Sequestration Of Erythrocytes Research Articles

Splenic sequestration of young erythrocytes in sheep.

Splenic sequestration of young erythrocytes in sheep.

Junctional apparatus in erythrocytes infected with malarial parasites

Electron microscopy of erythrocytes infected by the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, revealed electron dense, cone-shaped excrescences (∼40 mμ in height and ∼100 mμ in width) along the plasma membrane. These excrescences form focal junctions with the plasma membrane of reticular cells of the spleen. The resulting complexes appear to be responsible for sequestration of erythrocytes infected by P. falciparum in the spleen of the host.

DISCUSSION

Erythrocyte sequestration was studied in 24 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) by infusion of autologous 51Cr‐labelled erythrocytes followed by surface measurements at regular intervals over the spleen, liver, and heart.To obtain a comparable expression of the accumulation of activity in spleens of different sizes, the splenic surface activities were corrected. The correction factors were determined using fluid‐filled balloons (simulating spleens) with the same amount of activity.In 19 patients with CLL the splenic erythrocyte pool increased with increasing spleen weight (500–4, 300 g). Moreover, the erythrocyte sequestration in the spleen increased with increasing pool. The maintenance of a large erythrocyte pool makes increased demands upon the erythropoiesis, which is perhaps already insufficient, and an increased splenic erythrocyte sequestration contributes to reducing the number of circulating erythrocytes. Splenectomy is invariably followed by increasing haemoglobin level and an average 30% increase of erythrocyte survival (22–48%).In cases of CLL plus splenomegaly the indications for splenectomy appear to be fairly simple, but may be supported by the demonstration of a large splenic erythrocyte pool and a large splenic erythrocyte destruction.The studies support the likelihood of lymphocytic infiltration in the liver (increased accumulation of activity), a finding which seems of prognostic significance.

Splenomegaly and haematologic disorders of the Gunn rat.

Summary. Erythrocyte values, leucocyte counts, haemoglobin components and erythropoietin levels were determined in Wistar and Gunn rats. Spleen and bone marrow examinations were also performed. Erythrocyte values and leucocyte counts in Gunn rats were lower than in Wistar rats. Females of both strains of rats showed lower haematocrit values, haemoglobin concentrations, erythrocyte counts, and erythropoietin levels than did the males. Female Gunn rats also had leucopenia when compared with the males. The leucopenia disappeared after castration. The erythrocyte abnormalities were particularly marked in homozygous female Gunn rats which manifested anaemia, shortened erythrocyte survival time and splenomegaly. After splenectomy and/or ovariectomy, the erythrocyte survival time became normal and the anaemia improved. However, ovariectomy alone did not influence the splenomegaly nor the enhanced splenic sequestration of erythrocytes. Microscopic examination of the bone marrow of Gunn rats revealed normal overall cellularity. In contrast, hyperplasia of the white and red pulp was observed in the spleens of Gunn rats of both sexes. These findings suggest that the anaemia of homozygous female Gunn rats is caused by enhanced sequestration of erythrocytes in the spleen and by a possible disturbance of oestrogen metabolism.

Splenic sequestration of stress erythrocytes in the rabbit.

ARTICLESSplenic sequestration of stress erythrocytes in the rabbitJ Sorbie, and LS ValbergJ Sorbie, and LS ValbergPublished Online:01 Mar 1970https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.218.3.647MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByEvaluation of splenic accumulation and colocalization of immature reticulocytes and Plasmodium vivax in asymptomatic malaria: A prospective human splenectomy study26 May 2021 | PLOS Medicine, Vol. 18, No. 5The quantification of reticulocyte maturation and neocytolysis in normal and erythropoietin stimulated rats27 June 2014 | Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition, Vol. 35, No. 6Interpreting Stress Responses during Routine Toxicity Studies7 March 2013 | Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 41, No. 4Flow cytometric analysis of reticulocyte maturation after erythropoietin administration in ratsCytometry Part A, Vol. 75A, No. 7Splenic Microcirculatory Blood Flow and Function with Respect to Red Blood CellsInfluence of age and K, Mg aspartate (Cardilan) on murine haemopoiesisMechanisms of Ageing and Development, Vol. 119, No. 3Red Cell Ageing and DeathVox Sanguinis, Vol. 30, No. 3The role of sialic acid in determining the life-span of circulating cells and glycoproteinsExperientia, Vol. 32, No. 2Biogenesis of erythrocyte membrane proteins in vivo studies in anemic rabbitsBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 389, No. 1The Spleen and Haemolytic DisordersClinics in Haematology, Vol. 4, No. 1The Biological Life of the Red CellThe Sialic Acid of the Membrane as a Determinant of the Life-span of ErythrocytesImmature and Abnormal Erythrocytes Present in the Normal, Healthy Spleen24 April 2009 | Scandinavian Journal of Haematology, Vol. 8, No. 6Reticulocyte Sequestration in Spleens of Normal, Anaemic and Leukaemic RatsBritish Journal of Haematology, Vol. 21, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 218Issue 3March 1970Pages 647-653 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1970 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.218.3.647PubMed5414022History Published online 1 March 1970 Published in print 1 March 1970 Metrics

Fetal Hematopoiesis—Case Report

Abstract An unusually well-preserved eleven-week, 4.7 cm. human fetus exhibited active erythropoiesis in liver, and myelopoiesis in femur and humerus; the spleen was the site for sequestration and destruction of primitive erythrocytes, and the yolk sac was fibrotic. High proportions of adult type hemoglobin (A) were found in liver homogenate, and an electrophoretically distinctive fetal form of G6PD was observed.

