Series Feed Research Articles

A wideband dual-circularly polarized traveling wave antenna array

Abstract A dual-circularly polarized traveling wave antenna based on linear polarization array with wideband response is proposed. The circular polarization is realized by the sequential rotation arrangement of four linear polarization elements and series feeding with a phase difference 90°. Rotating four of such subarrays sequentially with a phase difference of 90° not only broadens the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth but also corrects the pattern beam deflection. Left-handed circular polarization (LHCP) and right-handed circular polarization (RHCP) are respectively achieved by exciting two different ports. The measured impedance bandwidth of the developed antenna array is 27.5 %. The 3-dB AR bandwidths of RHCP and LHCP are respectively 20.7 % and 22.4 % with the peak gains of about 8.7 and 8.3 dBic.

A Dual-Array Antenna System for 5G Millimeter-Wave Applications

Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) technology has opened a new era of wireless communication systems in various fields like automotive, mobile devices, Internet of Things (IoT), military, medical, and others. The benefit of adopting the unconventional frequency spectrum of large bandwidth under an mm-Wave spectrum is the availability of large bandwidth and lesser chances of interferences from various technologies. In the recent 5G communication systems either cellular or other wireless applications, many researchers have focused on mm-Wave antennas and arrays. In this paper, a dual-array antenna system is designed for various 5G mm-Wave wireless applications. It has two arrays on the same substrate edges with a series feed line compact technique. The profile antenna system has two 1×16 arrays on the same substrate edges. Each array gives 17.3 dB and 16.4 dB simulated and measured gains and impedance bandwidth 31.30 GHz to 39 GHz at 38 GHz center frequency. The feature to use both arrays at the same time for two different applications within the operational band for same or different center frequencies makes this proposed dual-array antenna system a good candidate for 5G mm-Wave wireless IoT and broadcast applications.

Compact Omnidirectional Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array Fed in Series by a Novel Feed Network

In this article, a novel substrate integrated waveguide power divider is proposed to feed antenna array elements in series. This feed network inherently provides uniform output power to eight quadrupole antennas. More importantly, it leads to a compact configuration since the feed network can be integrated inside the elements without increasing the array size. Its design procedure is first discussed. Next, the series feed network was used to feed a novel compact omnidirectional antenna array. Targeting the fifth-generation (5G) 26 GHz millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band, the simulated results showed that the proposed array exhibits a broad impedance bandwidth of 4.15 GHz and a high gain of 13.6 dBi. A prototype was fabricated and measured, exhibiting a measured impedance bandwidth of 6.72 GHz and a gain of 12.3 dBi. Its attractive features indicate that the proposed antenna array is well suitable for millimeter-wave wireless communication systems.

Performance Analysis of Microstrip Antenna with Several Feed Networks for Satellite Communication

The modern wireless communication systems demand significantly higher bandwidth with a highly directive antenna for better performance. For this purpose, the feed networks such as Series Feed (SF), Corporate Feed (CF), and Corporate-Series Feed Network (CSFN) in the design of antennas play a vital role. Therefore, in this paper, rectangular microstrip antennas with inner ring slot, two semi-circular slots on both sides of the microstrip, and two director elements have been designed. The proposed antennas in four sets with different shapes for satellite communication operate at the Ku-band frequency. In this design, copper (annealed) has been used as material for the ground plane. The substrate material of this proposed antenna is Rogers RT5880, with a dielectric constant at 2.2. Moreover, the probe feed technique has been used in this antenna, further followed by SF, CF, and CSFN networks. The presented design is simple, compact, and very economical with optimal gain and bandwidth. The structure parameters of this proposed antenna are numerically computed. The antenna features are simulated by CST Microwave Studio, a commercial simulator based on finite integration techniques that support the numerical analysis. Further, the antenna performances based on the considered feeding techniques of the proposed antenna have been compared.

