Sequential Monomer Addition Research Articles

Thermo-Induced Self-Assembly of Responsive Poly(DMAEMA-b-DEGMA) Block Copolymers into Multi- and Unilamellar Vesicles

A series of thermoresponsive diblock copolymers of poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-block-di(ethyleneglycol) methyl ether methacrylate], poly(DMAEMA-b-DEGMA), were synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations. The series consist of diblock and quasi diblock copolymers. Sequential monomer addition was used for the quasi diblock copolymer synthesis and the macro-chain transfer approach was utilized for the block copolymer synthesis. The focus of this contribution is the controlled variation of the ratios of DMAEMA to DEGMA in the copolymer composition, resulting in a systematic polymer library. One of the investigated block copolymer systems showed double lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior in water and was further investigated. The phase transitions of this block copolymer were studied in aqueous solutions by turbidimetry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), variable temperature proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, zeta poten...

Synthesis of stimuli-responsive PEO-based triblock copolymers and their applications for preparation of iron oxide nanoparticles

In this paper, the important and useful method for manufacturing superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized by water-soluble poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based triblock copolymers showing stimuli-responsive phase transition is introduced. Triblock copolymers, such as poly(ethylene oxide-b-N-vinylimidazole-b-3-(methacrylamino)phenylboronic acid) (PEO-b-PVIm-b-PMAPBA), poly(ethylene oxide-b-N-vinylpyrrolidone-b-3-(methacrylamino)phenylboronic acid) (PEO-b-PVP-b-PMAPBA), and poly(ethylene oxide-b-N-vinylimidazoleb-maleic acid) (PEO-b-PVIm-b-PMAc), were synthesized using the sequential monomer addition method via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical block copolymerizations of the corresponding monomers, using PEO-based RAFT agent. After complete polymerization of N-vinylimidazole or N-vinylpyrrolidone in dimethylformamide (DMF) at 110 °C, 3-(methacrylamino)phenylboronic acid (MAPBA) was polymerized in DMF at 90 °C for 24 h, and N-phenylmaleimide was polymerized in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at 110 °C for 28 h. All the block copolymers were water-soluble and efficient enough to stabilize the surface of nano-sized iron oxide particles in water. The nanoparticles were stable in neutral aqueous media for at least one month. The resulting products were characterized by a combination of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), size exclusion chromatography, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction pattern, and phase transition behavior of the block copolymers using UV/visible spectrophotometer. Open image in new window

Synthesis and structure–conductivity relationship of polystyrene‐block‐poly(vinyl benzyl trimethylammonium) for alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells

Block copolymers of polystyrene‐b‐poly(vinyl benzyl trimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate) (PS‐b‐[PVBTMA][BF4]) were synthesized by sequential monomer addition using atom transfer radical polymerization. Membranes of the block copolymers were prepared by drop casting from dimethylformamide. Initial evaluation of the microphase separation in these PS‐b‐[PVBTMA][BF4] materials via SAXS revealed the formation of spherical, cylindrical, and lamellar morphologies. Block copolymers of polystyrene‐b‐poly(vinyl benzyl trimethylammonium hydroxide) (PS‐b‐[PVBTMA][OH]) were prepared as polymeric alkaline anion exchange membranes materials by ion exchange from PS‐b‐[PVBTMA][BF4] with hydroxide in order to investigate the relationship between morphology and ionic conductivity. Studies of humidity [relative humidity (RH)]‐dependent conductivity at 80 °C showed that the conductivity increases with increasing humidity. Moreover, the investigation of the temperature‐dependent conductivity at RH = 50, 70, and 90% showed a significant effect of grain boundaries in the membranes against the formation of continuous conductive channels, which is an important requirement for achieving high ion conductivity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1751–1760, 2013

Synthesis of Polyisobutylene-Based Miktoarm Star Polymers from a Dicationic Monoradical Dual Initiator