Life-span and organ sequestration of the red cells in pyruvate kinase deficiency.

Abstract To define the role of the spleen in the hemolytic anemia associated with erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency, removal rates and patterns or organ sequestration of 51Cr-labeled PK erythrocytes were studied. Recipients were the PK patients themselves, normal subjects and persons splenectomized for diverse causes. In one study the 51Cr was attached to young and old populations of PK erythrocytes before their injection; in another the young population was differentially labeled with glycine-2–14C. The results show that the PK-deficient cell is heterogeneously affected by whatever mechanisms induce its destruction. Therefore, a population of young PK cells contains more seriously damaged cells than a population of older cells, the latter living to an older age because of their improved initial outlook. Younger cells, if they pass through the spleen, are subsequently destroyed in the liver. Removal of the spleen improves the survival of the younger cells, for they are then destroyed muc...

Measurement of intravascular erythrocyte sequestration by Cr51

Measurement of intravascular erythrocyte sequestration by Cr51

Variations in small and large vessel volumes caused by cations, adrenaline and histamine.

1. Plasma and blood cell volumes were measured simultaneously with [(131)I]albumin and [(32)P]erythrocytes, together with the arterial haematocrits, in acutely splenectomized dogs anaesthetized with sodium barbital. These measurements were made during control runs and after the administration of vasoactive substances.2. With these data and previously derived equations the mean composite radius of all small vessels with a radius < 150 mu, the distribution of the blood volumes between small and large vessels, and other variables could be calculated.3. Adrenaline, CaCl(2) or vasopressin administration caused a reduction of the mean composite radius, a net shift of erythrocytes and plasma out of the small vessel volume, and an expansion of the large vessel volume. Histamine, KCl and MgCl(2) produced opposite effects.4. Adrenaline appeared to cause the release of sequestered erythrocytes into the active circulation.5. The effects of CaCl(2) and KCl persisted for several hours, while those of MgCl(2) did not.6. The effects of vasopressin could be reversed by histamine, those of adrenaline by splenic plasma or KCl, and those of CaCl(2) by MgCl(2).7. It was suggested that the observed vasoactions are essentially the resultants of diverse combinations of direct and indirect actions on the capacitance section of the small vessel volume.

Sequestration of erythrocytes by rat spleen.

Sequestration of erythrocytes by rat spleen.

Measurement of intravascular erythrocyte sequestration by Cr51: effect of endotoxin in dogs and clinical status, extracorporeal circulation and rapid sampling in man.

Measurement of intravascular erythrocyte sequestration by Cr51: effect of endotoxin in dogs and clinical status, extracorporeal circulation and rapid sampling in man.

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE PREVENTION OF SLUDGING OF ERYTHROCYTES IN EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION

SUMMARY By means of a radioisotope method which quantitates erythrocyte sequestration, the effects of ascorbic acid, low molecular weight dextran, and 5 per cent dextrose primer on erythrocyte sequestration in the microcirculation following extracorporeal circulation in dogs were evaluated. Prior to perfusion, 3.0 per cent of the total circulating red cell mass was sequestered, presumably as the result of pentobarbital anesthesia, whereas no sequestration was observed in unanesthetized dogs. Following the perfusion, 11.8 per cent of the total body erythrocytes was demonstrated to be sequestered and some erythrocytes remained sequestered in the microcirculation for as long as 60 to 90 minutes. When ascorbic acid was administered, only 4.6 per cent of the erythrocyte mass was sequestered. Low molecular weight dextran and 5 per cent dextrose primer diminished the sequestration to 3.2 per cent and 5.4 per cent, respectively. The beneficial effects of various perfusion techniques were also demonstrated by the microscopic study of the mesenteric microcirculation. On the basis of this study, ascorbic acid is being used as the anti-sludging agent in clinical perfusions.

Life Span and Sites of Sequestration of Normal Erythrocytes in Normal and Splenectomized Mice and Rats

Life Span and Sites of Sequestration of Normal Erythrocytes in Normal and Splenectomized Mice and Rats

Equilibrium behavior of tagged erythrocytes in experimental “irreversible shock”

Summary o 1. Equilibrium behavior of erythrocytes tagged with Evans blue dye and radiochromate in the normal and shocked animal was studied. 2. There was no alteration in the disappearance curve of Evans blue dye. 3. There seemed to be a slope of decreasing erythrocyte activity in the shocked animals. This slope was not such as to produce a statistically significant decrement at either 50 or 90 minutes. In Shoemaker's work, steep slopes of strong significance were reported in two thirds of the animals. 4. In no animal did we observe an “inflection point” with a secondary plateau to suggest the clear delineation of a “slowly circulating” red cell volume. 5. The red cell volume measured at the conclusion of the experiment correlated almost perfectly with that observed at the start, as corrected for volume loss by sampling. We therefore did not discover any evidence for a “noncirculating” red cell mass in these animals. 6. On the basis of these data, we cannot confirm the concept that irreversible shock in the dog results in a significant sequestration of erythrocytes from that mass normally exchangeable with infused tagged cells.