A Novel Approach of Design and Analysis of a Hexagonal Fractal Antenna Array (HFAA) for Next-Generation Wireless Communication

The study and exploration of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MMIMO) and millimeter-wave wireless access technology has been spurred by a shortage of bandwidth in the wireless communication sector. Massive MIMO, which combines antennas at the transmitter and receiver, is a key enabler technology for next-generation networks to enable exceptional spectrum and energy efficiency with simple processing techniques. For massive MIMOs, the lower band microwave or millimeter-wave band and the antenna are impeccably combined with RF transceivers. As a result, the 5G wireless communication antenna differs from traditional antennas in many ways. A new concept of the MIMO tri-band hexagonal antenna array is being introduced for next-generation cellular networks. With a total scaling dimension of 150 × 75 mm2, the structure consists of multiple hexagonal fractal antenna components at different corners of the patch. The radiating patch resonates at 2.55–2.75, 3.45–3.7, and 5.65–6.05 GHz (FR1 band) for better return loss (S11) of more than 15 dB in all three operating bands. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding technique and defective ground structure in the ground plane have been employed for effective impedance matching. The deviation of the main lobe of the radiation pattern is achieved using a two-element microstrip Taylor antenna array with series feeding, which also boosts the antenna array’s bandwidth and minimizes sidelobe. The proposed antenna is designed, simulated, and tested in far-field radiating conditions and generates tri-band S-parameters with sufficient separation and high-quality double-polarized radiation. The fabrication and testing of MIMO antennas were completed, where the measurement results matched the simulation results. In addition, the 5G smartphone antenna system requires a new, lightweight phased microwave antenna (μ-wave) with wide bandwidth and a fire extender. Because of its decent performance and compact architectures, the proposed smartphone antenna array architecture is a better entrant for upcoming 5G cellular implementations.

60 GHz dual‐polarized magneto‐electric dipole antenna array with hybrid gap waveguide feeding network in low temperature co‐fired ceramic technology

AbstractA 60 GHz 8 × 8 dual‐polarized aperture‐coupled magneto‐electric (ME) dipole antenna array in low temperature co‐fired ceramic (LTCC) technology is proposed. Taking advantage of the LTCC technology of high integration, the antenna array is composed of three parts, including the wideband ME dipole elements, dual‐polarized strip‐line series feeding network and low‐loss gap waveguide (GWG) feeding network. The ME dipole antenna element is fed by aperture coupling with 45° rotation. Two separate orthogonal strip lines are located right below the aperture to realize dual polarization performance. The simulated −10 dB impedance bandwidth of the dual‐polarized antenna element is 50–66.5 GHz with an isolation lower than −20 dB for two input ports. By employing the proposed radiating element, a 4 × 4 wide‐band dual‐polarized antenna subarray is realized by using strip‐line series‐feed technology. A compact hybrid low‐loss feeding network is realized by combing the GWG technology with the strip‐line series feed technology. For demonstration, one prototype was fabricated. The measured impedance bandwidth is 14.2% and 16.7% respectively for dual polarizations with |S11| < −8 dB, and the port isolation is lower than −20 dB over the entire frequency band of interest.

A Single Substrate 38 GHz Dual Antenna Array with Compact Feed Network

In the recent technological development of 5G communication systems either cellular or other broadcast applications, a lot of research is being done on millimeter‐wave antenna arrays. High frequency antennas in millimeter‐wave range are used to achieve high speed communications with the data rate in Gb/s. This article presents two high gain 5G antenna arrays on a single substrate with no side lobes and a compact series feed line technique for smartphones and other broadcast applications. The profile antenna has two 1 × 16 arrays on a single substrate in the broadside direction at opposite edges. Each array exhibits 17.3 dB and 16.4 dB simulated and measured gain with 65.7° HPBW at 38 GHz and impedance bandwidth 31.30 GHz to 39 GHz. Simulated and measured results are compared to check the feasibility of the proposed dual antenna array for 5G communication systems. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Design of 77 GHz automotive angular radar array antenna with wide beamwidth and flat gain

A wide beam, flat gain planar array antenna based on beamforming technology is designed for automotive angular radar systems. The array antenna consists of three 1×10 series feed line arrays, which are designed by Dolph-Chebyshev antenna synthesis method with unequal spacing distribution to reduce the side lobes. In order to satisfy the needs of the automotive angle radar wide field of view (FOV), the beamforming techniques are used for the planar array antenna to broaden the beamwidth of the azimuth plane and improve the flatness of the gain. The simulation and the measured results agree well. The measured results show that the 1×10 line array sidelobe level is −19.7 dB; the 3×10 planar array antenna has a 3 dB beamwidth of 106.4°, and the azimuth gain flatness range can reach ± 45°, the maximum gain is 11.3 dBi.

