Sequential Doping Research Articles

Functional biochar accelerates peroxymonosulfate activation for organic contaminant degradation via the specific B–C–N configuration

Functional biochar designed with heteroatom doping facilitates the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS), triggering both radical and non-radical systems and thus augmenting pollutant degradation efficiency. A sequence of functional biochar, derived from hyperaccumulator (Sedum alfredii) residues, was synthesized via sequential doping with boron and nitrogen. The SABC-B@N-2 exhibited outstanding catalytic effectiveness in activating PMS to degrade the model pollutant, acid orange 7 (Kobs = 0.0655 min−1), which was 6.75 times more active than the pristine biochar and achieved notable mineralization efficiency (71.98%) at reduced PMS concentration (0.1 mM). Relative contribution evaluations, using steady-state concentrations combined with electrochemical and in situ Raman analyses, reveal that co-doping with boron and nitrogen alters the reaction pathway, transitioning from PMS activation through multiple reactive oxygen species (ROSs) to a predominantly non-radical process facilitated by electron transfer. Moreover, the previously misunderstood concept that singlet oxygen (1O2) plays a central role in the degradation of AO7 has been clarified. Correlation analysis and density functional theory calculations indicate that the distinct BCN configuration, featuring the BC2O group and pyridinic-N, is fundamental to the active site. This research substantially advances the sustainability of phytoremediation by offering a viable methodology to synthesize highly catalytic functional biochar utilizing hyperaccumulator residues.

Formal kinetics of catalytic oxidation of diesel paraffin-naphthenic fraction in the presence of carbon nanotubes containing Co, Mn and Fe

This study identified the formal kinetics of aerobic oxidation of the paraffin-naphthenic fraction of diesel fuel in the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) containing three transition metals—Fe, Co, and Mn. The synthesis of metal-containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (M@MWCNTs) was carried out by pyrolysis of cyclohexane in the presence of ferrocene (CVD synthesis), followed by sequential doping of the resulting iron-containing carbon nanotubes Fe@MWCNTs with Co and Mn clusters. The resulting Fe–Co–Mn@MWCNT samples were identified using electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) and elemental analysis. The resulting carbon nanotubes were found to have a diameter of 30–60 nm and length of 500–800 μm. Iron clusters were observed to be present within the channels, while Co and Mn particles were observed to be present in the outer space of the nanotubes. The formal kinetic regularities of the dearomatized diesel fraction aerobic oxidation promoted by M@MWCNT additives were studied. It has been demonstrated that metal-nanocarbon additives effectively catalyze the oxidation process in the absence of hydroperoxides, resulting in thermal decomposition. The introduction of Co and Mn clusters into the nanotube structure has been observed to enhance catalytic activity. A catalytic oxidation scheme is currently under consideration, with corresponding effective oxidation rates being determined. It is postulated that these findings may prove useful in the estimation of effective nano-catalytic systems for the oxidative conversion of multicomponent hydrocarbon feedstocks.

Conducting Electrospun Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) Nanofibers: New Strategies for Effective Chemical Doping and its Assessment Using Infrared Spectroscopy.

Vibrational spectroscopy allows the investigation of structural properties of pristine and doped poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) in highly anisotropic materials, such as electrospun micro- and nanofibers. Here, we compare several approaches for doping P3HT fibers. We have selected two different electron acceptor molecules as dopants, namely iodine and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ). In the case of iodine, we have explored the doping of the fibers according to several different procedures, i.e., by sequential doping both in vapors and in solution, and with a novel promising one-step method, which exploits the mixing of the dopant to the electrospinning feed solution. Polarized infrared (IR) spectroscopy experiments prove the orientation of P3HT chains, with the polymer backbone mainly running parallel to the fiber axis. After doping, P3HT fibers show very strong and polarized doping-induced IR active vibrations (IRAVs), which are the spectroscopic signature of the structure relaxation induced by the charged defects (polarons), thus providing an unambiguous proof of the effective doping. Raman spectroscopy complements the IR evidence: The Raman spectrum shows a clearly recognizable shift of the main band, the so-called effective conjugation coordinate band, in the doped samples. A simple protocol, which quantifies the evolution of the IRAV bands with time, allows monitoring of the doping stability over time and confirms that F4TCNQ is by far superior to iodine.

