Letter Sequences Research Articles

Unbreathed words: A Conversation with Lillian-Yvonne Bertram

Unbreathed words: A Conversation with Lillian-Yvonne Bertram Kyle Booten (bio) and Lillian-Yvonne Bertram (bio) In lillian-yvonne bertram’s Travesty Generator, their most recent book of poems, Afropessimistic thought finds expression through the brutal and precise procedures that take place on the inscriptive surface of silicon. Nearly all the poems in Travesty Generator have been composed in part by repurposed and modified computer programs, programs that were designed to splice and recombine language, often randomly, to forge new language, new poetry. Bertram takes Travesty Generator’s title from “A Travesty Generator for Micros,” a technical essay by Hugh Kenner and Joseph O’Rourke originally published in the November 1984 issue of BYTE, a magazine for personal computer enthusiasts.1 Comparing Kenner and O’Rourke’s description of TRAVESTY, their program for generating language by stochastically recombining letter sequences within a source text, with Bertram’s repurposing of this program helps to clarify what for Bertram are the stakes of manipulating text with computers. Kenner and O’Rourke seem most pleased with their program when it is most clever- seeming—when it invents almost-passable faux-James Joyce or humorous but recognizable names of English towns. Bertram’s poem “Incident” runs the TRAVESTY program on their own poem, adjusting the program’s parameters so that the text that it outputs is often nearly nonsensical, a jumble of almost-words. The notion of a text “generator” here is ironic; the algorithm is far better at destroying—scrambling carefully composed human language into an entropic slurry—than it is at forging anything new. But, since Bertram’s original poem recounts a moment of racial insult, is the violence wreaked on it by the [End Page 261] TRAVESTY program an odd kind of mercy? If the signal that the world transmits is an oppressive one, is it better to drown this signal in noise? Or are the capricious workings of the algorithm analogous to the capricious violence that Black life has faced and continues to face? In the cases of other poems in Travesty Generator, programs for randomly assembling text from a bank of lines have generated meditations on, or rehearsals of, the deaths of Trayvon Martin and Emmett Till. These programs can’t turn Bertram’s lines into something new, only something different; electricity is consumed, calculations are performed, memory is allocated, bits are flipped, lines are shuffled and reshuffled— but no epiphany is reached, no violence understood or avoided. We are living in a moment of great enthusiasm for the power of algorithms, including in the arts. Travesty Generator stands out from many contemporary examples of computer-generated poetry in the way that it pushes code toward moments of failure, confusion, and loss—moments that, in light of the book’s subject matter, become allegorical: racial violence isn’t a bug but a feature. At the same time, Bertram’s poetic practice is open to the ways that algorithmic media can indeed work in the service of the endurance of Black life and thought. Their web-based project Forever Gwen Brooks generates variations on a poem by Gwendolyn Brooks.2 Unlike Kenner and O’Rourke’s TRAVESTY program, Forever Gwen Brooks is not a general-purpose program for textual mimicry; rather, the code emerges from a deep understanding of and love for the poem it modifies. It is this sense of care that makes Forever Gwen Brooks (as Bertram describes it in a blog at the Poetry Foundation) both a way of constantly refreshing one’s remembrance of Brooks as well as a traversal through “the space of the could-have-been.”3 During the late fall and early winter of 2021, I had the opportunity to converse with Bertram over email about how they think about inviting algorithms into their poetic process. —Kyle Booten KYLE BOOTEN/ I’d like to begin by asking you to tell the story of how you came to integrate codework into your practice as a writer. You have published four full-length collections of poetry as well as several chapbooks and an artist book. What drew you to the experiments [End Page 262] with code that we see in Travesty Generator (and a...

