insight into the use of language in short stories and the contribution of vocal series to the formation of the story's atmosphere.

Analisis Deret Vokal dan Deret Konsonan Pada Puisi “Krawang Bekasi” Karya Chiril Anwar

The poem "Karawang Bekasi" has the potential to line up with other vocals. However, from the data obtained, no vowel series were found /a.e/, /a.o/, /i.u/, /i.e/, /i.o/, /u.a/, /u.i/, /u.e/, /u.o/, /e.a/, /e.i/, /e.o/, /e.u/, /o.a/, /o.i/, /o.e/, and /o.u/. Furthermore, from these data, it can also be seen that the consonant series found in the poem "Karawang Bekasi" is the 'n' consonant series which is lined up with the 'g' consonant. The least number of consonant series is the consonant series: /g.g/, /g.k/, /g.l/, /h.r/, /k.r/, /m.d/, /n.d/, /n.j/, /n.m/, /r.d/, /r.d/, /r.k/, /r.n/, /r.s/, /r.t/, /t.t/, /u.s/. This study examines the phonemic phonotatic structure in vowel series and consonant series in Tunjung language. The approach used in this study is qualitative descriptive. The purpose of this study is so that readers can explore the deep phonetic and aesthetic dimensions in literary works, providing a richer understanding of the poet's techniques and the meanings contained in the poem. The method taken is a qualitative descriptive method. The results of this analysis are expected to contribute to a further understanding of how vowel and consonant sequences become important instruments in designing sound structure and meaning in poetry. In addition, this research can enrich the perspectives of readers and researchers on the linguistic and artistic dynamics contained in literary works, especially in the context of the Krawang Bekasi poem.

Analisis Deret Vokal Dan Deret Konsonan Dalam Buku "Senja Di Siliwangi"

Vowel series and consonant series are concepts in phonology that are important in Indonesian. Vowel series and consonant series affect the structure of syllables in Indonesian. Vowel series consist of vowels that line up in two different syllables, while consonant series consist of a combination of two consonants found on different syllables, albeit side by side. Both of these concepts are important to learn in Indonesian phonology learning because they can help understand the structure of syllables and phenomena such as consonant clusters and clusters. In addition, research on vowel series and consonant series in Indonesian can help enrich knowledge about Indonesian and improve Indonesian learning in the future. However, the findings may provide a deeper understanding of the structure of syllables in Indonesian, the use of language in literary works, and its impact on artistic expression and meaning in poetry. Implications of these findings could include the development of phonological theories Indonesian, the development of better Indonesian teaching guidelines, and broader application in literature and linguistics.

VOWEL PHONEMES

The existence of word vowel phonemes in all languages, including in Indonesian is very dominant. All words in their internal structure must be found in phonemes. As a result of the existence of a very dominant vowel phoneme, its existence is able to form what is called a phoneme vocal sequence. The application of research theory in connection with efforts to describe vowel series phonemes is based on the linguistic theory of the phonological field of the phonemic subfield. Because the study focuses on the smallest unit of language sounds, namely phonemes. The research implementation is based on three strategic stages, namely:1. provision of data, 2. classification and analysis of data, 3. preparation / writing of reports. The findings of the data are more secondary, so the findings of the data focus on the availability of references, so that the existence of a large Indonesian language dictionary acts as a "smart" book. The findings of primary data are relatively difficult to do. There are seven kinds of vocal phonemes, namely / a, i, u, ê, é, è, o /. The seven vowel phonemes are relatively capable of forming vowel phonemes, so that in the end a table can be made from each of the seven vowel phonemes in question.

Do Voice-Based Judgments of Socially Relevant Speaker Traits Differ Across Speech Types?

