Series Of Alcohols Research Articles

Morphologic and Histologic Observation of Red-Legged Partridge's (Alectoris Chukar) Liver

This study was aimed to investigate the liver of red-legged partridge in regards of morphologic and histologic features. In this study, the liver tissues of ten red-legged partridges were removed and fixed into 10% formaldehyde solution for 72 hours. After fixation, the liver tissues were dehydrated through a graded alcohol series to xylene and embedded in paraffin blocks. Obtained sections 5-7 µm thickness of sections from paraffin blocks were stained with Crossman Modified Triple staining and examined for histologic structures. In morphologic examining, the liver of red-legged partridges consisted of two lobs. In addition, histologic analysis showed that liver tissue was covered with a thick connective tissue and this connective tissue made up of many smaller units of liver cells called lobules. Hepatocytes were seen radially round and located around central vena, which consists of remark cords. The squamous cells and Kupffer cells were observed in the sinusoidal lining. In conclusion; the results from this study indicated that there were some structural differences from other bird species, but not functionally.

Charging of Oxide Nanoparticles in Media of Intermediate Dielectric Constant.

The use of surfactants to charge colloidal particles in solvents of intermediate dielectric constants (5 < ε < 40) is investigated. While particle charging mechanisms in aqueous (ε = 80) and apolar (ε < 5) media are well understood, the interplay of these different charging mechanisms, which can all occur in solvents of intermediate dielectric constants (sometimes referred to as "leaky dielectrics"), remains to be fully explored. Conductometric titrations determining the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactant (aerosol-OT) confirm the existence of reverse micelles in intermediate dielectrics and show that as the solvent dielectric constant decreases, the CMC decreases as well. Electrophoretic mobility measurements of three oxide particles (SiO2, TiO2, and MgO) highlight various charging mechanisms that arise from particle-solvent, particle-surfactant, and solvent-surfactant interactions in a solvent series of alcohols and ketones. The results show that a combination of donor-acceptor particle-solvent interactions, surfactant ion adsorption, and reverse micelle-mediated acid-base interactions can all charge oxide particles in intermediate dielectrics. Furthermore, the results show that the dielectric constant of the solvent affects the relative magnitudes of each charging mechanism.

New strategy for production of primary alcohols from aliphatic olefins by tandem cross-metathesis/hydrogenation

Primary alcohols are widely used in industry as solvents and precursors of detergents. The classic methods for hydration of terminal alkenes always produce the Markovnikov products. Herein, we reported a reliable approach to produce primary alcohols from terminal alkenes combining with biomass-derived allyl alcohol by tandem cross-metathesis/hydrogenation. A series of primary alcohol with different chain lengths was successfully produced in high yields (ca. 90%). Computational studies revealed that self-metathesis and hydrogenation of substrates are accessible but much slower than cross-metathesis. This new methodology represents a unique alternative to primary alcohols from terminal alkenes.

Обнаружение и морфология личиночных стадий трематоды Gymnophallus rebecqui (Bartoli, 1983) (Trematoda: Gymnophallidae) в двустворчатых моллюсках у Черноморского побережья Крыма

The purpose of the research description of larvae Gymnophallus rebecqui (Bartoli, 1983) morphology from bivalve mollusks Abra segmentum Recluz, 1843 and Cerastoderma glaucum Poiret, 1789 in the Black Sea; to study seasonal abundance of G. rebecqui in the Black Sea. Materials and methods . During 2011–2012 years, 875 samples of bivalves A. segmentum and 440 samples of C. glaucum were investigated from two biotopes Sevastopol water area. The samples were selected every month. All mollusks tissues were investigated for parasites with a compressor method over binocular at increase × 98. The detected cercarias and metacercarias were fixed for life and dyed with acetous carmine, and after dehydration in a series of alcohol and clarification in clove oil were placed in Canada balsam. One of the generally accepted systems of trematodes measuring was used in the work. Measurings were made on microscope XY-B2 with с a film camera at increase × 1000. The images were made in redactor of vector graphics Inkscape 0.48.2-1. Results and discussion . For the first time, at the estuary of the river Chernaya and in the Black Sea, larvae of trematodes G. rebecqui have been found in mollusks A. segmentum and C. glaucum. A. segmentum has appeared to be not only the second intermediate host for such trematode in the studied ecosystem but also parthenitas G. rebecqui were detected in it. According to the main diagnostic and morphological features, the analyzed larvae of trematodes were identified as G. rebecqui: the Y-shaped secretory cyst without diverticula in cercarias, and the absence of the ventral hole and of accumulation of prostatic cells over the ventral sucker at the metacercaria stage. The morphometric features of the cercarias and metacercarias of trematodes G. rebecqui, which were studied by us, are within the boundaries known for larvae of this type parasitizing in mollusks A. segmentum and C. glaucum off the coasts of France, Great Britain and the Black Sea. An infection peak of mollusks C. glaucum with metacercarias G. rebecqui was observed in late summer and early autumn in both regions.

