Cycle Sequencing Research Articles

First report of Klebsiella aerogenes Inciting Stem Rot of Pearl Millet in Haryana, India.

First report of Klebsiella aerogenes Inciting Stem Rot of Pearl Millet in Haryana, India.

Disproportionate Distribution of HBV Genotypes A and D and the Recombinant Genotype D/E in the High and Low HBV Endemic Regions of Uganda: A Wake-Up Call for Regional Specific HBV Management.

Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of liver-related diseases. In Uganda, there is a regional disparity in the HBV burden. Our study was aimed at establishing the circulating genotypes in a low and a high endemic region to give plausible explanations for the differences in regional burden and guide the future management of the disease. Methods A total of 200 HBsAg-seropositive subjects were recruited into the study by convenience sampling. The HBsAg Rapid Test Strip (Healgen Scientific Limited Liability Company, Houston, TX77047- USA) was used to screen for HBsAg while the Roche machine (Roche, Basel Switzerland/Abbot Technologies (USA)) was used to determine the viral load. The Chemistry Analyzer B120 (Mindray, China) was used for chemistry analysis. For HBV genotyping, total DNA was extracted from whole blood using the QIAamp® DNA extraction kit. Nested PCR amplification was performed using Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen Corporation, USA) to amplify the 400 bp HBV polymerase gene. Purification of nested PCR products was performed using Purelink PCR product purification kit (Life Technologies, USA). Automated DNA sequencing was performed using BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit on 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA). The NCBI HBV genotyping tool (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genotyping/formpage.cgi) was used for determination of genotype for each HBV sequence. Pearson's chi-square, multinomial logistic regression, and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for the analysis. All the analyses were done using SPSS version 26.0 and MedCalc software version 19.1.3 at 95% CI. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Majority of our study subjects were female (64.5%), youth (51.0%), and married (62.0%). Overall, genotype A was the most prevalent (46%). Genotype D and the recombinant genotype D/E were proportionately more distributed in the high endemic (38.2%) and low endemic (36.5%) regions, respectively. Genotype D was significantly more prevalent in the high endemic region and among the elderly (p < 0.05). Genotype D was significantly associated with elevated viral load and direct bilirubin (p < 0.05). The recombinant genotype D/E was significantly associated with elevated viral load (p < 0.05). Similarly, genotype A was significantly associated with elevated AST and GGT, lowered viral load, and normal direct bilirubin levels (p < 0.05). Conclusion There is disproportionate distribution of genotypes A and D and the recombinant genotype D/E in the low and high endemic regions of Uganda. This probably could explain the differences in endemicity of HBV in our country signifying the need for regional specific HBV management and control strategies.

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Stability of Discrete-Time Switched Linear Systems With Ranged Dwell Time

This letter deals with the stability analysis problem of discrete-time switched linear systems with ranged dwell time. A novel concept called L-switching-cycle is proposed, which contains sequences of multiple activation cycles satisfying the prescribed ranged dwell time constraint. Based on L-switching-cycle, two sufficient conditions are proposed to ensure the global uniform asymptotic stability of discrete-time switched linear systems. It is noted that two conditions are equivalent in stability analysis with the same L-switching-cycle. These two sufficient conditions can be viewed as generalizations of the clock-dependent Lyapunov and multiple Lyapunov function methods, respectively. Furthermore, it has been proven that the proposed L-switching-cycle can eventually achieve the nonconservativeness in stability analysis as long as a sufficiently long L-switching-cycle is adopted. A numerical example is provided to illustrate our theoretical results.