Theoretical Study on the Structures and Stabilities of CunZn3O3 (n = 1–4) Clusters: Sequential Doping of Zn3O3 Cluster with Cu Atoms

Density functional theory (DFT) and coupled cluster theory (CCSD(T)) calculations are performed to investigate the geometric and electronic structures and chemical bonding of a series of Cu-doped zinc oxide clusters: CunZn3O3 (n = 1–4). The structural evolution of CunZn3O3 (n = 1–4) clusters may reveal the aggregation behavior of Cu atoms on the Zn3O3 cluster. The planar seven-membered ring of the CuZn3O3 cluster plays an important role in the structural evolution; that is, the Cu atom, Cu dimer (Cu2) and Cu trimer (Cu3) anchor on the CuZn3O3 cluster. Additionally, it is found that CunZn3O3 clusters become more stable as the Cu content (n) increases. Bader charge analysis points out that with the doping of Cu atoms, the reducibility of Cu aggregation (Cun−1) on the CuZn3O3 cluster increases. Combined with the d-band centers and the surface electrostatic potential (ESP), the reactivity and the possible reaction sites of CunZn3O3 (n = 1–4) clusters are also illustrated.

Controlled Sequential Doping of Metal Nanocluster.

Atomically precise doping of metal nanoclusters provides excellent opportunities not only for subtly tailoring their properties but also for in-depth understanding of composition (structure)-property correlation of metal nanoclusters and has attracted increasing interest partly due to its significance for fundamental research and practical applications. Although single and multiple metal atom doping of metal nanoclusters (NCs) has been achieved, sequential single-to-multiple metal atom doping is still a big challenge and has not yet been reported. Herein, by introducing a second ligand, a novel multistep synthesis method was developed, controlled sequential single-to-multiple metal atom doping was successfully achieved for the first time, and three doped NCs Au25Cd1(p-MBT)17(PPh3)2, Au18Cd2(p-MBT)14(PPh3)2, and [Au19Cd3(p-MBT)18]- (p-MBTH: para-methylbenzenethiol) were obtained, including two novel NCs that were precisely characterized via mass spectrometry, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and so forth. Furthermore, sequential doping-induced evolutions in the atomic and crystallographic structures and optical and catalytic properties of NCs were revealed.

Sequential doping strategy in rutile TiO2 nanorod for high performance photoanode

Clean hydrogen production technologies are in high demand as an alternative to fossil fuels in order to achieve a carbon–neutral society. One promising approach is photoelectrochemical water splitting, which uses sunlight as an energy source to produce hydrogen. In this study, we propose a strategy for achieving highly efficient photoelectrochemical performance in TiO2 nanorods without the need for additional heterojunction or catalyst reactions. We introduce the plasma-assisted sequential doping process using H and F species to demonstrate highly efficient photoanode for water splitting. In the first stage, hydrogenated TiO2 generated oxygen vacancies and interstitial H in the TiO2 lattice structure, and in the second stage, fluorinated TiO2 exhibited a sequentially cured reaction of oxygen vacancy resulting in enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. Furthermore, theoretical simulations revealed that the sequential doping process induced a stabilized reaction in F compared to direct doping without H plasma doping. This sequential doping strategy can be applied to a wide range of materials and applications, not just to enhance photoelectrochemical devices.