A low‐cost, wideband, dual‐circularly polarized traveling wave antenna array

This article presents a low-profile dual-circularly polarized array based on the series feed and sequential rotation techniques. The basic radiation element is the microstrip based corner-cut square patch that could achieve dual-circularly polarized radiations. By rotating four basic elements in sequence to constitute a 2 × 2 subarray and series feeding with a phase difference of 90°, the axial ratio bandwidth can be greatly enhanced. Further, by symmetrically positioning four of such 2 × 2 subarrays coupled with out-of-phase feeding of the four subarrays, the beam deflection against frequency is corrected. To validate the proposed design, an 8 × 8 dual-circularly polarized array operating at 6.0 GHz was developed and examined experimentally. Measurements and simulations confirm the design well.

Design of Compact Reconfigurable Antenna Array for WLAN Applications

In this communication, a compact design of a reconfigurable antenna array operating in the band IEEE 802.11a is presented. The proposed antenna array contains four radiating elements excited by a hybrid parallel-series-feed network. The hybrid feed technique is used to avoid the main beam squint due to frequency changes compared to series and parallel array feed topologies. Each of the four radiating elements consists of straight narrow strip inductor in parallel with an interdigital capacitor. The antenna resonant frequency is electronically controlled by placing PIN diodes switches at the resonant element's inputs. The antenna permits reconfigurable switching frequency bands between 5.25 and 5.82 GHz. The results of the return loss and pattern radiation are shown. The size of the whole antenna structure is about 64 × 18 mm2 and can potentially be used in wireless systems.

A W-Band Integrated Tapered Array Antenna With Series Feed for Noncontact Vital Sign Detection

A <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -band integrated tapered array antenna with series feed is presented. To reduce the fabrication cost, the antenna is designed on a single layer with the standard printed circuit board (PCB) process. In the array design, a novel coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding structure is proposed to simplify the feeding network and fabrication by avoiding three-way power divider and via process. Considering the interconnection reliability and cost, the wire-bonding technique is used to connect the integrated circuit (IC) and antenna. To compensate for the parasitic effect of the bond wire and enhance the bandwidth of the antenna with interconnection, an <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LCL</i> compensation structure is introduced and codesigned with the array antenna, achieving wideband-impedance feature. To demonstrate the validity of the design, several prototypes of the proposed antennas are implemented and measured. The measured results show that the array antenna with wire-bonding interconnection achieves a fractional impedance bandwidth ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\vert S_{11}\vert &lt; -10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB) of 13.2%, sidelobe level less than −15 dB at 100 GHz, and ~15 dBi gain. The simulated radiation efficiency is larger than 80% from 98 to 104 GHz. With our designed 100 GHz CMOS radar transceiver, the proposed antenna is used to detect the human vital sign.

Multibeam Phased-Arrays Using Dual-Vector Distributed Beamforming: Architecture Overview and 28 GHz Transceiver Prototypes

This article presents a dual-vector distributed beamformer architecture that employs a series-feed network and is capable of supporting up to four simultaneous beams. The multibeam array uses scalar functions within each front end to create Cartesian-weighted signals needed for phase shifting. A dual-vector series-feed network combines/distributes these signals for the receiver/transmitter whereas a global quadrature interpolator is used to create two conjugate beams. By using an interpolator on either end of the series feed, a total of four beams can be obtained. Among these four beams, a first beam can be controlled independently, a second beam is formed as an image of the first, a third beam is offset from the first based on the amount of phase shift within the series-feed structure, and a fourth beam is an image of the offset beam. In this work, the theory of operation of the series-feed DVDB is presented and then two different four-element 28 GHz DVDB transceiver array prototypes in 120 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology are described. One uses a hybrid coupler for global interpolation at radio frequency (RF) and the other uses quadrature mixers for global interpolation at baseband. Measurement results for the array employing passive interpolation at RF show excellent phase-shifting performance, including < 1 dB root-mean-squared (RMS) gain error, < 2 degree RMS phase error, 24% 3 dB bandwidth, with 16–18.6 dBm saturated output power in transmit mode and 4.9–7.3 dB noise figure in receive mode. Measurement results for the array employing mixer-based interpolation likewise show excellent phase-shifting performance with similar RMS gain and phase errors and slightly degraded overall RF performance. Comparing the two, we conclude that the DVDB with passive interpolation at RF is better suited for partitioned systems where beamformers and transceivers are realized on separate chips to support larger, scalable arrays. In contrast, the DVDB with mixer-based interpolation is better suited for integrated systems where beamformers and frequency translation functions must be integrated together.