Безсуб’єктність життєвого циклу імперій та перспективи сучасного світопорядку

The article reviews the lifecycle models of 15 key imperial centres over the past 800 years to highlight general evolution trends and extrapolate them to the prospects of Putin’s Russia after the start of the fullscale war in Ukraine. The analysis of past and present empires as complex non-linear systems allows the author to conclude that their paths are not rather the result of decisions and actions of individual actors (leaders, elites or macro-groups) but a subjectless sequence of cycles of prosperity and decline, which are interrupted by short periods of chaotic behaviour. The lifecycle models of most of the considered empires have virtually the same trajectory: from the formation and consolidation of the imperial centre, the conquest of internal territories and active external expansion to the period of maximum power (prosperity) followed by internal destabilisation, competition with other imperial players and collapse. The imperial centres of Russia and China can be considered as a case study, as they have undergone several evolutionary waves, with periods of short (from a historical perspective) disintegration followed by the restoration of the imperial lifecycle. Currently, the autocratic nature of the regimes in these states does not burden their rulers with the need to consider public opinion and allows them to direct state resources towards external expansion. The author concludes that the military aggression against Ukraine (since 2014) has started another crisis phase of Russia’s lifecycle, which the Kremlin leadership mistakenly perceives as a period of imperial flourishing. The current state of the world order, also evolving within the framework of subjectles evolutionary cycles, is characterised by decentralisation, polycentricity of power, and multilevel interrelationships between key actors. Challenging this new world, the Kremlin regime is trying to act through hard power, typical of previous stages in the evolution of the imperial systems. At the same time, the overall course of the war in Ukraine demonstrates that the rigidly hierarchical Russian autocratic empire is the relict in today’s decentralised world. And it is losing to a network society that is able to mobilise resources much faster and more effectively and is much more motivated to victory.

Implementation of a Network Security System Using the Simple Port Knocking Method on a Mikrotik-Based Router

One of the problems in remote access to the system is the act of hacking to illegally gain access rights to a system. Therefore the need for an additional mechanism in user authentication in addition to the username and password parameters. The port knocking method is an option that can be implemented in this problem. Port knocking is a security system that functions to open or close access to certain ports by using a firewall on network devices by sending certain packets or connections. The connection used can be in the form of TCP, UDP, or ICMP protocols. The network system development method used in this research is the PPDIOO method developed by CISCO, where the cycle sequence includes: . prepare (preparation), Plan (planning), Design (Design), Implement (Implementation), Operate (Operation) and Optimize (Optimization). The result of implementing the Port Knocking method on a system on a computer network is that the system will refuse if the login activity on the system does not or sends additional parameters incorrectly, besides that the network admin can find out the activity on the network system if someone from outside fails when accessing the system through the port. so that actions can be taken according to system security requirements.

Removal of CF4 from NF3 at the phase interface

Background: The close boiling points of carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) and the chemical inertness of CF4 make it difficult to remove it from NF3.Methods: A method for cleaning NF3 from CF4 at the gas-liquid interface is proposed. The purification is carried out by a sequence of cycles: (1) fractional condensation of NF3 at a cryostat temperature (TCry), at which the equilibrium pressure of CF4 exceeds its partial pressure in the feed mixture; and (2) pumping out the gas phase enriched with CF4 and high-boiling impurities. The cycles are repeated at a next TCry corresponding to the new CF4 content, and are completed by cryogenic distillation of the condensate with the removal of low-boiling impurities.Findings: The CF4 content of 5000 ppm in a 25 g NF3 sample was reduced to less than 100 ppm in three cycles at TCry = 120 K; a CF4 separation coefficient above 40 was achieved. The method can be used for the industrial production of high-purity NF3, with the cryostat refrigerant being the only consumable material, as well as for the separation of other substances with close boiling points, such as isomers or isotopes.

Hepatitis B Transmission: Is Vertical Transmission the Major Route in Intermediate Endemic Areas? A Proof-of-Concept Study Based on Mother–Child Genotypes

The route of hepatitis B transmission is believed to be horizontal in India, though pediatric studies showed mother as source in the majority of chronic HBV (CHB) cases. We aimed at establishing the fact that mother-child transmission is the main route of acquisition by documenting genotypically identical viruses in mother-child pairs. Blood samples of consecutive children (≤ 18 years) with CHB and high DNA (> 10,000 IU/mL) and their positive mothers were collected from January 2013 to December 2015. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of HBV-DNA were amplified and sequenced by using BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit v3.1 and aligned with previously described sequences in the region of interest for genotypes A to G by using BioEdit software. Phylogenetic tree was generated using p-distance algorithm in MEGA software version 6. Genotyping of 59 (33 children and 26 mothers) subjects include genotype A in 24 (40.7%) and genotype D in 35 (59.3%). Both mother-child pair genotyping was possible in 25. The median age of 25 children (20 males) was 9 (interquartile range, IQR: 4-11) years. The distribution of genotypes among mother-child pairs was similar. The concordance between children and their mothers was 24 of 25 (96%). Evolutionary analysis showed significant similarities between mother and child sequences for both genotype A and D, suggesting thereby the same virus. In conclusion, mother-baby transmission seems to be the major route of acquisition of HBV in children in India and near-complete homology in genetic sequences between mother-child pairs is definite proof for that. However, a larger epidemiological study is required to substantiate our findings.

