Series Hybrids Research Articles

Propulsion Electrification Architecture Selection Process and Cost of Carbon Abatement Analysis for Heavy-Duty Off-Road Material Handler

<div>The heavy-duty off-road industry continues to expand efforts to reduce fuel consumption and CO<sub>2</sub>e (carbon dioxide equivalent) emissions. Many manufacturers are pursuing electrification to decrease fuel consumption and emissions. Future policies will likely require electrification for CO<sub>2</sub>e savings, as seen in light-duty on-road vehicles. Electrified architectures vary widely in the heavy-duty off-road space, with parallel hybrids in some applications and series hybrids in others. The diverse applications for different types of equipment mean different electrified configurations are required. Companies must also determine the value in pursuing electrified architectures; this work analyzes a range of electrified architectures, from micro hybrids to parallel hybrids to series hybrids to a BEV, looking at the total cost, total CO<sub>2</sub>e, and cost per CO<sub>2</sub>e (cost of carbon abatement, or cost of carbon reduction) using data for the year 2021. This study is focused on a heavy-duty off-road material handler, the Pettibone Cary-Lift 204i. This machine’s specialty application, including events like unloading large oil pipes from a railcar, requires a unique electrified architecture that suits its specific needs. However, the results from this study may be extrapolated to similar machinery to inform fuel savings options across the heavy-duty off-road industry. In this study, a unique electrified architecture is determined for the Cary-Lift. This architecture is informed by multiple rounds of a Pugh matrix decision analysis to select a shortened list of desirable electrified architectures. The shortened list is modeled and simulated to determine CO<sub>2</sub>e, cost, and cost per CO<sub>2</sub>e. A final architecture is determined as a plug-in series hybrid that reduces fuel consumption by 65%, targeting the large fuel and CO<sub>2</sub>e savings that are likely to be required for the future of the heavy-duty off-road industry.</div>

Method for turbocharging and supercharging 2-stroke engines, applied to an opposed-piston new concept for hybrid powertrains

The internal combustion engine's (ICE) electrification calls to question ICE concepts nowadays, leading to new engine architectures conceived to operate as series hybrids. This is the case of the unit analyzed in this work; a 2-stroke, spark-ignited, rod-less opposed-piston engine (2S-ROPE). Previous results revealed some efficiency and maximum power drawbacks, which motivated the development of the supercharged or turbocharged engine version. Supercharging the engine results in a straightforward task; however, turbocharging the engine reveals serious stability problems due to the thermo-fluid-dynamic coupling between the intake and exhaust lines.This work presents a method to study and identify the exhaust line geometry since the impact of pressure pulse propagation on the scavenging process is one of the most critical points to be considered from the very first steps. Finally, despite the difficulties of turbocharging the presented 2S engine, the parametric study revealed a suitable geometrical configuration and the engine operative range. Compared to the supercharged engine version, the turbocharged one presents more difficulties but diminishes the mechanical compressor power consumption, implying an advantage in efficiency terms.

Hybrids of polyphenolic acids and xanthone, the potential preventive and therapeutic effects on PD: Design, synthesis, in vitro anti-aggregation of α-synuclein, and disaggregation against the existed α-synuclein oligomer and fibril

The misfolding and aggregation of α-Syn are the central mechanism linking and facilitating the other pathological mechanisms of PD. Maintaining α-Syn proteostasis by suitable inhibitors is an effective means to prevent PD. Disintegrating the neurotoxic oligomers and fibrils into the normal functional α-Syn by inhibitors is a more efficient way for PD treatment. This work synthesized two series hybrids of polyphenolic acids and xanthone. The hybrids possess a sheet-like conjugated skeleton and higher binding energies with α-Syn residues. Some compounds present well α-Syn aggregation inhibitory activities in vitro (IC50 down to 2.58 μM). The inhibitory action goes throughout the aggregation process from lag to the stationary phase by stabilizing α-Syn proteostasis conformation and preventing β-sheets aggregation. The candidate compounds with appropriate LogP values (2.02–3.11) present good disintegration abilities against the existed α-Syn oligomers and fibrils. The preliminary mechanism studies suggest that the inhibitors could quickly and randomly bind to the specific site closed to the β-sheet domain in the fibril, resulting in unstable and collapse of the protein fibril, yielding a complex system with aggregates of different sizes and monomers.

