Serial Circuit Research Articles

Bipolar resistive switching in metal-insulator-semiconductor nanostructures based on silicon nitride and silicon oxide

Bipolar resistive switching in metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitor-like structures with an inert Au top electrode and a Si3N4 insulator nanolayer (6 nm thick) has been observed. The effect of a highly doped n+-Si substrate and a SiO2 interlayer (2 nm) is revealed in the changes in the semiconductor space charge region and small-signal parameters of parallel and serial equivalent circuit models measured in the high- and low-resistive capacitor states, as well as under laser illumination. The increase in conductivity of the semiconductor capacitor plate significantly reduces the charging and discharging times of capacitor-like structures.

Role of highly doped Si substrate in bipolar resistive switching of silicon nitride MIS-capacitors

Bipolar resistive switching of the metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitor-like structures with the inert Au top electrode and Si3N4 dielectric nanolayer (6nm thick) has been investigated. The effect of highly doped n+-Si substrate is revealed related to the changes in semiconductor space charge region on the small-signal parameters of parallel and serial equivalent circuit models measured in the high- and low-resistive capacitor states, as well as under laser illumination. The increase in conductivity of semiconductor capacitor plate significantly reduces the charging and discharging times of capacitor-like structures.

Introduction and application of formation methods based on serial-connected lithium-ion battery cells

The process step of formation is one key process to guarantee high performance, long-lasting and safe automotive lithium-ion cells. Since the formation of the cell is the most expensive process in cell manufacturing, reducing process cost and time is advanced. The state-of-the-art formation process includes the cycling of lithium-ion cells each on its own power electronic channel which amounts to about 38% of the total formation costs. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimized formation method by serial-connected lithium-ion cells. Due to small resistance and capacity deviations conditioned by manufacturing tolerances, charge balancing is necessary for formation of serial-connected cells. This paper introduces several serial interconnection circuits for serial cell formation, like passive balancing or drop out system. Furthermore, the associated influences on the formation process parameters, e.g. the charging profile and the charge current control are investigated. The comprehensive comparison of serial formation techniques reveals cost reduction potentials and challenges regarding the process control.

Effective thermal conductivity models applied to wood briquettes

Three electrical resistive-circuit models were used to determine the effective transverse and longitudinal thermal conductivity of a wood cell as a constituent element of briquettes chips. The models were applied to the briquettes at 0% moisture content and equilibrium moisture content. With the increase in moisture content above equilibrium moisture content, but below fiber saturation point, both fiber swelling and increase in chips interspaces occurred, so that a change in the cell geometry and model was necessary. Since the transverse series resistive model overestimated the thermal conductivity and the transverse parallel resistive model underestimated the thermal conductivity, the wood cells were combined into serial and parallel circuits until the difference between models became insignificant. General equations were developed in the paper, describing effective transverse thermal conductivity of combined cells. Experimental measurements of thermal conductivity significantly validated the resistive models.

Edge capacitance of a two-dimensional topological insulator

We study capacitance of the two-dimensional topological insulator (TI) edge states. The total capacitance is combined as a serial circuit of three capacitors presenting geometrical ${C}_{G}$, quantum ${C}_{Q}$, and correlation ${C}_{\mathrm{corr}}$ contributions to the electron energy. If the Coulomb interaction is weak, they obey an inequality ${C}_{G}<{C}_{Q}<{C}_{\mathrm{corr}}$. Quantities ${C}_{G}$ and ${C}_{Q}$ are found in the case of a round TI dot. The quantum capacitance at the finite temperature is determined taking into account the edge states quantization with and without the magnetic field. We have concluded that, in the accepted approximations, ${C}_{\mathrm{corr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=0$.

Development of the topology and analysis of the efficiency of voltage inverters on composite resonant switches

The paper deals with the effectiveness of composite resonant switches in a serial-parallel LCC tank of a voltage-source inverter (VSI). It has been shown that these circuits operate in the duplex mode of resonant switching, in which the main switches in the output circuit of the inverter have zero voltages and currents. The use of composite resonant switches of this type requires voltage control on the capacitor of the serial LC circuit, and there are three ways to solve this problem in a circuit. Therefore, three new variants of VSIs using composite resonant switches have been developed. The integration process of a composite resonant switch in the inverter structure is based on typical variants of VSIs with resonant commutation, which show a maximum efficiency reduction of dynamic energy loss. The effectiveness of the circuit is designed with additional power losses that accrue to the inverter via the auxiliary resonant circuit in mind. Analytical estimation of additional power losses is done by mathematical calculation of the envelope of the resonant inductor current amplitude continuously changing over the period of the inverter output frequency. It has been shown that the maximum efficiency is possessed by a circuit in which the resonant inductor is designed as a reactive component with two magnetically coupled windings.