Disorder‐Controlled Efficient Doping of Conjugated Polymers for High‐Performance Organic Thermoelectrics

AbstractMolecular doping of conjugated polymers (CPs) is critical to improve their electrical properties in organic thermoelectric materials, which are promising candidates for low‐temperature energy harvesting and self‐powered sensors. Because excessive dopants are used in the doping process, securing highly crystalline CPs by suppressing dopant‐induced disorder is crucial. Recently, tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) has attracted interest as a strong Brønsted acid dopant that enables efficient integer charge transfer by forming a complex with water. However, the crystalline ordering of BCF‐doped CPs has not been properly controlled; the resultant thermoelectric performance is therefore still lower than other p‐doped CPs prepared by conventional redox doping. Here, an efficient doping strategy is proposed with BCF to attain highly doped CPs with dramatically suppressed structural and energetic disorder. In a non‐polar aliphatic solvent, hexane, BCF can effectively diffuse into poly[2,5‐bis(3‐tetradecylthiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene] (PBTTT) via sequential doping, leading to remarkable electrical conductivity and power factor of 230 S cm−1 and 140 µW m−1 K−2, respectively. In addition, sequentially doped films exhibit highly delocalized transport characteristics owing to the low degree of charge carrier localization within their high solid‐state ordering. The results provide an approach for disorder‐tolerant doping strategies with a systematic investigation of structure–property relationships in highly doped CPs.

Sequential Doping of Carbon Nanotube Wrapped by Conjugated Polymer for Highly Conductive Platform and Thermoelectric Application

Doping of conjugated polymers (CPs) is a promising strategy to obtain solution‐processable and highly conductive films; however, the improvement in electrical conductivity is limited owing to the relatively poor carrier mobility of CPs. Herein, a CP with excellent molecular doping ability, i.e., poly[2‐([2,2'‐bithiophen]‐5‐yl)‐3,8‐difluoro‐5,10‐bis(5‐octylpentadecyl)‐5,10‐dihydroindolo[3,2‐b]indole] (PIDF‐BT) is wrapped onto the surface of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The resulting PIDF‐BT@SWCNT simultaneously achieves excellent solution dispersibility and a high electrical conductivity of over 5000 S cm−1 through AuCl3 doping. The doping mechanism is systematically studied using spectroscopic analysis, and the four‐probe field‐effect transistor based on the doped PIDF‐BT@SWCNT confirms a carrier mobility up to 138 cm2 V−1 s−1. The carrier‐transfer barrier energy is related to the Schottky barrier between the SWCNT and PIDF‐BT, which can be controlled by doping. Finally, when the doped PIDF‐BT@SWCNT is applied to a thermoelectric device, a power factor exceeding 210 μW m−1 K−2 is achieved because of its high electrical conductivity, even if the increased carrier density reduces the Seebeck coefficient.

Sequential Molecule-Doped Hole Conductor to Achieve >23% Perovskite Solar Cells with 3000-Hour Operational Stability.

Although hole transport layers (HTLs) based on solution-processed doped Spiro-OMeTAD are extremely popular and effective for their remarkable performance in n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs), their scalable application is still being held back by poor chemical stability and unsatisfied scalability. Essentially, the volatile components and hygroscopic nature of ionic salts often cause morphological deformation that deteriorate both device efficiency and stability. Herein, a simple and effective molecular implantation-assisted sequential doping (MISD) approach is strategically introduced to modulate spatial doping uniformity of organic films and fabricate all evaporated Spiro-OMeTAD layer in which phase-segregation free HTL is achieved accompanied with high molecular density, uniform doping composition, and superior optoelectronic characteristics. The resultant MISD-based devices attain a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.4%, which represents the highest reported value among all the PSCs with evaporated HTLs. Simultaneously, the unencapsulated devices realize considerably enhanced stability by maintaining over 90% of their initial PCEs in the air for 5200h and after working at maximum power point under illumination for 3000h. This method provides a facile way to fabricate robust and reliable HTLs toward developing efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.