Nucleotide amplification and sequencing of the GC-rich region between matrix and fusion protein genes of peste des petits ruminants virus

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a highly devastating disease of sheep and goats, that threatens the conservation of small wild ruminants. The development of PPRV vaccines, diagnostics and therapeutics, greatly depends on in-depth genomic data. Yet, high guanine-cytosine (GC) content between matrix (M) and fusion (F) genes of PPRV poses difficulty for both primer design and nucleotide amplification. In turn, this has led into absence or low nucleotide sequence coverage in this region. This poses a risk of missing important part of the genome that could help to infer viral evolution. Here, an overlapping long-read primer-based amplification strategy was developed to amplify the GC-rich fragments between M-F gene junction using nexus gradient polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The resulting amplicons were sequenced by dideoxynucleotide cycle sequencing and compared with other PPRV nucleotide sequences available at GenBank. Our findings indicate clear PCR amplification products with expected size of the GC-rich fragments on agarose gel electrophoresis. The sequencing results of these fragments indicate 99.5 % nucleotide identity with PPRV strain KY628761. An extremely difficult PCR target of 67.4 % GC contents was successfully amplified and sequenced using this long-read primer approach. The long-read primer set may be used in tiling multiplex PCR for complete genome sequencing of PPRV.

Machine Learning and Statistical Prediction of Pitching Arm Kinetics

Background: Over the past decade, research has attempted to elucidate the cause of throwing-related injuries in the baseball athlete. However, when considering the entire kinetic chain, full body mechanics, and pitching cycle sequencing, there are hundreds of variables that could influence throwing arm health, and there is a lack of quality investigations evaluating the relationship and influence of multiple variables on arm stress. Purpose: To identify which variables have the most influence on elbow valgus torque and shoulder distraction force using a statistical model and a machine learning approach. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on baseball pitchers who underwent biomechanical evaluation at the university biomechanics laboratory. Regression models and 4 machine learning models were created for both elbow valgus torque and shoulder distraction force. All models utilized the same predictor variables, which included pitch velocity and 17 pitching mechanics. Results: The analysis included a total of 168 high school and collegiate pitchers with a mean age of 16.7 years (SD, 3.2 years) and BMI of 24.4 (SD, 1.2). For both elbow valgus torque and shoulder distraction force, the gradient boosting machine models demonstrated the smallest root mean square errors and the most precise calibrations compared with all other models. The gradient boosting model for elbow valgus torque reported the highest influence for pitch velocity (relative influence, 28.4), with 5 mechanical variables also having significant influence. The gradient boosting model for shoulder distraction force reported the highest influence for pitch velocity (relative influence, 20.4), with 6 mechanical variables also having significant influence. Conclusion: The gradient boosting machine learning model demonstrated the best overall predictive performance for both elbow valgus torque and shoulder distraction force. Pitch velocity was the most influential variable in both models. However, both models also revealed that pitching mechanics, including maximum humeral rotation velocity, shoulder abduction at foot strike, and maximum shoulder external rotation, significantly influenced both elbow and shoulder stress. Clinical Relevance: The results of this study can be used to inform players, coaches, and clinicians on specific mechanical variables that may be optimized to mitigate elbow or shoulder stress that could lead to throwing-related injury.