The human voice is a powerful and evolved social tool, with hundreds of studies showing that nonverbal vocal parameters robustly influence listeners' perceptions of socially meaningful speaker traits, ranging from perceived gender and age to attractiveness and trustworthiness. However, these studies have utilized a wide variety of voice stimuli to measure listeners' voice-based judgments of these traits. Here, in the largest scale study known to date, we test whether listeners judge the same unseen speakers differently depending on the complexity of the neutral speech stimulus, from single vowel sounds to a full paragraph. In a playback experiment testing 2,618 listeners, we examine whether commonly studied voice-based judgments of attractiveness, trustworthiness, dominance, likability, femininity/masculinity, and health differ if listeners hear isolated vowels, a series of vowels, single words, single sentences (greeting), counting from 1 to 10, or a full paragraph recited aloud (Rainbow Passage), recorded from the same 208 men and women. Data were collected using a custom-designed interface in which vocalizers and traits were randomly assigned to raters. Linear-mixed models show that the type of voice stimulus does indeed consistently affect listeners' judgments. Overall, ratings of attractiveness, trustworthiness, dominance, likability, health, masculinity among men, and femininity among women increase as speech duration increases. At the same time, speaker-level regression analyses show that interindividual differences in perceived speaker traits are largely preserved across voice stimuli, especially among those of a similar duration. Socially relevant perceptions of speakers are not wholly changed but rather moderated by the length of their speech. Indeed, the same vocalizer is perceived in a similar way regardless of which neutral statements they speak, with the caveat that longer utterances explain the most shared variance in listeners' judgments and elicit the highest ratings on all traits, possibly by providing additional nonverbal information to listeners. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21158890.

When internal reconstruction goes further: proposing the vowel system of Pre-Khroskyabs through examining bound state apophony

Abstract This paper proposes an internal reconstruction of the vowel system of Pre-Khroskyabs by analysing bound state apophony in modern Siyuewu Khroskyabs. While most modern Khroskyabs dialects do not exhibit sufficient variations of bound state apophony, Siyuewu Khroskyabs is conservative in this regard. The internal reconstruction deals with the different reflexes between final and non-final vowels in modern Khroskyabs dialects, and postulates a unified origin for them, by hypothesising two series of vowels, velarised and plain. Velarisation in Pre-Khroskyabs is then compared with uvularisation in Tangut, showing regular correspondences between the two. This work demonstrates that velarisation is an important feature that can be reconstructed back to Proto-Gyalrongic, and that it helps us in understanding Trans-Himalayan historical linguistics. Additionally, it can be seen through this paper that internal reconstruction is an indispensable procedure in reconstructing the history of a language, as a significant portion of vocalic contrasts cannot be reconstructed by cross-linguistic comparisons alone.

O sistema vocálico do Proto-Tupi: uma nova proposta reconstrutiva

Abstract This contribution is concerned with the reconstruction of the vowel qualities of Proto-Tupian, the ancestral language of the Tupian language family. The study is grounded in a bottom-up application of the comparative method and seeks to offer a more balanced reconstruction that avoids an overreliance on the Tupí-Guaraní branch. It is first shown that the height opposition traditionally reconstructed for the rounded vowel series (*o vs. *u) is best interpreted as an opposition between an unrounded vowel and a rounded one (*ə vs. *o). It is also argued that multiple instances of *e in the traditional reconstruction should be rather attributed to *ə. Finally, it is shown that two vowels (symbolized as *ɨ and *ɯ) must be reconstructed in lieu of the traditional *ɨ. The resulting proposal has consequences for the subgrouping of the Tupian family.

An acoustic and articulatory study of rhotic and rhotic-nasal vowels of Kalasha

Kalasha, an endangered Dardic language (Indo-Aryan), is described as having series of retroflex and retroflex-nasal vowels, each with five contrasting vowel qualities. This study provides the first articulatory description of these vowels using lingual ultrasound imaging, showing that the vowels described as retroflex are produced not with tongue tip retroflexion but with bunching of the tongue body. Relative to their non-rhotic counterparts, these rhotic vowels are produced with more retracted tongue root and tongue blade, and they exhibit tongue dorsum concavity, much like bunched rhotic vowels in other languages. The five-way quality contrast between rhotic vowels is achieved using lip rounding as well as differences in tongue dorsum height, backness, and tongue root retraction. The lingual differences are reduced in comparison to the non-rhotic vowels, as they are constrained by the articulatory gestures used to achieve rhoticity.

Disentangling the roles of formant proximity and stimulus prototypicality in adult vowel perception.