Cross‐Plane Thermal Transport in Acceptor‐Doped Thiophene‐Based Polymer Thin Films Investigated by the 3‐Omega Method

Thermal transport properties in acceptor‐doped thiophene‐based polymer films such as poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) and poly[2,5‐bis(3‐tetradecylthiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene] (PBTTT) are investigated using the cross‐plane 3‐omega method. A bilayer structure consisting of polymer semiconductors sequentially doped with 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) on a Si substrate is originally prepared by spin coating and employed to prevent leakage current from a heater wire during the 3‐omega measurements. Nondoped PBTTT thin film reveals an intrinsic cross‐plane thermal conductivity of 0.49 W m−1 K−1, which is higher than that for nondoped P3HT film (0.20 W m−1 K−1). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis suggests that higher crystallinity of PBTTT films may result in higher thermal conductivity. The intrinsic thermal conductivity of P3HT and the interfacial thermal resistance between PMMA and P3HT are slightly increased at a low doping concentration (0.01 mg mL−1) and decreased at a higher doping concentration of 0.1 mg mL−1, whereas F4TCNQ doping reduces these values monotonously in the case of PBTTT layers. Furthermore, excess doping occurs only for P3HT and increments both intrinsic thermal conductivity and thermal resistance at PMMA/P3HT interface. The observed trend in the cross‐plane thermal transport caused by the sequential doping can be attributed to the differences between P3HT and PBTTT in their crystallinity and effective doping levels.

Sequential doping of exogenous iron and nitrogen to prepare Fe-N structured biochar to enhance the activity of OTC degradation

In order to prepare high-performance biochar for application in the treatment of antibiotic wastewater by persulfate oxidation, the feasibility of preparing Fe-N biochar from waste chestnut shells by sequential doping of exogenous iron, nitrogen was investigated. Biochar containing Fe-N structure (Fe3N-BC) was successfully prepared by using K2FeO4 as the iron source and urea as the nitrogen source. It can effectively activate PS and remove 98% of oxytetracycline (OTC) within 20 min. The main mechanism of PS activation by Fe3N-BC for OTC degradation is a non-radical pathway dominated by 1O2 generation and direct electron transfer. The formation of Fe-N structure in biochar changed the electron distribution on the catalyst surface and improved the electron transfer efficiency while inhibiting the leaching of iron ions, verifying the unique role of heteroatoms in iron-based catalysts. The study also identified the degradation intermediates of OTC and suggested possible degradation pathways. Showing that demethylation, deamidation and dehydroxylation are the prior steps for degradation. This study provides a new idea for the preparation of Fe-N structured biochar for OTC degradation.

Development of Alkylthiazole-Based Novel Thermoelectric Conjugated Polymers for Facile Organic Doping.

In this study, we developed two novel conjugated polymers that can easily be doped with F4TCNQ organic dopants using a sequential doping method and then studied their organic thermoelectric (OTE) properties. In particular, to promote the intermolecular ordering of OTE polymers in the presence of the F4TCNQ dopant, alkylthiazole-based conjugated building blocks with highly planar backbone structures were synthesized and copolymerized. All polymers showed strong molecular ordering and edge-on orientation in the film state, even in the presence of the F4TCNQ organic dopant. Thus, the sequential doping process barely changed the molecular ordering of the polymer films while making efficient molecular doping. In addition, the doping efficiency was improved in the more π-extended polymer backbones with thienothiophene units due to the emptier space in the polymer lamellar structure to locate ionized F4TCNQ. Moreover, the study of organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) revealed that higher hole mobility in OTFTs was the key to increasing the electrical conductivity of OTE devices fabricated using the sequential doping method.

Mixed-metal nanoparticles: phase transitions and diffusion in Au-VO clusters.

Nanoparticles with diameters in the range of a few nanometers, consisting of gold and vanadium oxide, are synthesized by sequential doping of cold helium droplets in a molecular beam apparatus and deposited on solid carbon substrates. After surface deposition, the samples are removed and various measurement techniques are applied to characterize the created particles: scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) at atomic resolution, temperature dependent STEM and TEM up to 650 °C, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). In previous experiments we have shown that pure V2O5 nanoparticles can be generated by sublimation from the bulk and deposited without affecting their original stoichiometry. Interestingly, our follow-up attempts to create Au@V2O5 core@shell particles do not yield the expected encapsulated structure. Instead, Janus particles of Au and V2O5 with diameters between 10 and 20 nm are identified after deposition. At the interface of the Au and the V2O5 parts we observe an epitaxial-like growth of the vanadium oxide next to the Au structure. To test the temperature stability of these Janus-type particles, the samples are heated in situ during the STEM measurements from room temperature up to 650 °C, where a reduction from V2O5 to V2O3 is followed by a restructuring of the gold atoms to form a Wulff-shaped cluster layer. The temperature dependent dynamic interplay between gold and vanadium oxide in structures of only a few nanometer size is the central topic of this contribution to the Faraday Discussion.

