September 21st Research Articles

Interventions affecting air transport passenger demand in Taiwan

All around the world, air travel has become a vital element in people’s lives, one that stimulates national economies, global trade and tourism. Nevertheless, the airline industry is highly vulnerable to exogenous shocks. The objectives of this study, therefore, are to apply Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) with intervention model (also known as intervention analysis) to evaluate the impact of different local, regional and global incidents of a man-made, natural and health character, in Taiwan over the last decade. The incidents used in this study are the Asian financial crisis starting in mid-1997, the September 21st earthquake in 1999, the September 11th terrorist attacks in 2001, and the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003. Empirical results revealed that the SARS illness had a significant impact, whereas the Asian economic crisis, the September 21st earthquake, and the September 11th terrorist attacks showed no significant effect on air movements. Based on the results, implications and recommendations are provided, and future research possibilities are also noted. Key words: Tourism, intervention analysis, catastrophic events, air movement, airline industry.

2008 Outstanding Paper Award of the IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society

The Administrative Committee of the IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society takes great pleasure in announcing the selection of the Outstanding Paper published in its 2008 Transactions, Vol. 55. The award was presented during ceremonies at the 2009 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium in Rome, Italy, September 21st, 2009. The award winners are Gael Sebald, Elie Lefeuvre, and Daniel Guyomar for their paper entitled Pyroelectric Energy Conversion: Optimization Principles.

New behaviour of the Piton de La Fournaise volcano feeding system (La Réunion Island) deduced from GPS data: Influence of the 2007 Dolomieu caldera collapse

After 15 months of summit deflation, the unrest of Piton de La Fournaise renewed in August 2008 with several seismic crises and the re-pressurization of the plumbing system. The successive seismic crises, sometime accompanied by ground displacements detected by GPS, were associated with inter-eruptive dyke intrusions. It was the first time since the implementation of the observatory that such successive inter-eruptive magma migrations, not reaching the surface, were observed at Piton de La Fournaise. The change in the volcano activity, with an increase in the frequency of pure dyke intrusions, have followed the Dolomieu caldera collapse of April 2007 and reveals its strong influence on the new eruptive regime. Stress changes in the volcanic edifice have, temporarily at least, favoured the arrest of dykes in depth. During these successive dyke intrusions, magma stopped at shallow depth to form transitory magma storages before to erupt during three successive small summit eruptions (September 21st–October 2nd, 2008; November 27th; and December 14th, 2008–February 4th, 2009). The same kind of change in the pre-eruptive and eruptive behaviour can be expected on other volcanoes having experienced a summit caldera collapse.

The Audacity to Hope Regulatory Restraint Will Prevail

Much ink already has been spilled over the September 21st announcement by FCC Chairman Genachowski to circulate a notice of proposed rulemaking expanding and codifying the FCC's four Internet policy principles. The key question is whether the FCC possesses the statutory authority it would require to expand and codify the Internet policy principles? No, at least not for the reasons the agency has advanced to date. The question of regulatory is not so directly implicated when the FCC propounds broad, but unenforceable, policy principles, as it did with its 2005 Internet Policy Statement. But legally binding rules of the road, must rest on a convincing factual predicate and must come within the scope of the regulatory powers delegated to the FCC by Congress. And it is the latter that is called into question by the FCC's reliance on the doctrine of jurisdiction in its Comcast P2P Order, currently on review before the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, a court not especially hospitable to such claims. Given the stakes, the Brief is surprisingly tepid in its defense of this exercise of the FCC's ancillary jurisdiction. The Brief eschews detailed arguments in support of all seven statutory provisions it cited in the Comcast P2P Order, and rests its case almost entirely on section 230(b). The remainder of the Brief offers only the barest support for the other sources of ancillary discussed in the Comcast P2P Order. In fact, in its opening pages, the Brief attempts to locate support for the ancillary claim on yet an eighth statutory provision, section 543. which was not even cited in the underlying order! The FCC will find that the Communications Act constrains its ability to do much more than issue broad statements of policy and principle concerning the provision of Internet services.

Incorporating the effects of topographic amplification and sliding areas in the modeling of earthquake-induced landslide hazards, using the cumulative displacement method

A procedure that considers topographic effects and runout behavior is proposed for analyzing seismic landslide hazards. The theoretical topographic amplification factors and corresponding amplified ground motion are calculated. By using the amplified motion, a cumulative displacement map is generated through the Newmark's displacement method. The high displacement areas are defined as the source areas of landslides. A runout simulation that identifies sliding routes and the final deposition areas of the sliding material from these source areas is performed. Finally, the complete set of landslide zones, including source, and sliding and deposition areas, is predicted. The landslide hazard maps of the Mt. Baishiya region, Nantou, Taiwan are evaluated, and the maps of actual landslides triggered by the September 21st, 1999, Chi-Chi earthquake are compared with the prediction. The results show that the proposed procedure, which combines topographic effects and runout simulation, can generate more accurate predictions for seismic landslide hazard analysis. However, this slight improvement over the procedure that only considers topographic effects is within the uncertainty levels of the input parameters. This slight improvement is obtained by a relatively complex and time-consuming procedure, and further research is required towards evaluating the viability of the proposed model when topographic effects cannot be neglected.