The present investigation examined the extent to which asymmetries in vowel perception derive from a sensitivity to focalization (formant proximity), stimulus prototypicality, or both. English-speaking adults identified, rated, and discriminated a vowel series that spanned a less-focal/prototypic English /u/ and a more-focal/prototypic French /u/ exemplar. Discrimination pairs included one-step, two-step, and three-step intervals along the series. Asymmetries predicted by both focalization and prototype effects emerged when discrimination step-size was varied. The findings indicate that both generic/universal and language-specific biases shape vowel perception in adults; the latter are challenging to isolate without well-controlled stimuli and appropriately scaled discrimination tasks.

Founder effect in tupian languages

Since Mayr (1954, 1963), it has been observed that territorial expansions may cause founder effects , reducing the genetic variability of the founder population. A similar effect has been reported within linguistic typology, as the phonemic inventory size of a language is reduced due to territorial dispersal of its speakers. Atkinson (2011) analyzes global present-day phoneme inventory size as a reflection of a serial found effect caused by human exodus out of Africa during the Paleolithic period: the further a language is from eastern-southern Africa, the smaller its phonemic inventory is. Recent studies have shown that this founder effect may interact with other factors such as population size and language contact and isolation. In the present study, we analyze the phonemic effects of the dispersal of Tupi-Guarani people. Taking the basins of Madeira and Guaporé rivers to be the birthplace of Proto-Tupi (RODRIGUES, 1964), we investigated whether physical distance from Madeira- Guaporé is related with phonemic clines within Tupi-Guarani languages located in the southwest region of South America. We also analyzed whether population size is a significant factor, but it did not interact with phonemic inventory size. A variance test, however, showed that languages in the Madeira-Guaporé region present, among themselves, more vocalic variation than southwest Tupi-Guarani languages. This result is compatible with a founder effect. Contrasting with Tupi languages spoken in Madeira-Guaporé, southwest Tupi-Guarani languages are quite harmonious with respect to vowels, presenting two symmetrical series of nasal and oral vowels. This result and the general discursion we present here converse with studies on reconstruction of Proto Tupian languages, and with investigations on the mental representation of vowels and consonants (NESPOR et al., 2003). If vowels are markers of structural relations, we predict that there is more structural cohesion (less parametric variation) among Southwest Tupi-Guarani than among Tupi languages at Madeira-Guaporé.

Fonem Deret Vokal dalam Bahasa Indonesia

The existence of word vowel phonemes in all languages, including in Indonesian is very dominant. All words in their internal structure must be found in phonemes. As a result of the existence of a very dominant vowel phoneme, its existence is able to form what is called a phoneme vocal sequence.The application of research theory in connection with efforts to describe vowel series phonemes is based on the linguistic theory of the phonological field of the phonemic subfield. Because the study focuses on the smallest unit of language sounds, namely phonemes. The research implementation is based on three strategic stages, namely: 1. provision of data, 2. classification and analysis of data, 3. preparation / writing of reports.The findings of the data are more secondary, so the findings of the data focus on the availability of references, so that the existence of a large Indonesian language dictionary acts as a "smart" book. The findings of primary data are relatively difficult to do.There are seven kinds of vocal phonemes, namely / a, i, u, ê, é, è, o /. The seven vowel phonemes are relatively capable of forming vowel phonemes, so that in the end a table can be made from each of the seven vowel phonemes in question.

Voice-based assessments of trustworthiness, competence, and warmth in blind and sighted adults

The study of voice perception in congenitally blind individuals allows researchers rare insight into how a lifetime of visual deprivation affects the development of voice perception. Previous studies have suggested that blind adults outperform their sighted counterparts in low-level auditory tasks testing spatial localization and pitch discrimination, as well as in verbal speech processing; however, blind persons generally show no advantage in nonverbal voice recognition or discrimination tasks. The present study is the first to examine whether visual experience influences the development of social stereotypes that are formed on the basis of nonverbal vocal characteristics (i.e., voice pitch). Groups of 27 congenitally or early-blind adults and 23 sighted controls assessed the trustworthiness, competence, and warmth of men and women speaking a series of vowels, whose voice pitches had been experimentally raised or lowered. Blind and sighted listeners judged both men’s and women’s voices with lowered pitch as being more competent and trustworthy than voices with raised pitch. In contrast, raised-pitch voices were judged as being warmer than were lowered-pitch voices, but only for women’s voices. Crucially, blind and sighted persons did not differ in their voice-based assessments of competence or warmth, or in their certainty of these assessments, whereas the association between low pitch and trustworthiness in women’s voices was weaker among blind than sighted participants. This latter result suggests that blind persons may rely less heavily on nonverbal cues to trustworthiness compared to sighted persons. Ultimately, our findings suggest that robust perceptual associations that systematically link voice pitch to the social and personal dimensions of a speaker can develop without visual input.