Framework for Simulation-Based Simultaneous System Optimization for a Series Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle

Hybridization of hydraulic drivetrains offers the potential of efficiency improvement for on- and off-road applications. To realize the advantages, a carefully designed system and corresponding control strategy are required, which are commonly obtained through a sequential design process.Addressing component selection and control parameterization simultaneously through simulation-based optimization allows for exploration of a large design space as well as design relations and trade-offs, and their evaluation in dynamic conditions which exist in real driving scenarios. In this paper, the optimization framework for a hydraulic hybrid vehicle is introduced, including the simulation model for a series hybrid architecture and component scaling considerations impacting the system’s performance.Anumber of optimization experiments for an on-road light-duty vehicle, focused on standard-drivecycle- performance, illustrate the impact of the problem formulation on the final design and thus the complexity of the design problem. The designs found demonstrate both the potential of energy storage in series hybrids, via an energy balance diagram, as well as some challenges. The framework presented here provides a base for systematic evaluation of design alternatives and problem formulation aspects.

Single Motor Mechanical Power-Split Transmission for Hybrid Racing Cars

A hybrid vehicle derives its power from two or more distinct sources such as an internal combustion (IC) engine and an electric motor. Based on the mechanical architecture, Hybrid Electric Vehicles can be divided into three categories: parallel hybrids, series hybrids, and power-split hybrids. Parallel hybrids require frequent role reversal due to restrictions on motor power, whereas series hybrids lead to lower efficiency of the whole power train. The power-split hybrids combine the advantages of these two configurations by using one IC engine and two motors. The main objective of this paper is to design a transmission system for a hybrid racing car which is powered by an IC engine and a single electric motor which are arranged so as to represent a unique power-split system. This configuration reduces the need of one motor and allows seamless transition between engine-only with regeneration mode, motor only mode and parallel mode.

Photochromic hybrid containing in situ-generated benzyl viologen and novel trinuclear [Bi3Cl14]5-: improved photoresponsive behavior by the π···π interactions and size effect of inorganic oligomer.

Two new member of (V)((2n+2)/2)[Bi(2n)Cl(8n+2)] series hybrids, (BzV)2[Bi2Cl10] (1) and (BzV)5[Bi3Cl14]2·(C6H5CH2)2O (2) (where BzV(2+) = N,N'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bipyridinium and (C6H5CH2)2O = dibenzyl ether) have been obtained, and compound 2 contains an unprecedented discrete trimer [Bi3Cl14](5-) counterion. The novel in situ-synthesized symmetric viologen cation with aromatic groups on both sides of 4,4'-bipy would provide more opportunities to create π···π interactions to optimize the photochromic property of the hybrid, and different bismuthated-halide oligomers enable us to discuss the size effect in this series of compounds. Both 1 and 2 are photochromic, and their photoresponsive rate is faster than that of reported viologen-metal halide hybrids. Experimental and theoretical data illustrated that the size of the inorganic oligomer can significantly influence the photoresponsive rate of the viologen dication, and the π···π interaction behaves as not only a powerful factor to stabilize the viologen monocation radical but also the second electron-transfer pathway, from a π-conjugated substituent to a viologen cation, for the photochromic process.