Anti-windup design for stochastic Markovian switching systems with mode-dependent time-varying delays and saturation nonlinearity

This paper treats the problem of anti-windup design for stochastic Markovian switching systems with mode-dependent time-varying delays and saturation nonlinearity. The anti-windup compensator is designed such that the resulting system with mode-dependent time-varying delays and saturating actuator is stochastically stable and the domain of attraction is maximized. Sufficient conditions for the corresponding problem are proposed in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, an example about RLC serial circuit demonstrates the validity of the proposed results.

Determination of Relaxation Time in Warming (Cooling) Processes of Atmosphere-Surface Thermal Interaction Based on A Serial RC Circuit Model

An inverse calculation method of a simple serial RC circuit model (RSRC model) has been implemented to construct a more appropriate model in order to explain the process of warming (cooling) of the atmosphere and the surface in a period of day and night, as well as to determine the relaxation time related to it. Testing of the model involving only radiation mechanisms lead to the conclusion that the better values of relaxation time can only be obtained when the interaction between the atmosphere and the surface are taken into account. Meanwhile, with a few flaws that still encountered, the results of the study recommends the need for the development of a model with a mechanism involving convection and phase transformation, while also increase a physical dimension of the depth of the surface layer.

On the spectral response measurement of multijunction solar cells

This work presents particular aspects dealing with the measurement of the spectral response (SR) on multijunction solar cells, a tricky and somewhat complex issue. Here, we demonstrate the development of a facility to measure SR between 300 nm and 1900 nm on III–V solar cells for space applications, particularly oriented to measure large area triple junction (3J) InGaP/GaAs/Ge cells, although it can be utilized to measure other types of devices. The equipment is based on narrowband interference filters and a novel and low cost approach of two dichroic lamps as bias light source, used to select the subcell to be measured using suitable bandpass filters, whereas a simple incandescent halogen lamp is used to generate the monochromatic light beam. The signal is measured on an appropriate resistance inserted in a serial circuit using a lock-in amplifier. Measurement is fully automated, which allows operator independent results. Detailed studies performed on bias spectrum conditions and voltage biasing for these types of cell are showed, as well as a thorough treatment of the uncertainty and measurement error sources. Preliminary SR measurement results demonstrate the good performance of this setup. As an example, the results of the application of this setup to analyze radiation damage induced by 10 MeV protons are shown.

Joule-Thief Circuit Performance for Electricity Energy Saving of Emergency Lamps

The alternative energy such as battery as power source is required as energy source failures. The other need is outdoor lighting. The electrical power source is expected to be a power saving, optimum and has long life operating. The Joule-Thief circuit is one of solution method for energy saving by using raised electromagnetic force on cored coil when there is back-current. This circuit has a transistor operated as a switch to cut voltage and current flowing along the coils. The present of current causing magnetic induction and generates energy. Experimental prototype was designed by using battery 1.5V to activate Light Emitting Diode or LED as load. The LED was connected in parallel or serial circuit configuration. The result show that the joule-thief circuit able to supply LED circuits up to 40 LEDs.

A low-power 12.5 Gbps serial link transmitter ASIC for particle detectors in 65 nm CMOS

This paper presents a 12.5 Gbps serial link transmitter application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designed in a 65-nm CMOS technology. The ASIC mainly includes an LC-VCO phase-locked-loop (PLL), a 16:1 serializer and a CML driver. Simulation results show that the PLL achieves a 7-to-14 GHz frequency tuning range and an RMS jitter of 0.4 pS. The serializer has a deterministic jitter of 9 pS and a programmable output swing from 200 mV to 1.0 V. The PLL and the serializer consumes 39.6 mW and 73 mW from a 1.2 V power supply, respectively.