A dicationic monoradical dual initiator 3-[3,5-bis(1-chloro-1-methylethyl)phenyl]-3-methylbutyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropionate (DCCBMP) was designed for the preparation of A2B type miktoarm star copolymers, where A is a polyisobutylene (PIB)-based homo or block copolymer that is produced by living carbocationic polymerization (LCP), and B is a polyacrylate or other polymer block produced by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). DCCBMP was obtained by chlorination of 3-[3,5-bis(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]-3-methylbutyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropionate (DCOHBMP), which was synthesized in a pure form via aerobic oxidation of 3-(3,5-diisopropylphenyl)-3-methylbutyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropionate using N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI)/Co(OAc)2·4H2O catalyst system. Initiation efficiency of DCCBMP was 0.89–0.98 for LCP of isobutylene (IB) at −70 °C targeting molecular weights of 5K, 10K, and 20K g/mol, which was comparable to the standard dicationic initiator 5-tert-butyl-1,3-(1-chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene (t-Bu-m-DCC). Sequential monomer addition under LCP conditions produced narrow-polydispersity poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) (PS–PIB–PS) triblock copolymers. These polymers possessed a 2-bromo-2-methylpropionate (bromoester) ATRP initiating site in the approximate middle of PIB segment and two sec-benzylic chloride groups at the PS chain ends, which were also effective in initiating ATRP. With these PS–PIB–PS macroinitiators, poly(tert-butyl acrylate-b-styrene-b-isobutylene)2-s-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) [(PtBA–PS–PIB)2-s-PtBA] miktoarm star polymers were readily synthesized via ATRP of tert-butyl acrylate (tBA). The sec-benzylic chloride functionality was alternatively eliminated at high temperature (180–200 °C) under vacuum, yielding PS–PIB–PS macroinitiators containing only the bromoester site (thermolyzed PS–PIB–PS). Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed that thermolysis removed all sec-benzylic chlorides without destruction of bromoester moieties. Thermolyzed PS–PIB–PS allowed synthesis of poly(styrene-b-isobutylene)2-s-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) [(PS–PIB)2-s-PtBA] star polymers with the potential hydrophilic segment attached only to the core of PS–PIB–PS. For both star terpolymer configurations, the PtBA blocks were converted to PAA via thermolysis at 150 °C to produce amphiphilic PIB-based miktoarm star polymers with narrow polydispersity indices (<1.1).

Living cationic polymerization of isobutylene coinitiated by FeCl3 in the presence of isopropanol

AbstractA simple but effective FeCl3‐based initiating system has been developed to achieve living cationic polymerization of isobutylene (IB) using di(2‐chloro‐2‐propyl) benzene (DCC) or 1‐chlorine‐2,4,4‐trimethylpentane (TMPCl) as initiators in the presence of isopropanol (iPrOH) at −80 °C for the first time. The polymerization with near 100% of initiation efficiency proceeded rapidly and completed quantitatively within 10 min. Polyisobutylenes (PIBs) with designed number‐average molecular weights (Mn) from 3500 to 21,000 g mol−1, narrow molecular weight distributions (MWD, Mw/Mn ≤ 1.2) and near 100% of tert‐Cl terminal groups could be obtained at appropriate concentrations of iPrOH. Livingness of cationic polymerization of IB was further confirmed by all monomer in technique and incremental monomer addition technique. The kinetic investigation on living cationic polymerization was conducted by real‐time attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The apparent constant of rate for propagation (kpA) increased with increasing polymerization temperature and the apparent activation energy (ΔEa) for propagation was determined to be 14.4 kJ mol−1. Furthermore, the triblock copolymers of PS‐b‐PIB‐b‐PS with different chain length of polystyrene (PS) segments could be successfully synthesized via living cationic polymerization with DCC/FeCl3/iPrOH initiating system by sequential monomer addition of IB and styrene at −80 °C. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012

Zinc Undecylenate Catalyst for the Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Caprolactone Monomers

The ring-opening polymerization of two caprolactone monomers catalyzed by zinc undecylenate (ZU) is reported. Polymerizations were performed in bulk with benzyl alcohol (BnOH) as an initiator at 90 and 110 °C, respectively. A slower polymerization rate was observed for γ-octyloxy-ε-caprolactone as compared to ε-caprolactone. Diblock copolymers were synthesized by the sequential monomer addition at 90 and 110 °C. The kinetic studies performed for the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone and γ-octyloxy-ε-caprolactone and the successful synthesis of diblock copolymers by the sequential monomer addition confirmed the controlled/living nature of zinc undecylenate catalyzed reactions.