INFLUENCE OF SPLEEN SIZE AND PORTAL PRESSURE ON ERYTHROCYTE SEQUESTRATION.

INFLUENCE OF SPLEEN SIZE AND PORTAL PRESSURE ON ERYTHROCYTE SEQUESTRATION.

The structure of the spleen and its functional implications

Spleens from normal albino rabbits were studied with optical and electron microscopy. There were openings in the walls of the capillaries of the white pulp, in the walls of the large parafollicular sinusoids, and the sinusoids of the red pulp. All types of cells and platelets were seen within the intersinusoidal tissue and also crossing the walls of the sinusoids. The lining of the parafollicular sinusoids was actually formed in part by the cells of the marginal zone. Most of the material that had been phagocytized was in the cells of the intersinusoidal tissue rather than in the cells lining the sinusoids. Erythrocytes and leucocytes in various stages of degeneration comprised the major part of the material that had been phagocytized. The findings are discussed in relation to the route and communications of the circulatory system of the spleen; the sequestration, phagocytosis, and degeneration of erythrocytes; the phagocytosis, distribution, and effect of extracellular materials carried to the spleen by the circulation; the production and interchange of cells between red and white pulp and the general circulation; and the components of the supporting connective tissue of the spleen.

Anemia in macroglobulinemia

Erythrokinetic and red cell survival studies were performed in ten patients with macroglobulinemia. Inadequate red cell synthesis, decreased erythrocyte survival and iron deficiency, alone or in combination, were responsible for anemia in eight of these patients. In six patients there was a relative failure of red cell production with inadequate compensation for excessive red cell destruction. In two patients there was an absolute failure of erythropoiesis with functional aplasia. No simple correlation between rate of erythropoiesis and serum gamma macroglobulin concentration was evident. Shortened erythrocyte life span was found in eight of the ten patients and was most prominent in those with active disease. Serial studies before and after plasmapheresis in two patients showed that reduction of serum viscosity and macroglobulin level was associated with increased red cell survival. Causes of shortened erythrocyte survival included bleeding disorders, Coombs' positive hemolytic anemia and erythrocyte sequestration by the spleen. Two patients had advanced iron deficiency and four had evidence of early iron deficiency. Depletion of body iron stores usually could be related to external blood loss. The typical features of iron depletion were present when iron deficiency was advanced. Therapy of anemia in these patients consisted of plasmapheresis with or without chemotherapy for disease manifestations associated with high serum viscosity, corticosteroids when immune hemolysis was demonstrable, and iron for iron deficiency.

STUDIES ON CONGENITAL HEMOLYTIC SYNDROMES

Rates of destruction of erythrocytes and of effective production of erythrocytes and hemoglobin have been determined in eight patients with sickle cell anemia. The method employed was based upon survival of chromium-labeled erythrocytes in patients in whom a state of hemopoietic equilibrium was present. Rates of destruction and production of erythrocytes tended to be greater than in patients with homozygous thalassemia and congenital spherocytosis. Comparison of data from patients with the same three congenital hemolytic disorders has indicated that peripheral indexes such as concentration of hemoglobin and hematocrit do not accurately reflect the true comparative degrees of anemia in terms of total volume of erythrocytes. Plasma volume was markedly expanded in patients with sickle cell anemia and very little, if at all, in congenital spherocytosis. Intermediate values were found in patients with thalassemia. Two patients with sickle cell anemia in whom the spleen was enlarged demonstrated splenic sequestration of erythrocytes. The role of the spleen in this disease has been discussed. Hepatic sequestration of erythrocytes was demonstrated in all eight patients to a significantly greater degree than in patients with other congenital hemolytic disorders. Results of studies of erythrocyte survival in one patient when well and when in crisis indicated that hyperhemolysis was not a significant feature of the painful crisis. Contraction of plasma volume during a painful crisis of sickle cell anemia has been described. Studies in patients with sickle cell-thalassemia and sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease demonstrated that the hemolytic defects were less severe than in the usual patient with sickle cell anemia.

Mechanism of acute erythrocyte loss following burn.

Direct measurements of red cell mass, osmotic fragility change and plasma hemoglobin immediately following a 22 cal/cm2 30% surface area burn in the dog indicate that a 13% decrease in red cell mass occurs, at least half of which can be attributed to the direct destruction and changes in osmotic fragility of erythrocytes. It was also observed that the red cell mass may increase following burn as a result of splenic extrusion of sequestered erythrocytes. The results of these experiments indicate that while there is some physiologic basis for whole blood therapy following burn, the more immediate requirement is the replacement of fluid.