California Test to Detect of Mastitis Incidence, Parity and Stage of Lactation to Indicators to Milk Composition in Iraqi Buffaloes

The research was carried out in the Hashemite district (25 km southwest of Babil Governorate) on 150 female Iraqi buffaloes for the period from 2/7/2019 to 1/6/2020, with the aim of studying the relationship between the California test and a number of milk traits. The results showed a significant effect (P≤0.01) of the reproductive cycle sequence in the CMT and the proportions of both fat and protein in the milk, as the California test scores reached the maximum for female buffaloes in the fourth milk cycle (1.80 degrees). There was a highly significant variation (P≤0.01) in the percentage of fat according to the different production cycle, and the highest percentage of fat in milk was in female buffaloes during the first milk cycle (6.59%). It was found that the milk production stage had a significant effect on the CMT degrees, as the CMT degree increased with the progression of the milking stage, until it reached during the third stage of the milk production cycle (1.59) and was lower in the first production cycle (1.48). The percentage of fat was significantly affected (P≤0.01) by the stage of milk production (Table 1), as it reached the highest (6.86%) in the third stage of the production season and the lowest (5.98%) during the second stage. It is concluded from the research that the California test is an indicator of some components of milk and that the degree of the California test and the percentage of fat are affected by the sequence of birth and the stage of milk production in buffaloes.

Determination of Strain Limits for Dimensioning Polyurethane Components.

Within the scope of this contribution, a method for the determination of a strain limit for designing components made of elastomeric polyurethane systems is presented. The knowledge of a material-specific strain limit is essential for the structural-mechanical calculation of plastic components in the context of component design. Compared to a commonly used component design, based on a simplified dimensioning approach taking only linear viscoelastic deformations into account, the strain limit determined in this study allows an improved utilisation of lightweight construction potential in the dimensioning of technical components made of polyurethanes through the consideration of permissible nonlinear viscoelastic deformations. The test method comprises a sequence of quasi-static loading and unloading cycles, with a subsequent load-free recovery phase, allowing the relaxation of the viscoelastic forces. Standardised tensile and simple shear test specimens and a dynamic mechanical thermal analyser (DMTA) are used within the tests. The strain limit is determined by means of the so-called residual energy ratio, which is a characteristic quantity for the evaluation of hystereses of load–unload cycles. These hystereses are increasingly formed by deformations outside the range of linear viscoelastic deformations. The residual energy ratio relates the proportion of deformation energy recovered during unloading to the deformation work that is applied. In this contribution, the residual energy ratio is successfully used to detect a significant evolution of loss energy under increasing load and to correlate this transition to a characteristic strain. The latter is used as a dimensioning parameter for the design of components made of elastomeric polyurethane materials for quasi-static load cases. The determination of this strain limit is performed under consideration of the criterion of reversibility of deformation.

Initial reports of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2 lineage) in Bangladeshi patients: Risks of cross-border transmission from India.

Initial reports of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2 lineage) in Bangladeshi patients: Risks of cross-border transmission from India.

The structure and mechanical properties formed in the soft L63 brass band commercially produced using transverse flux induction heating

This paper looks at the structure and mechanical properties formed in a steel band while it is processed to the soft state using a variety of different adopted and pilot processes that involve Transverse Flux Induction Heating (or, TFIH). Varying concentrations of copper were examined: 62.5 &plusmn; 0.2 and 64 &plusmn; 0.2 %. After semicontinuous casting and cutting to length, ingots were heated in a continuous gas furnace. Hot-rolled bands with the thicknesses of 5 and 8 mm were coiled and the coils were air- or water-cooled. A portion of the coils was annealed in a batch furnace and cooled down in the same way. After the bands were cold-rolled down to 2.0, 2.2 or 2.4 mm, they were coiled and the coils were annealed in the batch furnace or treated by TFIH technique in the most intense mode. The second rolling cycle was conducted using the adopted processes and reaching the thicknesses of ~0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mm and various degrees of deformation. After that, the band was subjected to varying annealing modes of the TFIH process. It was found that the key factor contributing to a higher ultimate strength includes a significant concentration of &beta;-phase, which tends to rise as the concentration of copper goes down. At the same time, rapid cooling after TFIH annealing does not lead to any significant rise or decrease in the &beta;-phase concentration. Thus, the key factor for the ultimate strength to rise includes the &beta;-phase that forms as a result of hot rolling and remains through a sequence of TFIH cycles. It was established that the process involving hot rolling followed by cold rolling in two or more passes and at least one intermediate annealing cycle in a batch furnace and a final continuous TFIH annealing cycle ensures the soft state in the L63 band. Compared with the process that involves final batch annealing, this process offers better energy efficiency with the minimal lengthwise variation of properties.The authors would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to V. M. Mikhalev, S. N. Polyaev, A. A. Sozontov, I. V. Kharitonova, A. V. Koloshnitsyn, V. G. Igoshin, F. G. Bikmetova, L. V. Mashinina, T. V. Budneva and other employees of the Kirov Non-Ferrous Metals Processing Plant who contributed to this research.