Nanocomposite membranes based on sodium alginate/poly(ε-caprolactone)/graphene oxide for methanol, ethanol and isopropanol dehydration via pervaporation

Novel biodegradable nanocomposite membranes were prepared by incorporating different concentrations (2, 4 and 6 wt%) of graphene oxide (GO) as a nanoadditive into a blend of sodium alginate/poly(e-caprolactone) at ratio of 3:1 (SA:PCL) on the basis of solution-casting method and were then used for dehydration of a series of alcohols (methanol, ethanol and isopropanol) through pervaporation. The effects of feed composition, GO content and various alcohols on pervaporation performance were investigated. In addition, the swelling behaviors of SA/PCL/GO nanocomposite membranes were measured. All membranes were water selective, and the permeation rate increased with raising the GO content. The presence of GO having the functional groups increased the hydrophilicity of the SA/PCL blend polymer matrix, which resulted in the formation of a higher flux to water molecules. The best separation performance was achieved for the SA/PCL/GO-6 nanocomposite membrane containing 6 wt% GO with isopropanol–water feed at 30 °C. An enhancement in water concentration from 20 to 80 wt% increased the flux values from 506 to 779 g/m2 h. Likewise, an increase in feed water composition in the case of ethanol–water and methanol–water mixtures increased the flux values from 461 to 757 g/m2 h and from 298 to 569 g/m2 h, respectively. However, the separation factor of water for all membranes decreased with the increase in feed concentration. Pervaporation dehydration of aqueous isopropanol mixtures also proceeded easier than that of aqueous ethanol and methanol mixtures due to the larger molecular size of isopropanol. High dehydration performance of alcohol–water mixtures demonstrated the utility of these membranes for use in solvent dehydration application with higher efficiency.

An insight into the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the structural, thermal, mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity of Cs/PVA composite

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by a sol-gel method and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and EDX. A series of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol (Cs/PVA) blend films doped with various concentrations of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were prepared by solution casting method. These samples were characterized by various analytical techniques. XRD patterns of the prepared samples showed increasing in amorphousity of the polymer blend with increasing the content of ZnO NPs in Cs/PVA blend. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the complexation between Cs/PVA blend and ZnO NPs. From the UV–vis results, the optical energy gap was calculated. The TGA analysis displayed that the thermal stability of all the samples improved after the addition of the ZnO NPs. By the tensile universal testing machine, the mechanical properties of the prepared films were determined. The antimicrobial analysis showed that all nanocomposite films exhibited enhanced antimicrobial efficacy as compared to pure Cs/PVA film and it is linearly related to the amount of ZnO nanoparticles in the matrix. The sample containing 10 and 15 wt.% ZnO NPs exhibited the highest thermal stability, mechanical strength, and antibacterial activity. This nanocomposite with excellent thermal stability, tensile and antibacterial properties can be potentially utilized for antimicrobial packaging purposes and can be widely used in medical applications.

Co-Nonsolvency Transition of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Brushes in a Series of Binary Mixtures

Co-nonsolvency occurs if a mixture of two good solvents causes the collapse or demixing of polymers into a polymer-rich phase in a certain range of compositions of these two solvents. In this work, we systematically study the co-nonsolvency behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes of different grafting densities in a series of alcohol–water binary mixtures with increasing hydrophobic parts ranging from methanol to 1-butanol by using ellipsometry. We report a strong collapse transition by increasing the alcohol concentration in the water-rich phase, which is enhanced for longer-chain alcohols. The analysis of the thermodynamic properties of the alcohol–water series displays that an increasing demixing tendency between alcohol and water is correlated with an enhancement of the collapse transition of the brush. The increase of grafting density weakens the transition behavior but does not shift the solvent composition point of maximum brush collapse, which is in agreement with the predictions of a rece...

Iron-Catalyzed Ligand Free α-Alkylation of Methylene Ketones and β-Alkylation of Secondary Alcohols Using Primary Alcohols.