Synthesis of α-biotinyl poly(ethylene glycol-b-N-isopropylacrylamide) block copolymers with different fluorescent dyes at the ω-side

A series of α-biotinylated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) block copolymers with different poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacers were synthesized and two approaches for ω-functionalization were tested, first, by the use of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and sequential monomer addition and second, by halogen end group modification with azides and subsequent copper catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloadditions. Three different dyes, rhodamine B, fluorescein and a coumarin derivative, were chosen as end groups. For each approach the corresponding monomer or alkyne functionalized dye was synthesized. The biotin group can be used for attaching the polymers to streptavidin whereas the fluorescent dyes can be used as labels for polymer monitoring in various environments and thus to larger structures (e.g. microtubule, surfaces, etc.). The synthesis routes of the biotin–PEG initiators were developed in a way that also amino functionalized PEG initiators as intermediates were produced. The advantage of this approach is the use of these polymers for other purposes like direct covalent coupling to biomolecules, fluorescent labeling or surface attachment, gaining a very flexible tool for PNIPAAm functionalization. The two approaches for ω-functionalization were investigated by NMR, GPC and UV-Vis spectroscopy and compared for their efficiency.

Living copolymerization of ethylene with 4-methyl-1-pentene by an α-diimine Ni(ii)/Et2AlCl catalyst: synthesis of diblock copolymers via sequential monomer addition

Living copolymerization of ethylene (E) with 4-methyl-1-pentene (4M1P) by an α-diimine Ni(II) complex and Et2AlCl as an activator is reported. The living nature of the polymerization was exploited to prepare poly(E-co-4M1P)-block-poly(1-hexene) with low polydispersity index (Mw/Mn ≈ 1.20) and qualitatively good elastomeric properties.

Bulk Ring-Opening Transesterification Polymerization of the Renewable δ-Decalactone Using an Organocatalyst.

The bulk ring-opening polymerization of renewable δ-decalactone using 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene was carried out at temperatures between 7 and 110 °C. The equilibrium monomer concentration for reactions within this temperature range was used to determine the polymerization thermodynamic parameters (ΔHp = -17.1 ± 0.6 kJ mol-1, ΔSp = -54 ± 2 J mol-1 K-1) for δ-decalactone. The polymerization kinetics were established and high molar mass poly(δ-decalactone) was prepared with a glass transition temperature of -51 °C. Poly(δ-decalactone) samples with controlled molar mass and narrow molar mass distributions were realized by controlling the monomer conversion and initiator concentration. A high molar mass poly(lactide)-poly(δ-decalactone)-poly(lactide) triblock copolymer with a low polydispersity index was prepared by simple sequential addition of monomers. The product triblock exhibited two distinct glass transitions temperatures consistent with microphase segregation.

Synthesis, characterization, and gamma radiation effects over well‐defined poly(vinylsiloxanes) copolymers