Language As a Source of Novel Bioactive Peptides: Peptide SVENSKAAKADEMIEN

Most peptides have been discovered from natural sources or via combinatorial chemistry methods, but the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry’s one-letter symbolism for the names of amino acids facilitates the use of language as a novel source of potentially bioactive peptides. Any word, name, or phrase composed of 21 letters of the 26-letter English (or French, German, Spanish, or Swedish) alphabet can be viewed as not only a sequence of letters, but also as a sequence of unambiguous symbols for the names of amino acids (i.e., a peptide). Protein database searches reveal that is sometimes possible to find such name peptides within the larger sequences of known proteins, but most are novel. Peptides designed using this name-to-peptide method have been chemically synthesized, subjected to laboratory testing, and found to exhibit potentially useful biomedical properties. This article describes research in the new field of name peptides, including a theoretical analysis of a peptide based on the name of the Swedish Academy, the organization that selects recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Applying Peer Tutoring to Spelling with Elementary-Aged Students

Peer tutoring methods were implemented in a 2nd grade classroom using an alternating treatments design with a baseline. In the baseline phase, 18 participants spelled words they had not yet learned. During the treatment phase, teacher-led spelling instruction was alternated each week with peer tutoring for spelling. Peer tutoring for spelling was applied through two activities targeting accuracy and fluency. Both teacher-led instruction and peer tutoring for spelling resulted in greater improvement from the weekly pretest to posttest in both words spelled correctly and correct letter sequences than baseline. Peer tutoring for spelling led to greater improvements in performance and was more acceptable to students. This study expanded on the limited literature on evidence-based practices for spelling instruction and supports previous findings that explicit spelling instruction yields greater spelling performance than no spelling instruction.

The Contributions of Letter Features to Arabic Letter Knowledge for Arabic-Speaking Kindergartners

ABSTRACT Studies have suggested that multiple features influence letter knowledge across different orthographies. Arabic offers a unique opportunity to investigate the relations of letter properties on letter knowledge, but research on Arabic letter knowledge is scarce. This study was designed to investigate (a) letter frequency, (b) letter sequence, (c) visual similarity, (d) developmental stage of the phonemes of the letters, and (e) diglossia as possible factors that contribute to Arabic letter knowledge. A total of 142 (Mean age = 67 months) native Arabic-speaking monolingual kindergartners were administered a letter knowledge task. Data were analyzed using Cross-Classified Generalized Random-Effects analysis, which allows partitioning of variance into that due to persons and due to letters to provide a more unbiased estimate of item-level variance. Results showed that letter frequency, late developing sounds, and diglossia were statistically significant when each was entered separately in a model whereas visual similarity and letter sequence were not. However, when all letter features were entered simultaneously, letter frequency was the only feature that contributed significantly to the prediction of Arabic letter knowledge. The present study underscores the important role of letter frequency in Arabic letter knowledge. Implications for assessment and instruction are discussed.

New Runiform Inscription from Dombó

Until now, medieval Hungarian runiform inscriptions were known almost exclusively from the Szekler land. The article discusses an inscription on a pilaster of the medieval abbey of Dombó (Szerém County) from the end of the 11th c., which was found in Bánmonostor. It is dubious whether the inscription is contemporaneous with the pilaster or whether it is a graffito from the 12th–14th centuries, or possibly from a secondary usage (15th c. – beginning of the 16th c.). It contains the following letter sequence in a mirrored Hungarian runiform script: ZBTÜT IRVN (or IRVK1) ++D (or ++ †). The first word is certainly ez betűt ‘that writing (Acc.)’. The second one is a conjugated form of the verb ír ‘write’, but it can be interpreted in three ways, according to the deciphering of the last character; it is probable in an archaic and perhaps unusually formed aoristos tense. The third one contains unidentifiable characters; it must refer to the writing person(s) – either with two maker’s marks and a cross, or with a threeletters name that we cannot read. The inscription, based on the forms of the words, was certainly made later, after the 11th c. It was most probably cut in during the existence of the Romanesque abbey; simpler possible interpretations of the second word suggest a 12th or 13th c. date.

The influence of working memory on auditory category learning in the presence of visual stimuli

In our daily lives, our brains process categories of information that allow us to recognize and respond appropriately to objects and situations. For example, auditory category learning involves differentiating between sounds and learning the optimal strategy for sorting sounds into various categories. In the complex, multimodal world, we learn under distracting conditions, with both relevant and irrelevant information. However, in the lab, learning is often studied under quiet and focused conditions with limited distractions. In this study, we explored the association between working memory capacity and auditory category learning in the presence of visual distractor stimuli. We trained participants on one of two types of auditory categories that are linked to distinct neural learning mechanisms, rule-based or information-integration, in the presence of simple or complex visual distractors. We assessed working memory capacity using an operation span task, which includes answering simple math questions while memorizing a sequence of letters. We found that individuals with higher working memory capacity had higher overall task accuracy, regardless of the type of category they learned or the type of visual distractors they had to process. Higher working memory capacity was also associated with higher accuracy on questions about the visual distractors. These results shed light on how auditory category learning proceeds under distracting conditions and the importance of understanding the implications. While some students may be less affected by distracting stimuli, such as music, TV, and conversation, others may be more impacted by distractions.