Advanced power analysis methodology targeted to the optimization of a digital pixel readout chip design and its critical serial powering system

A dedicated power analysis methodology, based on modern digital design tools and integrated with the VEPIX53 simulation framework developed within RD53 collaboration, is being used to guide vital choices for the design and optimization of the next generation ATLAS and CMS pixel chips and their critical serial powering circuit (shunt-LDO). Power consumption is studied at different stages of the design flow under different operating conditions. Significant effort is put into extensive investigations of dynamic power variations in relation with the decoupling seen by the powering network. Shunt-LDO simulations are also reported to prove the reliability at the system level.

A Singular Point in the Characteristics of the Serial RLC Circuit

It is shown that the frequency characteristics of the RCL serial circuit have a special point at which the modulus of the complex resistance is not dependent on resistance. Is investigated the existence region of the real model of the serial circuit. A comparison of different schemes of resonant circuit is provided. Is reviewed previously unknown properties of the classical model of the resonant circuit. Apart from the fact that knowledge is never too much, can be developed new methods of measuring the parameters of electrical circuits, based on open source phenomena. It is also possible that an outdoor phenomenon has a physical explanation. Is a diagram of the mechanical model with similar properties.

Hippocampal - diencephalic - cingulate networks for memory and emotion: An anatomical guide.

This review brings together current knowledge from tract tracing studies to update and reconsider those limbic connections initially highlighted by Papez for their presumed role in emotion. These connections link hippocampal and parahippocampal regions with the mammillary bodies, the anterior thalamic nuclei, and the cingulate gyrus, all structures now strongly implicated in memory functions. An additional goal of this review is to describe the routes taken by the various connections within this network. The original descriptions of these limbic connections saw their interconnecting pathways forming a serial circuit that began and finished in the hippocampal formation. It is now clear that with the exception of the mammillary bodies, these various sites are multiply interconnected with each other, including many reciprocal connections. In addition, these same connections are topographically organised, creating further subsystems. This complex pattern of connectivity helps explain the difficulty of interpreting the functional outcome of damage to any individual site within the network. For these same reasons, Papez’s initial concept of a loop beginning and ending in the hippocampal formation needs to be seen as a much more complex system of hippocampal–diencephalic–cingulate connections. The functions of these multiple interactions might be better viewed as principally providing efferent information from the posterior medial temporal lobe. Both a subcortical diencephalic route (via the fornix) and a cortical cingulate route (via retrosplenial cortex) can be distinguished. These routes provide indirect pathways for hippocampal interactions with prefrontal cortex, with the preponderance of both sets of connections arising from the more posterior hippocampal regions. These multi-stage connections complement the direct hippocampal projections to prefrontal cortex, which principally arise from the anterior hippocampus, thereby creating longitudinal functional differences along the anterior–posterior plane of the hippocampus.

Joule-Thief Circuit Performance for Electricity Energy Saving of Emergency Lamps

The alternative energy such as battery as power source is required as energy source failures. The other need is outdoor lighting. The electrical power source is expected to be a power saving, optimum and has long life operating. The Joule-Thief circuit is one of solution method for energy saving by using raised electromagnetic force on cored coil when there is back-current. This circuit has a transistor operated as a switch to cut voltage and current flowing along the coils. The present of current causing magnetic induction and generates energy. Experimental prototype was designed by using battery 1.5V to activate Light Emitting Diode or LED as load. The LED was connected in parallel or serial circuit configuration. The result show that the joule-thief circuit able to supply LED circuits up to 40 LEDs.