Review of flywheel based internal combustion engine hybrid vehicles

Hybrid vehicles of different configurations and utilizing different energy storage systems have existed in development for many decades and more recently in limited production. They can be grouped as parallel, series or complex hybrids. Another classification is micro, mild and full hybrids which makes the distinction on the basis of functionality. The common energy storage systems in hybrid vehicles are batteries, supercapacitors and high speed flywheels. This paper aims to review a specific type of hybrid vehicle which involves the internal combustion engine (ICE) as the prime mover and the high speed flywheel as an energy storage device. Such hybrids are now attracting considerable interest given their potential for low cost. It is hence timely to produce a review of research and development in this subject. The flywheel is coupled to the drive line with a continuous variable transmission (CVT). The CVT can be of various types such as electrical, hydraulic or mechanical but usually in this case it is a non-electrical one. Different configurations are possible and the paper provides a timeline of the development of such powertrains with various examples. These types of hybrid vehicles have existed as prototypes for many decades and the authors believe that their development has reached levels where they can be considered serious contenders for production vehicles.

Traction modelling modifications in ADVISOR

ADVISOR is a sophisticated power-train simulation software program developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for the US Department of Energy's Hybrid Vehicle Propulsion System Program. It is public domain software that has been used to simulate conventional vehicles, series and parallel hybrids, fuel-cell vehicles and pure electric vehicles. Some omissions and limitations were found in the stream of calculations that the version of ADVISOR 2.2 uses to model traction and to set up braking strategies. In this paper modifications are presented that result in simulation improvements as high as 2.9%; in the computed driving force requirement on a typical driving profile segment. These translate into interpolation corrections in drive-train performance maps for energy efficiency.

A fine-structure deletion map of human chromosome 11p: analysis of J1 series hybrids.

Deletion analysis offers a powerful alternative to linkage and karyotypic approaches for human chromosome mapping. A panel of deletion hybrids has been derived by mutagenizing J1, a hamster cell line that stably retains chromosome 11 as its only human DNA, and selecting for loss of MIC1, a surface antigen encoded by a gene in band 11p13. A unique, self-consistent map was constructed by analyzing the pattern of marker segregation in 22 derivative cells lines; these carry overlapping deletions of 11p13, but selectively retain a segment near the 11p telomere. The map orders 35 breakpoints and 36 genetic markers, including 3 antigens, 2 isozymes, 12 cloned genes, and 19 anonymous DNA probes. The deletions span the entire short arm, dividing it into more than 20 segments and define a set of reagents that can be used to rapidly locate any newly identified marker on 11p, with greatest resolution in the region surrounding MIC1. The approach we demonstrate can be applied to map any mammalian chromosome. To test the gene order, we examined somatic cell hybrids from five patients, whose reciprocal translocations bisect band 11p13; these include two translocations associated with familial aniridia and two with acute T-cell leukemia. In each patient, the markers segregate in telomeric and centromeric groups as predicted by the deletion map. These data locate the aniridia gene (AN2) and a recurrent T-cell leukemia breakpoint (TCL2) in the marker sequence, on opposite sides of MIC1. To provide additional support, we have characterized the dosage of DNA markers in a patient with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and an 11p15-11pter duplication. Our findings suggest the following gene order: TEL - (HRAS1, MER2, CTSD, TH/INS/IGF2, H19, D11S32) - (RRM1, D11S1, D11S25, D11S26) - D11S12 - (HBBC, D11S30) - D11S20 - (PTH, CALC) - (LDHA, SAA, TRPH, D11S18, D11S21) - D11S31 - D11S17 - HBVS1 - (FSHB, D11S16) - AN2 - MIC1 - TCL2 - delta J - CAT - MIC4 - D11S9 - D11S14 - ACP2 - (D11S33, 14L) - CEN. We have used the deletion map to show the distribution on 11p of two centromeric repetitive elements and the low-order interspersed repeat A36Fc. Finally, we provide evidence for an allelic segregation event in the hamster genome that underlies the stability of chromosome 11 in J1. The deletion map provides a basis to position hereditary disease loci on 11p, to distinguish the pattern of recessive mutations in different forms of cancer and, since many of these genes have been mapped in other mammalian species, to study the evolution of a conserved syntenic group.