Catfish Effect Induced by Anion Sequential Doping for Microwave Absorption

AbstractHeteroatom doping engineering is desirable in tuning crystal structures and electrical properties, which is considered an opportunity to further develop microwave absorption materials. However, the competition mechanism and priority among doped atoms have not been revealed, which are insufficient to guide the most reasonable dielectric coupling model and design high‐performance absorbers. In this work, based on in situ N and O, ex situ S is introduced through external thermal driving, leading to fierce competition among anions. Specifically, S atoms replace pyrrole N, drive out lattice O, and create O vacancies, bringing more extensive local charge redistribution and stronger electron interaction, thus activating the defect‐induced polarization (3–6 times higher than conduction loss) in the middle/high‐frequency region. Therefore, the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 9.03 GHz and the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −64.05 dB at a filling rate of 10 wt.% are obtained, which improves the record of carbon absorbers as reported. Through macro‐designs, i.e., multi‐layer gradient metamaterial, or utilizing other advantages, e.g., cost‐effective, stable chemical properties and wide‐angle absorption, porous carbon may possess a great application prospect in the naval field.

Highly conductive and low-work-function polymer electrodes for solution-processed n-type oxide thin-film transistors

We present an n-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) polymer and its application in n-type oxide thin-film transistors (OxTFTs) as a source and drain electrode material. A reduced molecule of a cationic dye, methyl red (MR), was used as an effective solution-processed n-type dopant. The sequential de-doping and doping of the initially p-doped PEDOT:PSS polymer with the reduced MR (r-MR) effectively removed positive charges via cancellation by the added electrons. As a result, the electron conductivity of PEDOT:PSS increased from 3.4 S/cm to ∼51 S/cm, while its work function decreased from 4.8 eV to 3.5 eV. This is one of the lowest values of the work function reported for PEDOT:PSS. The n-doped PEDOT:PSS films were eventually applied as a suitable material to fabricate the contact electrodes of solution-processed bottom-gate top-contact amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide-based OxTFTs. The resultant devices exhibited electron mobility over ten times better compared to those with undoped PEDOT:PSS electrodes. Therefore, we suggest this method as a highly suitable and low-cost technique for improving electron transport in PEDOT:PSS and all solution-processed conductors. Further investigations with this method are expected to expand the application of PEDOT:PSS to other sectors of optoelectronics.

N-Type thermoelectric properties of a doped organoboron polymer

Most of n-type thermoelectric polymers are based on electron-withdrawing building blocks containing amide or imide units. Organoboron polymers containing boron-nitrogen coordination bond represent a new kind of n-type thermoelectric polymers. In this manuscript, using (4-(1,3-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl) phenyl) dimethylamine (N-DMBI) as the n-dopant, we report the thermoelectric performance and stability of organoboron polymer (PBN-19) films. Compared to the tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) vapor doped PBN-19 film, the N-DMBI doped PBN-19 films show inferior thermoelectric performance but much enhanced stability. We find that sequential doping leads to better thermoelectric performance compared to blend doping for N-DMBI doped PBN-19 films. According to the microstructure analysis, in blend doped film, N-DMBI tended to form aggregates and could not dope PBN-19 efficiently. In comparison, in sequentially doped film, N-DMBI could enter into the PBN-19 film and dope PBN-19 to a higher level. The N-DMBI doped PBN-19 film shows a maximal electrical conductivity of 0.630 S cm−1 and a maximal power factor of 0.22 μW m−1 K−2.