(Invited) The Impedance of Bioelectrochemical Interfaces

Biological relevant molecules are known to get adsorbed at the electrode/electrolyte interface and the study of their adsorption is interesting in relation to biosensors design and development of supra-molecular vectors for drugs delivery. On the other hand, the structure and electrical properties of biomembranes are frequently modeled by modifying electrode surfaces with lipidic films. The study of these lipidic film coated electrodes is also relevant in relation to drugs delivery vectors. Both cases of electrode interfaces are usually characterized by capacitance measurements as a function of potential with the implicit assumption of a serial RC model circuit for the metal/solution interface. However, the application of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the corresponding analysis of data as a function of the frequency and of the applied potential to the electrode can provide detailed information about the kinetics of adsorption1,2, biomembrane reorganization phenomena and electron transfers through the film3.In this communication the application of EIS to bioelectrochemical interfaces is illustrated by studying examples of the two kinds of electrode interfaces. The adsorption of adenine, one of the DNA bases, on single crystal Au(111) electrode is presented as an example of a Gibbs adsorption electrode interface, in which the adsorbate is present in the metal and the electrolyte phases, while the study of modified electrodes with phospholipid films exemplifies the electrochemical behavior of organized biomembrane coating the metal with the polar heads of the lipidic chains directed towards the electrolyte solution part of the interface.The experimental procedures In the case of the two kinds of interfaces have to be designed in order to avoid interference of surface reconstruction phenomena (in the case of the work with single crystal electrodes) or film reorganization phenomena (in the case of phospholipids modified electrodes).The results about adenine adsorption as a function of the pH of the solution allow us to evaluate the kinetics of the adsorption and their correlation with results previously obtained by the authors using FT-IR-spectro-electrochemical methods1,2. The results about phospholipids film coated electrodes allows us to conclude about the stability of the film as a function of the electric field and to analyze the plausible electron transfer through them, when adding electroactive compounds to the solution phase.[1].- M. Rueda, F. Prieto, A. Rodes, J.M. Delgado, Electrochim. Acta, 82 (2012) 534[2].- J. Alvarez-Malmagro, F. Prieto, M. Rueda, A. Rodes, Electrochim. Acta, 140 (2014) 476[3].- M. Rueda, F. Prieto, I. Navarro, R. Romero, J. Electroanal. Chem. 649 (2010) 42

A New Partitioned-Rotor Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Motor With High Torque Density and Improved Magnet Utilization

In this paper, by incorporating the new concept of “partitioned structure,” a type of new partitioned-rotor flux-switching permanent magnet (PR-FSPM) motors is proposed, where the parallel and serial magnetic circuit topologies are involved, respectively. The topologies and the operation principle of the two motors are introduced first. Then, by using the finite-element method, the basic electromagnetic performances are analyzed. Moreover, the two proposed motors and the conventional 12/10-pole FSPM motor are quantitatively compared, in terms of their output torque, torque capability in per unit PM volume, as well as torque–speed and power–speed characteristics, in detail. Both the theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed motors not only can retain the high torque density and efficiency but also can avoid the stator flux leakage and improve the PM utilization significantly.

단일 입력 직렬 통신을 이용한 퓨즈 제어 회로 설계 및 구현

In this paper, we propose a fuse controller which is used for storing the optimal value or the correction value for the surrounding product of the IoT applications and it is implemented serial communication circuit using a single pin. Because of the proposed single pin protocol is simpler in the hardware than the conventional and SPI using two or more pins, it is suitable for the area of small amount of data transmission. The function of the one pin protocol is verified by logic simulation and the FPGA test board and it is fabricated using CMOS 0.35um technology. It is expected to use the IoT product that require the low power consumption and simple hardware.

Design of conformal cooling for plastic injection moulding by heat transfer simulation

The cooling channels of a mold for plastic injection have to be as close as possible to the part geometry in order to ensure fast and homogeneous cooling. However, conventional methods to manufacture cooling channels (drilling) can only produce linear holes. Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing technique capable to manufacture complex cooling channels (known as conformal cooling). Nevertheless, because of the high costs of SLM the benefits of conformal collings are still not clear. The current work investigates two designs of conformal coolings: i) parallel circuit; ii) serial circuit. Both coolings are evaluated against to traditional cooling circuits (linear channels) by CAE simulation to produce parts of polypropylene. The results show that if the conformal cooling is not properly designed it cannot provide reasonable results. The deformation of the product can be reduced significantly after injection but the cycle time reduced not more than 6%.

Equivalent Circuit of a Heterostructure with Multiple Quantum Wells

Based on the consideration of physical processes in a heterostructure with quantum wells (QW), its equivalent circuit is constructed including a barrier capacitance and a differential resistance of the p-n junction, capacitance and resistance of charge relaxation in QW, and resistance of free charge carrier delivery to QW. Analytical expressions for the equivalent capacity and equivalent resistance of the heterostructure for a serial substitution circuit are derived, and behavior of the equivalent parameters attendant to changes of the test signal frequency is analyzed. Results of experimental investigation of the capacitive and resistive properties of the heterostructures with QW based on the InGaN/GaN barriers confirm the calculated dependences of their equivalent parameters and demonstrate their dependence on the special features of the kinetic properties of the heterostructures.