Herein, we demonstrate a general and broadly applicable catalytic cross coupling of methylene ketones and secondary alcohols with a series of primary alcohols to disubstituted branched ketones. A simple and nonprecious Fe2(CO)9 catalyst enables one-pot oxidations of both primary and secondary alcohols to a range of branched gem-bis(alkyl) ketones. A number of bond activations and formations selectively occurred in one pot to provide the ketone products. Coupling reactions can be performed in gram scale and successfully applied in the synthesis of an Alzehimer's drug. Alkylation of a steroid hormone can be achieved. A single catalyst enables sequential one-pot double alkylation to bis-hetero aryl ketones using two different alcohols. Preliminary mechanistic studies using an IR probe, deuterium labeling, and kinetic experiments established the participation of a borrowing-hydrogen process using Fe catalyst, and the reaction produces H2 and H2O as byproducts.

Raman investigation on the local structure of alcohols in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate

In this study, we investigated the evolution of the local structure of a series of primary alcohols from methanol to octanol in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]) as a function of alcohol concentration using Raman spectroscopy, with the aim of gaining more insight into the fundamentals of the compelling ionic liquid–molecular solvent interactions at molecular level. The Raman spectra revealed the presence of various types of OH species in the mixtures, with the major fractions at low alcohol concentration corresponding to monomers, which indicates that most of the alcohol molecules are isolated from each other. A plausible picture for the changes in the local structures of alcohol molecules loosely confined in the [bmim][BF4] matrix is presented, which suggests the occurrence of conformational changes in the bmim+ cation and the alcohol molecules. This observation may indicate a unique evolution of the local structure of alcohol clusters formed in the ionic liquid.

Alcohol Vapor Post‐Annealing for Highly Efficient Sb2S3 Planar Heterojunction Solar Cells

Solution‐processed Sb2S3 planar heterojunction solar cells have shown great progress in power conversion efficiency (PCE) in recent years. However, a conventional solution process yields Sb2S3 films with a small grain size. Herein, an alcohol vapor post‐annealing strategy is reported that uses alcohol vapors to facilitate grain growth of Sb2S3 films during annealing, achieving films with a larger grain size and better crystallinity. A series of alcohols with different polarities are used for the vapor post‐annealing. Methanol with the highest polarity provides films with the largest grain size. As a result, the Sb2S3 films prepared via vapor post‐annealing show enhanced light absorption, longer carrier lifetime, and less carrier recombination, which are verified by photoluminescence, transient photovoltage, suns‐short‐circuit photocurrent density, and suns‐open‐circuit voltage measurements. The Sb2S3 solar cells post‐annealed with methanol vapor exhibit a PCE of 5.27%, showing a drastic improvement of 31% compared with the non‐treated devices. The alcohol vapor post‐annealing approach presents a new avenue toward controlling the morphology and crystallinity of solution‐processed Sb2S3 films and achieving efficient Sb2S3 solar cells.

Conditional Alox12b Knockout: Degradation of the Corneocyte Lipid Envelope in a Mouse Model of Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyoses

Conditional Alox12b Knockout: Degradation of the Corneocyte Lipid Envelope in a Mouse Model of Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyoses

Effects of primary C1–C6 linear alcohol addition and sonochemically decomposed products on multi-bubble sonoluminescence

Multi-bubble sonoluminescence (MBSL) was measured in Ar-saturated water containing 2 mmol dm−3 of a series of alcohols under sonication at a frequency of 410 kHz. The sonoluminescence intensity was weakened in the presence of the alcohols. The effect was emphasized further when an alcohol with a longer alkyl chain was added. The spectral and temporal changes are presumed to be attributable to gaseous products generated by sonochemical decomposition of alcohols. Gas generation, originating from alcohol decomposition, was observed even in the short 2 min sonication. When compared with the case of ethanol addition, larger amounts of gaseous products were generated when long chain 1-hexanol was added. The increase in gaseous product yield indicates that the alcohol decomposition proceeds with the progress of the sonication. The present study evaluated the dependency of MBSL on the hydrophobicity of added alcohol and characteristics of the decomposed gas products, such as solubility to water and specific heat ratio.

Tetra-core surface plasmon resonance based biosensor for alcohol sensing

A novel tetra core surface plasmon resonance (T-SPR) based photonic crystal fiber (PCF) biosensor is proposed for alcohol sensing and detection in near IR region. Alcohol compounds are commercial products and heavily used for different purposes. In this work, different groups of alcohol series like- methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, and phenol. Therefore, the entire analysis is done by a full vectorial finite element method (FV-FEM) for 1.5–3.0 μm wavelength. In fact, we use chemically inert plasmonic material as - gold (Au) that helps to obtain maximum sensitivity and provide evanescent field and fused silica is used as the base material. Furthermore, an anisotropic perfectly matched layer (A-PML) is attached for declining nonphysical unwanted radiation conducted as absorbing boundary condition (ABC). The performances values of wavelength sensitivity, resolution and transmittance variance are reported as 40000 nm/RIU, 8.0 × 10−3 RIU and 1000 dB/RIU, respectively. In summary, the proposed T-SPR PCF can be widely applicable in fields of bio-optics and can prove it a tough competitor by its sensing performance.