Bioremediation potential of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria: isolation, characterization, and assessment.

Oil contamination is a worldwide concern now. However, oil contaminated environment is enriched with microorganisms that can utilize petroleum oil and use hydrocarbon for their growth, nutrition and metabolic activities. In the present study, bacteria present in the oil contaminated soil were isolated by enrichment culture technique using Minimal Salt (MS) media supplemented with diesel oil and burned engine oil as a sole carbon source. The isolated bacteria were characterized by morphological and biochemical tests and identified by molecular tool through cycle sequencing method. Three isolates were morphologically characterized as gram-negative, cocci shaped and 16S rRNA sequence analysis revealed that the isolates are closely related to Pseudomonas sp., Acinetobacter sp., and Enterobacter sp. respectively. Growth condition was optimized at pH 7.0 and temperature 37 °C. All the isolates were susceptible to several antibiotics and they have no antagonistic effect with soil beneficial bacteria. Three isolates were grown in two different concentrations of diesel oil and burned engine oil (4% v/v and 8%, v/v) respectively. Study revealed that with increasing the concentration of diesel oil in the media the growth rate of all the isolates were decreased. In contrast, the growth rates of all the three isolates were increased, with increasing concentration of burned engine oil. In our study, all the isolates showed their degradation efficacy in 4% v/v diesel oil and in 8% v/v burned engine oil. So, our research clearly shows that the isolates could be potentially used for bioremediation purposes for cleaning up petroleum polluted area.

Extending granular activated carbon (GAC) bed life: A column study of in-situ chemical regeneration of pesticide loaded activated carbon for water treatment

In-situ chemical regeneration of granular activated carbon (GAC) may represent an advantageous alternative to conventional off-site thermal regeneration in water treatment applications. The performance of chemical regeneration of carbon exhausted by metaldehyde and isoproturon was investigated using rapid small-scale column tests, performed using a sequence of pesticide adsorption and chemical regeneration cycles with a novel alkaline-organic regenerant solution. A fresh regenerant solution was able to achieve 82% and 45% regeneration of carbon exhausted by metaldehyde and isoproturon, respectively. After the first regeneration, the performance declined slightly to 79%, and to 36% after the fourth regeneration. A comparison using a thermally regenerated (operational) carbon suggested that chemical regeneration was more beneficial for carbon exhausted by metaldehyde. The regenerant solution has a potential to be re-used multiple times, thereby minimizing the amount of waste chemicals generated. A series of carbon characterization tests showed that chemical regeneration did not alter the surface area, pore size distribution and surface chemistry of the carbon. As part of the evaluation, the adsorption thermodynamics of virgin and chemically regenerated carbons were determined using isothermal titration calorimetry to evaluate the adsorption behaviour of the pesticides on the carbon samples. The relatively high regeneration efficiency achieved by chemical regeneration, and minimal deleterious effect to the physico-chemical properties of the carbon, demonstrated the beneficial potential of this process as an alternative to conventional thermal regeneration of GAC.

On a cellular developmental method for layout optimization via the two-point topological derivative

This paper introduces a two-point topological derivative for elasticity and a cellular developmental method for layout optimization of structures. The two-point derivative measures the change on a functional due to the addition of a thin ligament between parts of the domain. It contrasts with the existing single-point topological derivatives that measure the change of a functional due to the subtraction of material. Based on the two-point topological derivative, a cellular developmental method is presented, which builds the layout of a structure in a sequence of cellular divisions and cellular dynamics developmental cycles. The methodology introduced in this work can easily account for member sizes and angle constraints among members of the frame, and the optimization can be performed in the free space or in a bounded domain. Benchmark problems are solved to demonstrate the capability of the cellular developmental method to solve optimization problems in structural mechanics.

