Diphenyl Series Research Articles

237. Inductive effects in the diphenyl series

237. Inductive effects in the diphenyl series

Studies in Diphenyl Series. Part I. Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Derivatives of Diphenyl.

Studies in Diphenyl Series. Part I. Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Derivatives of Diphenyl.

Studies in Diphenyl Series. Part IV. Action of Oxalyl Chloride on Diphenyl Derivatives.

Studies in Diphenyl Series. Part IV. Action of Oxalyl Chloride on Diphenyl Derivatives.

Studies in Diphenyl Series. Part II. A New Method of the Synthesis of 9-Hydroxyphenanthrene.

Studies in Diphenyl Series. Part II. A New Method of the Synthesis of 9-Hydroxyphenanthrene.

X-ray analysis of the crystal structure of dibenzyl - I—Experimental and structure by trial

The molecules of those aromatic compounds such as naphthalene, durene, and diphenyl which have been examined in detail by the X-ray method are all found to possess a planar structure to within the limits of the respective experimental errors. Dibenzyl, the analysis of which is described below, now proves to be an interesting exception to this rule because the molecule is found to extend in three dimensions. A planar structure would be quite in keeping with the chemical formula, but the X-ray evidence seems to point conclusively to an alternative structure in which the benzene rings though parallel occupy different planes (see fig. 3); those planes being at right angles to the plane containing the zig-zag of the connecting CH 2 groups. Crystal Data — Space Group Dibenzyl belongs to the monoclinic prismatic class. Good crystals were easily obtained from alcohol or ether solution, and the form is a familiar one, being very similar to the naphthalene and diphenyl series except that there is a somewhat greater tendency for the crystals to elongate along the b axis. The (001), (110), and (201­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ¯ ) faces are most frequently developed, particularly the former. The axial ratios are given by Groth as a : b : c = 2·0806 : 1 : 1·2522. β = 115° 54'.

313. Studies in the diphenyl series. Part III. Cain's supposed 4″ : 4‴-disubstituted tetranitrobenzerythrenes

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Crystal Structure of Diphenyl Series

A COMPARISON of the results of crystal structure analyses of diphenyl, p-diphenylbenzene and p-diphenyldiphenyl gives evidence that in this series of compounds the benzene rings in each molecule are coplanar and linearly extended. The three substances crystallise in structures of P 21/a symmetry with unit cells which are nearly identical in the a and b directions and have the respective lengths of 9.50, 13.59 and 17.72 A. along the c axis. From the marked similarity not only in dimensions but also in the intensity of those reflections which are less dependent on the length of the molecule, it is apparent that there is a similarity of structure and that in each case the length of the molecule is roughly parallel to the c axis.

40. Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part X. The quantitative nitration of 4 : 4′-dichloro- and 4 : 4′-dibromo-diphenyl and of 4-chloro- 4′-bromodiphenyl

40. Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part X. The quantitative nitration of 4 : 4′-dichloro- and 4 : 4′-dibromo-diphenyl and of 4-chloro- 4′-bromodiphenyl

62. Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part XI. A study of the quantitative mono- and di-nitration of 4 : 4′-difluorodiphenyl

62. Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part XI. A study of the quantitative mono- and di-nitration of 4 : 4′-difluorodiphenyl

347. Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part XII. The mono- and the di-nitration of 4 : 4′-dimethyldiphenyl

347. Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part XII. The mono- and the di-nitration of 4 : 4′-dimethyldiphenyl

CLXXXI.—Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part IX. The nitration of 4-chloro-4′-fluoro- and 4-bromo-4′-fluoro-diphenyl

CLXXXI.—Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part IX. The nitration of 4-chloro-4′-fluoro- and 4-bromo-4′-fluoro-diphenyl

CCCXXI.—Investigations in the diphenyl series. Part X. The bromination of 4-p-toluenesulphonamidodiphenyl

CCCXXI.—Investigations in the diphenyl series. Part X. The bromination of 4-p-toluenesulphonamidodiphenyl

Diphenyl Series. II—Preparation of Beta-Phenylanthraquinone and Its Derivatives

Diphenyl Series. II—Preparation of Beta-Phenylanthraquinone and Its Derivatives

Studies in the Friedel-Crafts Reaction Diphenyl Series.1 I—Preparation of 4′-Phenyl-2-Benzoyl Benzoic Acid and Its Derivatives2

Studies in the Friedel-Crafts Reaction Diphenyl Series.¹ I—Preparation of 4′-Phenyl-2-Benzoyl Benzoic Acid and Its Derivatives²

CXLVII.—Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part VIII. The nitration of 4 : 4′-difluorodiphenyl

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CXXXIV.—Investigations in the diphenyl series. Part IX. Further experiments with sulphonamides

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Syntheses in the Diphenyl Series

Syntheses in the Diphenyl Series

LXXIII.—Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part VII. The effect of substituents in one nucleus on the ratio of ortho: para nitration in the other. The nitration of 2- and 4-nitro- and of 2 : 4- and 2 : 4′-dinitro-diphenyl and of diphenyl-4-carboxylic acid

LXXIII.—Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part VII. The effect of substituents in one nucleus on the ratio of ortho: para nitration in the other. The nitration of 2- and 4-nitro- and of 2 : 4- and 2 : 4′-dinitro-diphenyl and of diphenyl-4-carboxylic acid

XXXV.—Orientation effects in the diphenyl series. Part V. The independence of the two nuclei in diphenyl compounds

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CCCLXVI.—Investigations in the diphenyl series. Part III. Derivatives of 2-amino- and 4-amino-diphenyl

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