Investigations of mechanical and dielectric friction: Rotational reorientation studies of 7-DHB, Qu-390, and C-6H molecules in polar solvents

At the room temperature, the rotational re-orientations times of three probes 7-DHB, Qu-390, and C-6H have been examined in primary alcohol solvent series, by employing the steady-state fluorescence depolarisation and Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) techniques. Experimental observation shows that C-6H probe rotates slower in solvents when compared to the other two probe molecules. 7-DHB and Qu-390 probes show relatively same rotational reorientation time with 10% of deviation. Hydrodynamic models - Stokes Einstein's Debye theory (SED) with a stick, slip boundary conditions limits, Quasi-hydrodynamic models - Dote-Kivelson-Schwartz and Geirer-Wirtz were, used to determine mechanical friction and the results are found interesting trend towards super stick behavior. Also, dielectric frictional theories - Nee-Zwanzig and van der Zwan-Hynes were used to examine dielectric friction. Both dielectric friction models, overestimate dielectric friction contributions for all the three probes is observed in alcohol series. Outcomes are explained in the context of the theoretical models, size effects were not noticed and the probability of hydrogen bonding among an amino functional group of the solute molecules and –OH functional group of the alcohols.

Chiral acid-catalysed enantioselective C\u2212H functionalization of toluene and its derivatives driven by visible light

Toluene and its derivatives are petroleum-derived raw materials produced from gasoline by catalytic reformation. These abundant chemical feedstocks are commonly used as solvents in organic synthesis. The C(sp3)−H functionalization of these unactivated substrates has been widely used to directly introduce benzylic motifs into diverse molecules to furnish important compounds. Despite these advances, progress in asymmetric catalysis remains underdeveloped. Here, we report photoinduced radical-based enantioselective C(sp3)−C(sp3) coupling reactions of activated ketones with toluene and its derivatives by means of chiral acid catalysis. With a La(OTf)3/pybox complex catalyst, a variety of chiral 3-hydroxy-3-benzyl-substituted 2-oxindoles, including many conventionally difficult-to-access variants, are obtained directly from isatins in high yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities. Acenaphthoquinone is also compatible with the use of a chiral phosphoric acid (CPA) catalyst, leading to another series of important enantioenriched tertiary alcohols.

Trichloroethylene solubilization using a series of commercial biodegradable ethoxylated fatty alcohol surfactants

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough certain pollutants are prohibited or heavily regulated, particularly in Europe and the USA, contaminated sites still represent a serious threat to the environment and health. The physical and chemical properties of ‘dense non‐aqueous phase liquid’ (DNAPL) pollutants such as trichloroethylene (TCE), including their low solubility, high specific density and tendency to remain adsorbed to organic materials, make their removal from polluted sites extremely difficult.RESULTSThis study tested the ability of a series of commercial fatty alcohol ethoxylated surfactants of CiEj type (i = number of carbons in the alkyl chain; j = number of ethylene oxide (EO) units), known to be biodegradable and low‐cost, to improve the solubility of TCE in water; this would make its removal from contaminated sites more effective. The solubility of TCE in Synperonic™ 91/5 (C10E5), 91/6 (C10E6), 91/8 (C10E8), 91/10 (C10E10) and 13/8 (C13E8) aqueous solutions was evaluated and the solubilization performances were reported as molar and weight solubilization ratios (MSR and WSR). Solubility was measured above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) up to 0.7 mol L−1 at 5, 20 and 30 °C to assess the feasibility of the approach for TCE removal from sites located in different climatic areas. Increasing EO units contributed to improved TCE solubility (at constant alkyl chain length).CONCLUSIONThe best surfactant was Synperonic™ 91/10 with an MSR of 3.54 at 19 °C. The results show that an optimal combination of EO units and alkyl chain length, and not only the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value, is key for the design of effective TCE remediation systems from groundwater. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Deep desulfurization of fuels based on deep eutectic theory