An infrared energy harvesting device using planar cross bowtie nanoantenna arrays and diode-less rectification based on electron field emission

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a rectification process through electron emission from sharp tips under a high electric field of 109–1010 V/m based on the Fowler–Nordheim theory. A large planar array of 104–105 nanoantennas is proposed to achieve the required electric field for electron emission in the nanoantenna gap. Spatial coherence of the incident wave is a prohibitive issue in using large antenna arrays, and it is overcome by choosing proper size for the array. The design starts with a single-element nanoantenna, for which, five different types are considered, namely dipole, spiral, cross bowtie, sinuses and square spiral. Full-wave simulations show that cross bowtie has the highest field enhancement. Moreover, two array configurations, i.e. series and parallel feed networks, are considered and their field enhancement are compared. Moreover, field enhancement in large array configurations is predicted using proposed equations based on curve fitting.

Cavity-Backed Slot-Coupled Patch Antenna Array With Dual Slant Polarization for Millimeter-Wave Base Station Applications

This article presents a novel dual slant polarized antenna for millimeter-wave (mmWave) base stations. Compared with the traditional slant polarized mmWave antennas, the proposed antenna offers the advantages of high cross-polarization discrimination (XPD), good aperture efficiency, simple structure, and low profile. The corner-fed substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity is adopted to improve the port isolation and XPD of this slot-coupled antenna. Four corner-truncated patches connected by a thin cross strip are placed over the SIW cavity to increase the operation bandwidth. Then, a 2 × 8 antenna array is designed to exemplify the antenna element performance. To improve the impedance matching, a shorted patch is introduced in designing the series feeding network and the power divider. The experimental results show that the 2 dB-down gain bandwidth of the proposed antenna array reaches 6.0% and the port isolation is better than 20 dB. The gain and XPD of the antenna array measure 16.7 dBi and 25 dB at the center frequency, respectively.

N-Way Planar Balanced-to-Balanced Series Feeding Network for Balanced Frequency-Scanning Phased Array

In this article, a novel series feeding network as an N-way balanced-to-balanced structure for balanced frequency-scanning phased array is proposed. Design requirements of the N-way balanced-to-balanced series feeding (BBSF) network are extracted and mixed-mode S-parameters are expressed by using matrix transformation. Designing the BBSF network without using baluns at input and output paths of the network results in the compact and low-loss feeding network, while maintaining the common-mode suppression feature. Furthermore, to have a planar BBSF network, microstrip crossovers are utilized to avoid the use of multilayer PCB design, resulting in the elegant transfer of intersecting RF signals. To validate the proposed structure, a three-way BBSF network is fabricated which shows acceptable mixed-mode measurement results. Also, to demonstrate the performance of the proposed structure, a balanced frequency-scanning phased array is designed employing the proposed feeding network. The measurement results of the fabricated array show that the differential return loss and the differential mode to common mode conversions are better than 20 and 30 dB at 5.85 GHz, respectively. Meanwhile, the fabricated array shows a wide-range beam-scanning capability over its frequency band.

Slit-Loaded Series Feed Network for Millimeter-Wave Array Antenna With a Low Sidelobe Level Over a Wide Bandwidth

A slit-loaded series feed network and its design procedure were proposed for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) array antennas with a low sidelobe level (SLL) over a wide bandwidth. In the proposed feed network, slit structures are used to suppress internal reflections within the array and to control the aperture amplitude in such a way to reduce the SLL. Four types of slit-loaded structure units are investigated to control the coupled power on an antenna element. A $1 {\times }13$ end-fed and $2 {\times }26$ center-fed array antennas were designed and fabricated based on the proposed design procedure, and their performances were measured. The proposed arrays were shown to have impedance bandwidths of 11.3% (75–84 GHz) and 10.2% (77.5–85.8 GHz), respectively. Moreover, they show stable radiation patterns with low SLLs under −17 dB over the frequencies of 75–83 and 78–84 GHz, respectively. The designed arrays were compared with other mm-wave array antennas and shown to have a lower SLL over wide bandwidths.