AbstractAnionic ring‐opening polymerization (AROP) was employed for the controlled synthesis of linear model block copolymers of 1,3,5,7‐tetrametil‐1,3,5,7‐tetravinyl(cyclotetrasiloxane) (V4) and 1,3,5‐dimethyl(cyclotrisiloxane) (D3) monomers by using sec‐butyl lithium (sec‐Bu−Li+) as initiator, and high‐vacuum anionic polymerization techniques. V4 copolymerization was promoted by employing D3 and sec‐Bu−Li+ producing living silanolates that open the stable V4 ring. For this purpose, two strategies were applied: (a) sequential addition of monomers, and (b) one‐step copolymerization at different reaction temperatures. According to the experimental results, higher levels of V4 incorporation (∼ 18.14 mol %) were obtained by mixing both co‐monomers and performing the reaction at high temperature (80°C). This strategy allowed the control of the V4 incorporation into the copolymer structure, giving the opportunity of synthesizing model vinyl‐siloxane polymers. The gamma radiation of these materials showed that lower doses are needed to achieve the same gel content as in a model poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). In such a sense, these results constitute one of the first reports regarding the effect of gamma radiation on vinyl‐containing silicon polymers, and may be of fundamental importance if a biomedical cross‐linked rubber‐type PDMS is needed at earlier doses of sterilization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Living, Isoselective Polymerization of 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene and Styrenic Monomers and Synthesis of Highly Stereoregular Block Copolymers via Sequential Monomer Addition

The living, isoselective polymerization of 4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 4-methylstyrene, and 4-tert-butylstyrene was promoted by using the titanium complex 1 activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO) at room temperature producing highly isotactic polymers. The synthesis of highly isotactic polystyrene-block-poly(4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene), poly(4-methylstyrene)-block-polystyrene, poly(4-methylstyrene)-block-1,4-trans-poly(1,3-butadiene), poly(4-methylstyrene)-block-polystyrene-block-poly(4-methylstyrene), poly(4-methylstyrene)-block-polystyrene-block-poly(4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene), and poly(4-methylstyrene)-block-polystyrene-block-poly(4-tert-butylstyrene) copolymers was also accomplished for the first time, by sequential monomer addition, in the presence of the system 1 activated by MAO. The thermal features of these polymers clearly show that all copolymer blocks, except the 4-methylstyrene one, are crystalline with melting point values typical of the corresponding homopolymers. The synthesis of a low molecular weight polystyrene sample allowed us to detect the polymer chain ends, giving useful information about the polymerization mechanism.

Synthesis of PEO-based glucose-sensitive block copolymers and their application for preparation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

Amphiphilic block copolymers were synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical block polymerization of N-vinylimidazole and 3-(methacrylamido)phenylboronic acid using poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based xanthate type of RAFT agent and 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) in dimethylformaide (DMF) at 90∼110 °C for 24 h. Poly(ethylene oxide-b-3-(methacrylamido)phenylboronic acid) and poly(ethylene oxide-b-N-vinylimidazole-b-3-(methacrylamido)phenylboronic acid) were prepared successfully through the sequential monomer addition method. Both block copolymers were found to exhibit glucose-responsive behavior via the feasibility test for complex formation with Alizarin Red S (ARS). The ratio of molecular weight of the poly(N-vinyimidazole) to the poly(3-(methacrylamido)phenylboronic acid) appeared to play an important role in the pH- & glucose-responsive behavior. The resulting block copolymers were used successfully as polymeric stabilizers to prepare water-soluble Fe3O4 nanoparticles. All the materials were characterized by the combination of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses.

High-Order Multiblock Copolymers via Iterative Cu(0)-Mediated Radical Polymerizations (SET-LRP): Toward Biological Precision

We report a new approach for the facile synthesis of high-order multiblock copolymers comprising very short blocks. The approach entails sequential addition of different monomers via an iterative single electron transfer-living radical polymerization technique, allowing nearly perfect control of the copolymer microstructure. It is possible to synthesize high-order multiblock copolymers with unprecedented control, i.e., A-B-C-D-E-etc., without any need for purification between iterative 24 h block formation steps. To illustrate this concept, we report the synthesis of model P(MA-b-MA...) homopolymer and P(MA-b-nBuA-b-EA-b-2EHA-b-EA-b-nBuA) copolymer in extremely high yield. Finally, the halide end-group can be modified via "click chemistry", including thiol-bromide click chemistry, sodium methanethiosulfonate nucleophilic substitution, and atom transfer radical nitroxide coupling reaction, to yield functional, structurally complex macromolecules.