In recent years, desulfurization of fuels has become a hot issue for the serious environmental pollution by organic sulfides. Compared with the traditional desulfurization process of fuels, this proposed process of deep desulfurization based on deep eutectic theory has many advantages, such as simple and environmental friendly process, cheap and easily obtained raw materials. In this study, series of alcohols have been designed and used to extract dibenzothiophene (DBT) from fuels. Moreover, some important factors that affect extraction process, such as alcohol type, phase ratio, extraction time, system temperature, stirring speed etc, were investigated in detail to optimize this specific desulfurization process. The result shows that polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) gets the highest desulfurization efficiency, which could reach as high as 99.9% in optimal conditions (25 °C, 30 min, phase ration 1:1). Finally, the extraction mechanism was probed with nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrum (1H NMR) and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Through NMR and FT-IR, the hydrogen bond formed between active hydrogen of PEG and sulfur atom of DBT accounts for the higher extraction efficiency. This work will provide a new process for the deep desulfurization of fuels.

Ion-Hydroxyl Interactions: From High-Level Quantum Benchmarks to Transferable Polarizable Force Fields.

Ion descriptors in molecular mechanics models are calibrated against reference data on ion-water interactions. It is then typically assumed that these descriptors will also satisfactorily describe interactions of ions with other functional groups, such as those present in biomolecules. However, several studies now demonstrate that this transferability assumption produces, in many different cases, large errors. Here we address this issue in a representative polarizable model and focus on transferability of cationic interactions from water to a series of alcohols. Both water and alcohols use hydroxyls for ion-coordination, and, therefore, this set of molecules constitutes the simplest possible case of transferability. We obtain gas phase reference data systematically from "gold-standard" quantum Monte Carlo and CCSD(T) methods, followed by benchmarked vdW-corrected DFT. We learn that the original polarizable model yields large gas phase water → alcohol transferability errors - the RMS and maximum errors are 2.3 and 5.1 kcal/mol, respectively. These errors are, nevertheless, systematic in that ion-alcohol interactions are overstabilized, and systematic errors typically imply that some essential physics is either missing or misrepresented. A comprehensive analysis shows that when both low- and high-field responses of ligand dipole polarization are described accurately, then transferability improves significantly - the RMS and maximum errors in the gas phase reduce, respectively, to 0.9 and 2.5 kcal/mol. Additionally, predictions of condensed phase transfer free energies also improve. Nevertheless, within the limits of the extrathermodynamic assumptions necessary to separate experimental estimates of salt dissolution into constituent cationic and anionic contributions, we note that the error in the condensed phase is systematic, which we attribute, at least, partially to the parametrization in long-range electrostatics. Overall, this work demonstrates a rational approach to boosting transferability of ionic interactions that will be applicable broadly to improving other polarizable and nonpolarizable models.

Solid Base Bi24O31Br10(OH)δ with Active Lattice Oxygen for the Efficient Photo‐Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Aldehydes

AbstractThe selective oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes by O2 instead of stoichiometric oxidants (for example, MnVII, CrVI, and OsIV) is an important but challenging process. Most heterogeneous catalytic systems (thermal and photocatalysis) require noble metals or harsh reaction conditions. Here we show that the Bi24O31Br10(OH)δ photocatalyst is very efficient in the selective oxidation of a series of aliphatic (carbon chain from C1 to C10) and aromatic alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes/ketones under visible‐light irradiation in air at room temperature, which would be challenging for conventional thermal and light‐driven processes. High quantum efficiencies (71 % and 55 % under 410 and 450 nm irradiation) are reached in a representative reaction, the oxidation of isopropanol. We propose that the outstanding performance of the Bi24O31Br10(OH)δ photocatalyst is associated with basic surface sites and active lattice oxygen that boost the dehydrogenation step in the photo‐oxidation of alcohols.

Solid Base Bi24 O31 Br10 (OH)δ with Active Lattice Oxygen for the Efficient Photo-Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Aldehydes.

The selective oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes by O2 instead of stoichiometric oxidants (for example, MnVII , CrVI , and OsIV ) is an important but challenging process. Most heterogeneous catalytic systems (thermal and photocatalysis) require noble metals or harsh reaction conditions. Here we show that the Bi24 O31 Br10 (OH)δ photocatalyst is very efficient in the selective oxidation of a series of aliphatic (carbon chain from C1 to C10 ) and aromatic alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes/ketones under visible-light irradiation in air at room temperature, which would be challenging for conventional thermal and light-driven processes. High quantum efficiencies (71 % and 55 % under 410 and 450 nm irradiation) are reached in a representative reaction, the oxidation of isopropanol. We propose that the outstanding performance of the Bi24 O31 Br10 (OH)δ photocatalyst is associated with basic surface sites and active lattice oxygen that boost the dehydrogenation step in the photo-oxidation of alcohols.