Identification of Tinomiscium petiolare from Vietnam using the DNA barcode

Background. Tinomiscium petiolare Hook.f. &amp; Thomson is a medicinal species of the family Menispermaceae. This species is currently being intensively exploited for therapeutic purposes. Precise and rapid identification of T. petiolare is critical and essential for the classification, propagation, use and conservation of its genetic resources. In recent years, DNA barcoding has been known to be a fast and sensitive method for identifying species at any stage of development, using short DNA sequences. In this study we have performed the identification of T. petiolare specimens in Vietnam based on the sequence analysis of 4 DNA barcode loci: ITS, matK, rbcL and rpoC.Materials and methods. Total DNA was extracted from leaf samples using DNeasy Plant Mini Kit. PCR amplification of the ITS, matK, rbcL and rpoC regions was carried out on the GeneAmp PCR System 9700 with specific primers. The purified PCR products were sequenced on the ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer system, using BigDye®Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit. These genetic sequences were analyzed and compared, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using BioEdit, BLAST, and MEGA 6 programs.Results and conclusion. The success rate of amplification and sequencing was 100% for all 4 DNA barcode loci (ITS, matK, rbcL and rpoC) in the studied specimens. The produced sequence sizes of ITS, matK, rbcL and rpoC in the specimens were 574 bp, 810 bp, 527 bp and 488 bp, respectively. Further, we identified that all studied specimens were genetically related to each other and associated with the same species T. petiolare. Overall, the results of the study generated the most complete DNA barcode database of T. petiolare collected in Vietnam, contributing to the taxonomy and identification of this species.

Protseq: An Investigation of High-Throughput, Single-Molecule Protein Sequencing via Amino Acid Conversion into DNA Barcodes

Despite a need for high-throughput protein sequencing, existing methods are not capable of sequencing the entire human proteome. We demonstrate early progress toward constructing the components of a protein sequencing technology that requires sequential capture and recording of binding over many cycles. The Barcode Cycle Sequencing (BCS) assay uses DNA-barcoded binders to construct a chain of barcodes directly onto a DNA sequencing chip that are used to identify a target. We demonstrated successful barcode capture and DNA-barcode chain sequencing for DNA-DNA and nanobody-protein binding pairs. For DNA-DNA binding, we showed assembly and sequencing of barcodes over 6 consecutive binding cycles. We additionally introduce a binder discovery pipeline called Target-Switch SELEX to discover aptamer binders. Ultimately, we envision merging BCS and Target-Switch SELEX into an end-to-end technology called ProtSeq, a high-throughput, single-molecule protein sequencing method in which DNA-barcoded aptamers read a protein’s amino acid sequence over multiple cycles of terminal amino acid degradation.

A case of infra-nodal Wenckebach conduction block with alternating bundle branch block

BackgroundAtrioventricular (AV) node normally has decremental conduction property and a longer refractory period than His-Purkinje system (HPS). This results in AV conduction delay or block at the level of AV node in response to short-coupled atrial premature beats. Prolonged refractoriness in HPS can produce unusual physiological patterns of AV conduction such as conduction delay or infra-nodal block in the distal elements of HPS.Case presentationWe present a case in which atrial premature stimulation produces infra-nodal Wenckebach conduction block which initiates long-short cycle sequence within the bundle branches resulted in alternating bundle branch block and atypical pattern of Ashman phenomenon.ConclusionsThis case highlights the importance of recognizing the unusual physiological AV conduction patterns of HPS. The long-short cycle sequence in the bundle branches of distal HPS and linking phenomenon can result in alternating bundle branch block without the presence of HPS disease.

The influence of RS738409 I148M polymorphism of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 gene on the susceptibility of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

We aimed to elucidate the frequency of polymorphic genotypes and alleles of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 rs738409 polymorphism and its possible associations with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in a cohort from Turkey.We enrolled 200 patients diagnosed with NAFLD and genotyped for rs738409 I148M polymorphism by real-time polymerase chain reaction, particularly by melting curve analysis. SPSS analysis software was used for statistical significance. Continuous variable values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Significant statistical level was chosen as p = 0.05.Our results demonstrate in a cohort from Turkey that rs738409 C > G polymorphism (I148M) of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 gene is significantly able to affect individuals to have NAFLD in unadjusted regression model.Consistent with the previous studies in other populations, our study group showed a significantly higher risk of having NAFLD in unadjusted regression model but not in the adjusted model indicating that non-genetic factors such as age and sex may be responsible for the association. However, independent studies need to validate our findings with a larger group of NAFLD patients, as well as in different ethnic cohorts.