SERIES FEED FAN-BEAM ANTENNA ARRAY WITH A LOW SIDELOBE LEVEL FOR POSITIONING SYSTEM

In this paper, a novel antenna array at 5GHz is presented with a low sidelobe level and wide impedance bandwidth for indoor positioning applications . The antenna array has the size of 450 ×57×0.8 mm3 with the high gain of 14.5dBi and the low SLL of -18 dB at 5GHz. The series feed using Unequal Split T-Junction is proposed with the Chebyshev-amplitude distribution to improve SLL. Besides the 1800 phase and amplitude distribution, by deploying driven elements above each single antenna element, the radiation pattern and the gain of the antenna aray are significantly improved.

Four-Element Microstrip Patch Array Antenna with Corporate-Series Feed Network for 5G Communication

The paper proposes a simple four-element microstrip patch array antenna fed with corporate-series technique. The paper compares the proposed design with four-element antennas fed with only series-fed and corporate-fed microstrip antennas. All three antenna designs use rectangular microstrip patch elements with two insets and slots on both sides of the patch. The patch elements are accompanied by Yagi elements: three director elements and two reflector elements. Through comparison of simulation results, the paper shows that four-element array antenna with combined corporate-series feeding technique performs better compared to antennas with only either series or corporate feeding network. The proposed corporate-series fed antenna achieves better performance with wide frequency bandwidth of 25.04–30.87 GHz and gain of 9.5 dB. The antenna has an end-fire radiation pattern. Overall performance shows that the proposed corporate-series-fed microstrip patch antenna with Yagi elements is suitable for next generation 5G communication.

Dual-linearly polarized travelling-wave array antenna based on triple plus slots fed by square waveguide

A dual-linearly polarized travelling-wave array antenna design at Ku-band composed by a novel single element named as triple plus slot is presented. It is formed by a plus slot with an additional pair of short auxiliary slots. The generation of the dual polarization is based on the two degenerated modes TE10 and TE01 supported by a square waveguide following a series feeding topology. Following the operation principle of the conventional plus slot, the transversal slot is only excited by the TE10 mode to generate vertical polarization while the longitudinal slot is only excited by the TE01 mode to generate horizontal polarization. The auxiliary slots provide new degrees of freedom to the antenna design process that allow to accomplish some strict requirements and overcome some design issues. Thus, the proposed triple plus slot has been experimentally validated in a dual-linearly polarized travelling-wave array configuration. The antenna has been fabricated and measured, providing some features such as high efficiency (>80%), high gain (>13 dB) with a 1 dB-gain bandwidth higher than 10%, grating lobe mitigation, high isolation between orthogonal polarizations (>25 dB) as well as a fractional impedance bandwidth (S11 < −14 dB) higher than 11.7% (from 16 to 18 GHz).

3061 Retrieval Number: D1608029420/2020©BEIESP DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.D1608.029420 Journal Website: www.ijitee.org Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering &amp; Sciences Publication Design of Meta Material Inspired Series and Corporate Feed Network Antenna

The present techniques are in the form of open literature used to work on selected frequency that has eight and sixteen rectangular patches. The size of it has become compact. Each approach offers different advantages, depending on the required applications. An array antenna is designed and analyzed using series and corporate feed network The FR4 substrate material which is of low cost and easily available in market is used to design the array antenna. An analysis is carried out for both series and corporate feed array antenna in terms of return loss, peak gain, VSWR, directivity, and bandwidth. The antenna’s size is reduced to a very compact size using optimization techniques without degrading the performance characteristics. The design is implemented to work for the multiband applications rather than a single application. Simulation is carried out in HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) software tool. The design proposed is analyzed based on the performance and then it is fabricated.