Error Analyses and the Cognitive or Linguistic Influences on Children’s Spelling: Comparisons Between First- and Second-Language Learners

A collection of cognitive, linguistic, and spelling measures were administered to third- grade English L1 and L2 learners. To capture formative assessments of children’s developing mental graphemic representations (MGRs), spelling errors in isolation were subjected to analysis across three metrics: (1) Phonological constrained; (2) Visual- Orthographic; and (3) Correct Letter Sequences. There were no group differences on the cognitive or spelling accuracy measures, but L1 learners achieved higher scores than L2 on linguistic measures of vocabulary and syntactic knowledge. Analyses across the spelling metrics indicated that both L1 and L2 learners drew more heavily on their knowledge of graphophonemic rules and positional constraints in pronunciation for spelling. However, the contribution of underlying cognitive and linguistic resources to spelling differed as a function of scoring system and language group. Across spelling metrics, linguistic predictors (vocabulary and syntactic knowledge) accounted for more variance in L1 than L2 learners. The results are discussed in relation to conceptualization of spelling as an integral link between oral and written language in literacy development.

The working memory costs of a central attentional bottleneck in multitasking

When two (or more) tasks, each requiring a rapid response, are performed at the same time then serial processing may occur at certain processing stages, such as the response selection. There is accumulating evidence that such serial processing involves additional control processes, such as inhibition, switching, and scheduling (termed the active scheduling account). The present study tested whether the existence of serial processing in multitasking leads to a requirement for processes that coordinate processing in this way (active scheduling account) and, furthermore, whether such control processes are linked to the executive functions (EF) of working memory (WM). To test this question, we merged the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm with a WM task, creating a complex WM span task. Participants were presented with a sequence of letters to remember, followed by a processing block in which they had to perform either a single task or a dual task, and finally were asked to recall the letters. Results showed that WM performance, i.e. the amount of letters recalled in the correct order, decreased when performing a dual task as compared to performing a single task during the retention interval. Two further experiments supported this finding using manipulations of the dual task difficulty. We conclude that the existence of serial processing in multitasking demands additional control processes (active scheduling) and that these processes are strongly linked to the executive functions of working memory.

What is preferred in the in–out effect: articulation locations or articulation movement direction?

ABSTRACT Words whose consonant articulation locations move inward (from the front to the back of the mouth) are preferred over words with the opposite consonant articulation location direction, a phenomenon termed the in–out effect. Recently, an alternative explanation for the in–out effect has been proposed based on position-weighted consonant preferences instead of articulation location movement preferences. However, this explanation has only been tested with word fragments. In two experiments, we tested these explanations using both, word fragment and pseudo-word stimuli. For word fragments, preferences could be explained by position-weighted consonant preferences, while, for pseudo-words, stimuli containing articulation location movement were evaluated more favourably than stimuli not containing articulation location movement. Thus, the in–out effect for word stimuli depends on movement of articulation locations. This finding demonstrates that a word’s sound symbolic meaning cannot always be explained by its individual letters but can depend on letter sequences.

Comparisons between short-term memory systems for verbal and rhythmic stimuli

Auditory short-term memory is often conceived of as a unitary capacity, with memory for different auditory materials (such as syllables, pitches, rhythms) posited to rely on similar neural mechanisms. One spontaneous behavior observed in short-term memory studies is ‘chunking’. For example, individuals often recount digit sequences in groups, or chunks, of 3–4 digits, and chunking is associated with better performance. Chunking may also operate in musical rhythm, with beats acting as potential chunk boundaries for tones in rhythmic sequences. Similar to chunking, beat-based structure in rhythms also improves performance. Thus, it is possible that beat processing relies on the same mechanisms that underlie chunking of verbal material. The current fMRI study examined whether beat perception is indeed a type of chunking, measuring brain responses to chunked and ‘unchunked’ letter sequences relative to beat-based and non-beat-based rhythmic sequences. Participants completed a sequence discrimination task, and comparisons between stimulus encoding, maintenance, and discrimination were made for both rhythmic and verbal sequences. Overall, rhythm and verbal short-term memory networks overlapped substantially. When contrasting rhythmic and verbal conditions, rhythms activated basal ganglia, supplementary motor area, and anterior insula more than letter strings did, during both encoding and discrimination. Verbal letter strings activated bilateral auditory cortex more than rhythms did during encoding, and parietal cortex, precuneus, and middle frontal gyri more than rhythms did during discrimination. Importantly, there was a significant interaction in the basal ganglia during encoding: activation for beat-based rhythms was greater than for non-beat-based rhythms, but verbal chunked and unchunked conditions did not differ. The interaction indicates that beat perception is not simply a case of chunking, suggesting a dissociation between beat processing and chunking-based grouping mechanisms.