Synthesis of PEO-based block copolymers bearing cyclic hydrazide or carboxylic acid moieties and their applications as stabilizers for Fe3O4 nanoparticles

In this paper, a useful synthetic method for poly(ethylene oxide)-based block copolymers and their applications for preparation of iron oxide nanoparticles were introduced. Poly(ethylene oxide-b-N-phenylmaleimide) was first synthesized by anionic block copolymerization of ethylene oxide and N-phenylmaleimide (N-PMI) using mixed alkali metal alkoxides via the sequential monomer addition technique in a mixture of benzene dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)/tetrahydrofuran (THF) (30/5/6∼20, v/v/v) at room temperature. Reductive deimidation of the resulting block copolymers under different reaction conditions using hydrazine monohydrate led to the formation of the corresponding water-soluble poly(ethylene oxide-b-maleic hydrazide) under acidic conditions and poly(ethylene oxideb-maleic acid) under basic conditions. Both were found to be very efficient stabilizers to prepare superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Open image in new window

Chemical and nanomechanical analysis of rice husk modified by ATRP-grafted oligomer

Rice husk (RH), an abundant agricultural residue, was reacted with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide, to convert it to a heterogeneous polyfunctional macroinitiator for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP). The number of active sites placed on the RH surface was small, but they were ATRP active. Non-polar methyl methacrylate (MMA) and polar acrylonitrile (AN) were polymerized from the RH, and a sequential monomer addition was used to prepare an amphiphilic PMMA-b-PAN copolymer on RH surface. FTIR qualitatively confirmed the grafting. Gravimetric and XPS analysis of the different RH surface compositions indicated thin layers of oligomeric PMMA, PAN, and PMMA-b-PAN. The modified surfaces were mapped by nanomechanical AFM to measure surface roughness, and adhesion and moduli using the Derjaguin–Muller–Toropov model. RH grafted with MMA possessed a roughness value of 7.92, and a hard and weakly adhering surface (13.1GPa and 16.7nN respectively) while RH grafted with AN yielded a roughness value of 29 with hardness and adhesion values of 4.0GPa and 23.5nN. The PMMA-b-PAN modification afforded a surface with a roughness value of 51.5nm, with hardness and adhesion values of 3.0GPa and 75.3nN.

Effects of Different Reactive Oxyanionic Initiators on the Anionic Polymerizaition of n-Hexyl Isocyanate

Poly(n-hexyl isocyanate) was synthesized by anionic polymerization using various oxy-initiators, including sodium phenoxide (Na-PO), sodium benzhydroxide (Na-BH), and sodium methoxyphenylethoxide (Na-MPE). We optimized polymerization conditions. To confirm the living natures of the polymerization, we carried out various polymerizations changing mole ratio between monomers and initiators and a postpolymerization by sequential monomer addition method. Our results indicated that the anionic polymerization of n-hexyl isocyanate was not controlled using Na-PO and Na-MPE. However, Na-BH as an initiator is favorable for the living anionic polymerization of n-hexyl isocyanate because it has a dual function in the initiation and in the efficient prevetion of trimerization by reducing the reactivity at the growth chain ends. Polymers were thus synthesized with predictable molecular weights (MW), narrow molecular weight distributions (MWD), and high yields.