Coordinated plasticity in brainstem and auditory cortex contributes to enhanced categorical speech perception in musicians.

Musicianship is associated with neuroplastic changes in brainstem and cortical structures, as well as improved acuity for behaviorally relevant sounds including speech. However, further advance in the field depends on characterizing how neuroplastic changes in brainstem and cortical speech processing relate to one another and to speech-listening behaviors. Here, we show that subcortical and cortical neural plasticity interact to yield the linguistic advantages observed with musicianship. We compared brainstem and cortical neuroelectric responses elicited by a series of vowels that differed along a categorical speech continuum in amateur musicians and non-musicians. Musicians obtained steeper identification functions and classified speech sounds more rapidly than non-musicians. Behavioral advantages coincided with more robust and temporally coherent brainstem phase-locking to salient speech cues (voice pitch and formant information) coupled with increased amplitude in cortical-evoked responses, implying an overall enhancement in the nervous system's responsiveness to speech. Musicians' subcortical and cortical neural enhancements (but not behavioral measures) were correlated with their years of formal music training. Associations between multi-level neural responses were also stronger in musically trained listeners, and were better predictors of speech perception than in non-musicians. Results suggest that musicianship modulates speech representations at multiple tiers of the auditory pathway, and strengthens the correspondence of processing between subcortical and cortical areas to allow neural activity to carry more behaviorally relevant information. We infer that musicians have a refined hierarchy of internalized representations for auditory objects at both pre-attentive and attentive levels that supplies more faithful phonemic templates to decision mechanisms governing linguistic operations.

Defining essential characteristics of reliable spectral properties that elicit spectral contrast effects in vowel identification

Auditory perception excels at extracting reliable spectral properties from the listening environment. Preceding acoustic contexts filtered to emphasize a narrow frequency region (Kiefte and Kluender, 2008 JASA), broad differences between two vowel spectra (Watkins, 1991 JASA), or resynthesized to shift wide ranges of frequencies (Ladefoged and Broadbent, 1957 JASA) all influence identification of a subsequent vowel sound. Spectral differences between filtered contexts and subsequent vowel targets were perceptually enhanced, resulting in contrast effects (e.g., emphasizing spectral properties of [I] in the context produced more [ɛ] responses). Historically, this phenomenon has been studied using filters whose gain was broadband and/or high-amplitude, providing very strong evidence for these reliable spectral properties. Essential characteristics of these filters that are necessary and/or sufficient to elicit spectral contrast effects are unknown. A series of experiments examined relative contributions of filter frequency, amplitude, and bandwidth to reliable spectral properties that elicit contrast effects in vowel identification. Preceding sentence contexts were processed by narrowband, broadband, or spectral envelope difference filters derived from endpoints of a vowel series differing in one frequency region (e.g., F1 in [I] and [ɛ]). Preliminary results suggest complex dependencies on filter amplitude and bandwidth for vowel identification; further results will be discussed.

Phonetic Imitation of Vowel Duration in L2 Speech

This paper reports the results of a pilot study concerned with phonetic imitation in the speech of Polish learners of English. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether native speakers of Polish imitate the length of English vowels and to determine whether the extent of phonetic imitation may be influenced by the model talker being a native or a non-native speaker of English. The participants were asked to perform an auditory naming task in which they indentified objects and actions presented on a set of photos twice, with and without the imitation task. The imitation task was further sub-divided depending on the model talker being a native or non-native speaker of English (a native Southern British English speaker and a native Polish speaker fluent in English). As the aim was to investigate the variability in durational characteristics of English vowels, the series of front vowels /æ e ɪ iː/ were analysed in the shortening and lengthening b_t vs. b_d contexts. The results of the study show that the participants imitated the length of the investigated vowels as a result of exposure to the two model talkers. The data suggest that the degree of imitation was mediated both by linguistic and social factors and that the direction of convergence might have been affected by the participants’ attitude toward L2 pronunciation.