Solving the Olum 2 cipher: a new approach to cryptanalysis of transposition ciphers

Olum 2 is one of two ciphers created more than 75 years ago by mathematician Paul Olum to challenge his Manhattan Project officemate, physicist Richard Feynman. In this manuscript, I describe the first successful decryption of Olum 2 using a novel approach to cryptanalysis of transposition ciphers. To decrypt Olum 2, I generated the bigrams and trigrams for all possible transposition intervals. I then identified transposition intervals with multiple bigrams and trigrams that occur frequently in English. I calculated the ratios of their English frequencies to the frequencies of bigrams and trigrams generated by a random reordering of the ciphertext. This enabled me to identify letter sequences with the highest probability of being true cipher message components rather than occurring by chance. In Olum 2, Professor Olum divided the message into sections of thirty-five letters and applied a rotating key to change the order of transposition for each successive section. His strategy not only confounded Professor Feynman but also proved impervious to several decryption programs in use today that assume a uniform transposition has been applied throughout the cipher. The decryption methods described in this manuscript can assist in the decryption of other ciphers employing a variety of transposition methods.

Is Developmental Dyslexia Due to a Visual and Not a Phonological Impairment?

It is a widely held belief that developmental dyslexia (DD) is a phonological disorder in which readers have difficulty associating graphemes with their corresponding phonemes. In contrast, the magnocellular theory of dyslexia assumes that DD is a visual disorder caused by dysfunctional magnocellular neural pathways. The review explores arguments for and against these theories. Recent results have shown that DD is caused by (1) a reduced ability to simultaneously recognize sequences of letters that make up words, (2) longer fixation times required to simultaneously recognize strings of letters, and (3) amplitudes of saccades that do not match the number of simultaneously recognized letters. It was shown that pseudowords that could not be recognized simultaneously were recognized almost without errors when the fixation time was extended. However, there is an individual maximum number of letters that each reader with DD can recognize simultaneously. Findings on the neurobiological basis of temporal summation have shown that a necessary prolongation of fixation times is due to impaired processing mechanisms of the visual system, presumably involving magnocells and parvocells. An area in the mid-fusiform gyrus also appears to play a significant role in the ability to simultaneously recognize words and pseudowords. The results also contradict the assumption that DD is due to a lack of eye movement control. The present research does not support the assumption that DD is caused by a phonological disorder but shows that DD is due to a visual processing dysfunction.

ART COMMUNICATION LANGUAGE AND THE ANALYSİS OF MUHSİN KUT’S WORKS

In every geography where people live, besides their efforts to meet their mandatory needs, people also put forward their first artistic products. While carving the rocks, the first humans expressed their feelings, what they thought, saw, and lived, and made various descriptions. Thus, the foundations of the art of painting were laid and the colors discovered. In fact, human beings, who are innately creative, have searched for permanent ways to express their feelings, thoughts and wishes as well as their battles and successes, and transfer them to the future generations. In this way, various artistic works that developed from simple pictures to symbolic forms and letter sequences were created. The communication established in this way with art also started a process of exchange of messages between individuals and groups. This exchange, which plays an active role in the interaction of people with each other, has appeared in every situation as a social consequence of being a receiver and a giver. Because the most important elements of communication are formed with these forms of expression, which are realized in written, verbal, visual and auditory terms between the receiver and the transmitter. Today, many artists create works by using the universal language of symbols, by attributing their own meanings to many contents with commonsymbolism, objects and colors. Effective communication between societies with art is also ensured through the symbolic forms used. With this research, it is aimed to examine and evaluate the works of artist Muhsin Kut, who presents different thematic perspectives with his paintings with and without figures containing social themes, in terms of their technical and aesthetic features. The research was carried out with document analysis (literature review) method, which is one of the qualitative research types. Today, many artists create works by using the universal language of symbols by attributing their own meanings to many content with common symbolism, objects and colors. Through the symbolic forms used, an effective communication between societies with art is also ensured. With this research, it is aimed to examine and evaluate the works of the artist Muhsin Kut, who presents different thematic perspectives with his social paintings with and without figures, in terms of their technical and aesthetic features.