The effects of Fe/Al co-modified Ni-rich Li[Ni1-x-yCoxMny]O2 for enhancing electrochemical performance

Various impurities such as Cu, Al, and Fe can be incorporated in the leachate of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIB) after a conventional acidic leaching process. Here, we synthesize Fe/Al co-modified Ni-rich Li[Ni1-x-yCoxMny]O2 (NCM) cathode materials via a coprecipitation reaction for Fe doping and the subsequent calcination process for additional Al doping. The purpose of this work is to seek a potential of utilizing the positive effects of impurity elements for improving the LIB performance of Ni-rich NCM. The physicochemical properties of cathode materials are compared by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Electrochemical analyses including galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, differential capacity curves from cycling data are systematically performed to assess the effects of the sequential doping processes. It is found that an Al doping content of 1% in Fe-doped NCM is optimal in terms of rate and cycle performances. This study proposes a rational design for upgrading the resynthesized Ni-rich NCM cathode materials from the leachate of spent LIBs.

Interfacial Molecular Doping at Donor and Acceptor Interface in Bilayer Organic Solar Cells

Molecular doping is an effective means to tune the optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductors. Despite its versatility, its application in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs) is still limited, especially blend‐cast doping. Difficulties in desolving molecular dopants in weakly polar solvents have led to the formation of undesired structures, with relatively high concentrations of dopants affecting the bicontinuous BHJ morphology. Bilayer OSCs are stacked structures with sequential deposition of donor and acceptor films, which make important contributions to the fine tuning of morphology and balanced charge transport. The sequential deposition of thin films in bilayer devices organically facilitates the sequential doping of pure donor polymers by dopants. The sequential doping of the dopant at the interface between the donor and the acceptor can efficiently improve the carrier mobility and the charge transfer between the donor and the acceptor without damaging the quality of the film, thus improving the device performance efficiently. With three different dopants F4TCNQ, F6TCNNQ, and BCF, sequential interfacial doping in bilayer devices is found to be a versatile and effective method to improve device performance. Making this simple doping strategy promising for high‐performance bilayer OSCs, it is evaluated as a promising alternative to BHJ OSCs.

Supportive activity of Pt nanoparticles on the nitrogen‐doped graphene nanosheet with vacancy defects for catalyzing neutral glucose oxidation

Catalyst support alters the electronic structure of metal catalysts, resulting in an enhanced activity. In this study, nitrogen-doped defective graphene nanosheet-supported Pt nanoparticles (2.8 nm) (Pt/N-dGN) were prepared and successfully used as electrocatalysts in the sequential and transient catalysis of the neutral d-glucose oxidation reaction (GOR). The Pt nanoparticles were determined to be single crystals enclosed with the (110) plane. The spherical-aberration-corrected field transmission electron microscopy image revealed a Pt/N-dGN bearing with point vacancies, 5-8-5, 5-9, and 5-7-7-5 defects. N-dGN was prepared by fast exfoliation and sequential nitrogen doping with urea using a sonoelectrochemical and hydrothermal method. The Pt/N-dGN with a Pt binding energy of 71.4 eV showed significant mass activity (7.83 × 1019 molecules g−1Pt) toward the sequential catalysis of neutral GOR. The electron transfer number was 2.71 and approximately two-electron transfer mechanisms occurred. The repeated currents of GORs were observed in the catalysis from the 2nd cycle to the 25th cycle.

Sequential doping of solid chunks of a conjugated polymer for body-heat-powered thermoelectric modules

Sequential doping of 1 mm3 sized cubes of regio-regular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane is found to result in a doping gradient. The dopant ingresses into the solid material and after two weeks of sequential doping yields a 250 μm thick doped surface layer, while the interior of the cubes remains undoped. The doping gradient is mapped with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), which is used to estimate a diffusion coefficient of 1 × 10−10 cm2 s−1 at room temperature. The cubes, prepared by pressing at 150 °C, feature alignment of polymer chains along the flow direction, which yields an electrical conductivity of 2.2 S cm−1 in the same direction. A 4-leg thermoelectric module was fabricated with slabs of pressed and doped P3HT, which generated a power of 0.22 μW for a temperature gradient of 10.2 °C generated by body heat.