Training listeners to report the acoustic correlate of formant-frequency scaling using synthetic voices

The vocal tract length of a speaker is the primary determinant of the range of formant frequencies (FFs) produced by that speaker. Listeners have demonstrated sensitivity to the average FFs produced by voices, for example, in estimating the relative heights of two speakers based on their speech. However, it is not known whether they can learn to identify voices based on the acoustic characteristic associated with the average FFs produced by a voice (this characteristic will be referred to as FF-scaling). To investigate this, a series of vowels corresponding to voices that differed in their average f0 and/or FF-scaling were synthesized. Listeners (n = 71) were trained to identify these voices using a training procedure where, for each trial, they heard the vowels representing a voice and then had to identify the stimulus voice from among a series of candidate voices that differed in terms of their FF-scaling and/or their f0. Results indicate that listeners can identify voices on the basis of FF-scaling quite accurately and consistently after only a short training session and that, although f0 weakly influences these estimates, they are most strongly determined by the stimulus FFs.

Perceptual compensation for differences in speaking style.

It is well-established that listeners will shift their categorization of a target vowel as a function of acoustic characteristics of a preceding carrier phrase (CP). These results have been interpreted as an example of perceptual normalization for variability resulting from differences in talker anatomy. The present study examined whether listeners would normalize for acoustic variability resulting from differences in speaking style within a single talker. Two vowel series were synthesized that varied between central and peripheral vowels (the vowels in “beat”–“bit” and “bod”–“bud”). Each member of the series was appended to one of four CPs that were spoken in either a “clear” or “reduced” speech style. Participants categorized vowels in these eight contexts. A reliable shift in categorization as a function of speaking style was obtained for three of four phrase sets. This demonstrates that phrase context effects can be obtained with a single talker. However, the directions of the obtained shifts are not reliably predicted on the basis of the speaking style of the talker. Instead, it appears that the effect is determined by an interaction of the average spectrum of the phrase with the target vowel.

Spectral timbre perception in ferrets: Discrimination of artificial vowels under different listening conditions

Spectral timbre is an acoustic feature that enables human listeners to determine the identity of a spoken vowel. Despite its importance to sound perception, little is known about the neural representation of sound timbre and few psychophysical studies have investigated timbre discrimination in non-human species. In this study, ferrets were positively conditioned to discriminate artificial vowel sounds in a two-alternative-forced-choice paradigm. Animals quickly learned to discriminate the vowel sound /u/ from /ε/ and were immediately able to generalize across a range of voice pitches. They were further tested in a series of experiments designed to assess how well they could discriminate these vowel sounds under different listening conditions. First, a series of morphed vowels was created by systematically shifting the location of the first and second formant frequencies. Second, the ferrets were tested with single formant stimuli designed to assess which spectral cues they could be using to make their decisions. Finally, vowel discrimination thresholds were derived in the presence of noise maskers presented from either the same or a different spatial location. These data indicate that ferrets show robust vowel discrimination behavior across a range of listening conditions and that this ability shares many similarities with human listeners.

A cross-linguistic study of the effect of perceived gender on the categorization of children's vowels

Previous research has shown that listeners classify acoustically gender-ambiguous vowels differently depending on whether they believe the speaker to be a man or a woman (Johnson, Strand, & D'Imperio, 1999). In real-world listening situations, this tendency could be especially pronounced in the perception of vowels produced by children, as children's voices are inherently gender-ambiguous (Perry, Ohde, & Ashmead, 2001). Given Johnson et al.'s findings, we would predict that adults would categorize children's vowels differently depending on whether they believe the speaker to bes male or female. To examine this hypothesis, a set of experiments was conducted in which native speakers of Cantonese, Japanese, and English categorized a series of synthetic vowels (Menard et al., 2006). These were generated using an articulatory synthesizer, and were meant to represent the vocal tracts of newborn children, 2-, 4-, 5-, 10-, 16-, and 21-year olds. Adults categorized these vowels and provided judgments of the perceived gender and age of the speakers. Preliminary results suggest that speakers of English categorize vowels differently depending on whether they judge the child to be male or female. This tendency is especially marked for the most gender-ambiguous stimulus set, those based on the 10-year-old vocal tract.