Universal arrays

A word on q symbols is a sequence of letters from a fixed alphabet of size q. For an integer k⩾1, we say that a word w is k-universal if, given an arbitrary word of length k, one can obtain it by removing letters from w. It is easily seen that the minimum length of a k-universal word on q symbols is exactly qk. We prove that almost every word of size (1+o(1))cqk is k-universal with high probability, where cq is an explicit constant whose value is roughly qlog⁡q. Moreover, we show that the k-universality property for uniformly chosen words exhibits a sharp threshold. Finally, by extending techniques of Alon (2017) [1], we give asymptotically tight bounds for every higher dimensional analogue of this problem.

Comprehension of Morse Code Predicted by Item Recall From Short-Term Memory.

Purpose Morse code as a form of communication became widely used for telegraphy, radio and maritime communication, and military operations, and remains popular with ham radio operators. Some skilled users of Morse code are able to comprehend a full sentence as they listen to it, while others must first transcribe the sentence into its written letter sequence. Morse thus provides an interesting opportunity to examine comprehension differences in the context of skilled acoustic perception. Measures of comprehension and short-term memory show a strong correlation across multiple forms of communication. This study tests whether this relationship holds for Morse and investigates its underlying basis. Our analyses examine Morse and speech immediate serial recall, focusing on established markers of echoic storage, phonological-articulatory coding, and lexical-semantic support. We show a relationship between Morse short-term memory and Morse comprehension that is not explained by Morse perceptual fluency. In addition, we find that poorer serial recall for Morse compared to speech is primarily due to poorer item memory for Morse, indicating differences in lexical-semantic support. Interestingly, individual differences in speech item memory are also predictive of individual differences in Morse comprehension. Conclusions We point to a psycholinguistic framework to account for these results, concluding that Morse functions like "reading for the ears" (Maier et al., 2004) and that underlying differences in the integration of phonological and lexical-semantic knowledge impact both short-term memory and comprehension. The results provide insight into individual differences in the comprehension of degraded speech and strategies that build comprehension through listening experience. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16451868.

Quasi-random words and limits of word sequences

Words are sequences of letters over a finite alphabet. We study two intimately related topics for this object: quasi-randomness and limit theory. With respect to the first topic we investigate the notion of uniform distribution of letters over intervals, and in the spirit of the famous Chung–Graham–Wilson theorem for graphs we provide a list of word properties which are equivalent to uniformity. In particular, we show that uniformity is equivalent to counting 3-letter subsequences.Inspired by graph limit theory we then investigate limits of convergent word sequences, those in which all subsequence densities converge. We show that convergent word sequences have a natural limit, namely Lebesgue measurable functions of the form f:[0,1]→[0,1]. Via this theory we show that every hereditary word property is testable, address the problem of finite forcibility for word limits and establish as a byproduct a new model of random word sequences.Along the lines of the proof of the existence of word limits, we can also establish the existence of limits for higher dimensional structures. In particular, we obtain an alternative proof of the result by Hoppen, Kohayakawa, Moreira, Ráth and Sampaio (Hoppen et al., 2013) establishing the existence of permutons.