The architecture of hydroxy-functionalized aPS-b-random copolymer-b-PE via one-pot strategy combining living free radical polymerization with coordination polymerization

The copolymerization of styrene with ethyl- ene was promoted by CpTiCl3/BDGE/Zn/MAO catalyst system combining free radical polymerization with coordi- nation polymerization via sequential monomer addition strategy in one-pot. The effect of polymerization condi- tions such as temperature, time, ethylene pressure, and Al/Ti molar ratio on the polymerization performance was investigated. The hydroxy-functionalized aPS-b-random copolymer-b-PE triblock copolymer was obtained by sol- vent extraction and determined by GPC, DSC, WAXD, and 13 C-NMR. The DSC result indicated that the aPS-b- random copolymer-b-PE had a Tg at 87 � C and a Tm at 119 � C which attributed to the Tg of aPS segment and the Tm of PE segment, respectively. The microstructure of the hydroxy-functionalized aPS-b-random copolymer-b-PE was further confirmed by WAXD, 13 C-NMR, and 1 H-NMR analysis; and these results demonstrated that the obtained block copolymer consisted of aPS segment, S-E random co- polymer segment, and crystalline PE segment. The connec- tion polymerization of the hydroxy-functionalized aPS with random copolymer-b-PE was revealed by GPC results. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 3171-3179, 2011

Thiol−Yne Click Polymerization: Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Sulfur-Rich Acetylenic Polymers with Controllable Chain Conformations and Tunable Optical Properties

The atom-economical alkyne polyhydrothiolations of aromatic diynes (1) and dithiol (2) catalyzed by rhodium complexes proceed smoothly under mild conditions at room temperature in a regioselective manner, producing sole anti-Markovnikov products of poly(vinylene sulfide)s (3) with high molecular weights (Mw up to 31500) and stereoregularities (E content up to 100%) in high yields (up to 95.2%). The stereostructures of the polymers are readily tuned by engineering control on the sequential addition of monomers during the polymerization process and postmanipulation by light irradiation. All the poly(vinylene sulfide)s are soluble in common organic solvents and exhibit good film-forming ability and high optical transparency. The functional pendants in 1 have endowed 3 with novel properties such as aggregation-enhanced emission characteristics, optical limiting to harsh laser pulses, and ceramization capability to semiconducting nanoparticles. The polymers are thermal and UV curable, enabling the fabrication ...

“On–off” switching of dynamically controllable self‐assembly formation of double‐responsive block copolymers with tunable LCSTs

AbstractWe report here a reversible self‐assembly formation system using block copolymers with thermo‐tunable properties. A series of double‐responsive block copolymers, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm))‐block‐poly(NIPAAm‐co‐N‐(isobutoxymethyl)acrylamide (BMAAm)) with two lower critical solution temperatures were synthesized by one‐pot atom transfer radical polymerization via sequential monomer addition. When dissolved in aqueous solution at room temperature, the block copolymers remained unimeric. Upon heating above room temperature, the block copolymers self‐assembled into micellar structures. The micelle formation temperature and the resulting diameter were controlled by varying the BMAAm content. 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, dynamic light scattering, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, and fluorescence spectra revealed the presence of a monodisperse nanoassembly, and demonstrated the assembly formation/inversion process was fully reversible. Moreover, a model hydrophobic molecule, pyrene, was successfully loaded into the micelle core by including pyrene in the original polymer solution. Further heating resulted in mesoscopic micelle aggregation and precipitation. This dual micelle and aggregation system will find utility in drug delivery applications as a thermal trigger permits both aqueous loading of hydrophobic drugs and their subsequent release. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010

Living, Isoselective Polymerization of Styrene and Formation of Stereoregular Block Copolymers via Sequential Monomer Addition

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTLiving, Isoselective Polymerization of Styrene and Formation of Stereoregular Block Copolymers via Sequential Monomer AdditionAntonio Proto*, Antonietta Avagliano, Daniela Saviello, Rosa Ricciardi, and Carmine Capacchione*View Author Information Dipartimento di Chimica, and NANOMATES, Research Centre for NANOMAterials and nanoTEchnology at Università di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (C.C.).Cite this: Macromolecules 2010, 43, 14, 5919–5921Publication Date (Web):June 30, 2010Publication History Received20 April 2010Published online30 June 2010Published inissue 27 July 2010https://doi.org/10.1021/ma101246xCopyright © 2010 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1130Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (739 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Butadiene,Copolymerization,Copolymers,Monomers,Styrenes Get e-Alerts