Discovering the brain stages of lexical decision: Behavioral effects originate from a single neural decision process

Lexical decision (LD) – judging whether a sequence of letters constitutes a word – has been widely investigated. In a typical lexical decision task (LDT), participants are asked to respond whether a sequence of letters is an actual word or a nonword. Although behavioral differences between types of words/nonwords have been robustly detected in LDT, there is an ongoing discussion about the exact cognitive processes that underlie the word identification process in this task. To obtain data-driven evidence on the underlying processes, we recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) data and applied a novel machine-learning method, hidden semi-Markov model multivariate pattern analysis (HsMM-MVPA). In the current study, participants performed an LDT in which we varied the frequency of words (high, low frequency) and “wordlikeness” of non-words (pseudowords, random non-words). The results revealed that models with six processing stages accounted best for the data in all conditions. While most stages were shared, Stage 5 differed between conditions. Together, these results indicate that the differences in word frequency and lexicality effects are driven by a single cognitive processing stage. Based on its latency and topology, we interpret this stage as a Decision process during which participants discriminate between words and nonwords using activated lexical information.

Compositional RL Agents That Follow Language Commands in Temporal Logic

We demonstrate how a reinforcement learning agent can use compositional recurrent neural networks to learn to carry out commands specified in linear temporal logic (LTL). Our approach takes as input an LTL formula, structures a deep network according to the parse of the formula, and determines satisfying actions. This compositional structure of the network enables zero-shot generalization to significantly more complex unseen formulas. We demonstrate this ability in multiple problem domains with both discrete and continuous state-action spaces. In a symbolic domain, the agent finds a sequence of letters that satisfy a specification. In a Minecraft-like environment, the agent finds a sequence of actions that conform to a formula. In the Fetch environment, the robot finds a sequence of arm configurations that move blocks on a table to fulfill the commands. While most prior work can learn to execute one formula reliably, we develop a novel form of multi-task learning for RL agents that allows them to learn from a diverse set of tasks and generalize to a new set of diverse tasks without any additional training. The compositional structures presented here are not specific to LTL, thus opening the path to RL agents that perform zero-shot generalization in other compositional domains.

Cerebro-Cerebellar Response to Sequence Violation in a Cognitive Task: an fMRI Study.

The phonological loop is part of Baddeley's verbal working memory (VWM) model that stores phonological information and refreshes its contents through an articulatory process. Many studies have reported the cerebellum's involvement during VWM tasks. In the motor literature, the cerebellum is thought to support smooth and rapid movement sequences through internal models that simulate the action of motor commands, then use the error signals generating from the discrepancy between the predicted and actual sensory consequences to adjust the motor system. Here, we hypothesize that a similar monitoring and error-driven adjustment process can be extended to VWM; specifically, the cerebellum checks for discrepancies between the predicted and actual articulatory process to ensure the accuracy and fluency of articulatory rehearsal. During neuroimaging, participants rehearsed a sequence of letters in sync with the presentation of a visual pacing stimulus (#) that was terminated by the occurrence of a probe letter. Participants judged whether the probe was the correct letter in the sequence (i.e., match trial), or deviated from the sequence (i.e., mismatch trial). Detection of sequence violation was not only associated with prolonged reaction time but also an increased activation in a left executive control network. Psychophysiological interaction was used to investigate whether the cerebellum interacts with the cerebral cortex for error monitoring and adjustments. We found increased functional connectivity between the right cerebellum and the cerebral cortex during mismatch relative to match probes, indicating sequence violation resulting in greater cerebellar connectivity with areas in the cerebral cortex involved in phonological sequencing.

Interaction mechanism between location and sequence in letter cognition

A previous study used days as a sequence symbol to investigate the interaction mechanism between location and sequence in sequence symbol cognition; the study findings suggested that the spatial stimulus-response compatibility effect and the Simon effect could not co-exist with the SNARC-like effect when processing sequence symbols. The previous study did not include the influence of the difficulty of identifying sequence symbols on the Simon effect in the investigation, so it is unclear whether the conclusion about processing sequence symbols with considerable identification difficulty can be extended to the processing of sequence symbols with less identification difficulty. Therefore, the present study explored letters that have a low level of identification difficulty to investigate the interaction mechanism between location and sequence in sequence symbol cognition. Participants were asked to classify a probe letter, which was randomly displayed on the left or right side of the screen, according to its location (Experiment 1), its sequence (Experiment 2) or its colour (Experiment 3). The results indicated that (1) only the spatial stimulus-response compatibility effect and Simon effect were present in the letter location classification task and letter colour classification task, respectively. (2) The Simon effect co-existed with the SNARC-like effect, and these two effects interacted with each other in the letter sequence classification task. From these results, it can be concluded that the task determines whether the Simon effect and the SNARC-like effect can co-exist, with differences presented across sequence symbols.