XMM-Newton detects a relativistically broadened iron line in the spectrum of the ms X-ray pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658

We report on a 63-ks long XMM-Newton observation of the accreting millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658 during the latest X-ray outburst which started on September 21st 2008. The pn spectrum shows a highly significant emission line in the energy band where the iron K- α line is expected, and which we identify as emission from neutral (or mildly ionized) iron. The line profile appears to be quite broad (more than 1 keV FWHM ) and asymmetric; the most probable explanation for this profile is Doppler and relativistic broadening from the inner accretion disc. From a fit with a diskline profile we find an inner radius of the disc of $8.7^{+3.7}_{-2.7}~R_{\rm g}$, corresponding to $18.0^{+7.6}_{-5.6}$ km for a 1.4 $M_{\odot}$ neutron star. The disc therefore appears truncated inside the corotation radius (31 km for SAX J1808.4-3658) in agreement with the fact that the source was still showing pulsations during the XMM-Newton observation.

Crisis Management Planning to Restore Tourism After Disasters

SUMMARY The tourism industry is vulnerable to natural and human induced incidents such as terrorist attacks, political instability, flood and earthquakes. On September 21st 1999, a devastating earthquake struck Taiwan which caused severe damage to both local people and the tourism industry. This paper proposes an innovative integrated approach that could be adopted as a crisis management plan for Taiwan to restore its tourism industry. A thorough review of the crisis management literature is introduced and examined to generate an integrated crisis management framework. It is anticipated that this framework could accelerate tourism recovery by showing secure images for tourists, and hence the competitiveness of a tourist nation could be enhanced through sound crisis management practices.

State/event fault trees—A safety analysis model for software-controlled systems

Safety models for software-controlled systems should be intuitive, compositional and have the expressive power to model both software and hardware behaviour. Moreover, they should provide quantitative results for failure or hazard probabilities. Fault trees are an accepted and intuitive model for safety analysis, but they are incapable of expressing state dependencies or temporal order of events. We propose to combine fault trees with an explicit State/Event semantics, using a graphical notation that is similar to Statecharts. Our new model, named State/Event Fault Trees (SEFTs), subsumes both deterministic state machines suited to describe software behaviour, and Markov chains that model probabilistic failures, while keeping the visualisation of causal chains known from fault trees. We allow exponentially distributed probabilistic events, deterministic delays, and triggered events. The model provides a component concept, where components are connected by typed ports. Quantitative evaluation is achieved by translating the component models to Deterministic and Stochastic Petri Nets (DSPNs) and using an existing tool for analysis or simulation. This paper, which is an extended version of [Kaiser B, Gramlich C. State-Event-Fault-Trees—a safety analysis model for software controlled systems. Computer safety, reliability, and security. Proceedings of the 23rd international conference, SAFECOMP 2004, Potsdam, Germany, September 21st–24th. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3219, 2004.p. 195–209], revisits the model elements and the analysis procedure and provides a small case study of a fire alarm system, completed by an outlook on our tool project ESSaRel.

TOURISM BEHAVIOR TOWARD DISASTERS: A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON

The current study extends the author's previous study in which Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance dimension (1991) was applied to the case of the September 21st earthquake in 1999, the largest natural disaster of the 20th century in Taiwan. The study assessed how the behavior of Japanese and United States tourists has been affected. The results indicate clear differences in rebound status between Japanese and American visitor arrivals that are remarkably consistent with Hofstede's conceptualization – the Japanese tended toward uncertainty avoidance more than the Americans.

The University of Zurich (UZH) Hosts the Second Biannual Siegfried Symposium

On Thursday, September 21st, the University of Zurich hosted the second biannual Siegfried Symposium. The Symposium, which highlights new developments in process chemistry, was jointly organized by the Organic Chemistry Institute and Siegfried, Ltd. of Zofingen. A full day of lectures from a group of leading international researchers culminated in the award of the Siegfried Medal to Prof. Stephen Buchwald (MIT) for his fundamental contributions to the development of efficient transition metal-catalyzed synthetic processes.

Internet Metronome: An Experimental Remote Jazz Jam Session with Uncompressed HDTV Transmission over Lightpaths

SUMMARY An experimental remote jazz jam session with uncompressed HDTV over the Internet was conducted on September 21st as a Grand Final event of the Aichi Exposition 2005. Professional jazz musicians located at the venue of Aichi Exposition and at SARA in Amsterdam have made the jazz jam session with new mechanisms called as “Internet Metronome” and “delay-control unit” using an international “lightpath.” This was the first music collaboration using a new methodology and, one of the challenging demonstrations to transport the uncompressed HDTV streams with timing control under the current software and hardware architectures. “Internet Metronome” and “delay-control unit” enabled to make a tempo using and controlling delay, and “lightpath” minimized the network jitter. Using these new mechanisms and technology, the musicians could play with new music collaboration environment over the Internet with long communication delay, and enjoyed remote jazz jam session at both ends.

Toulouse, septembre 2001 : incidences du risque industriel dans une grande ville

The industrial risk is of relatively recent perception. It became a major preoccupation since some grave accidents of which that of the explosion of the factory AZF in Toulouse, on September 21st, 2001. Having evoked the film of the disaster and the reaction of the inhabitants, the author asks the question of the relations between the city and the dangerous factories, by underlining trump cards and weaknesses of regulations in force. He wonders about the future of a town deprived of his traditional chemical pole.

In memoriam: Jean-Claude Yernault

Professor Jean-Claude Yernault from Brussels in Belgium sadly died on September 21st 2004, at only 61 years of age. He had a profound impact upon the development of respiratory medicine in Europe. In addition to his major work as a clinician and scientist, he was very active in the creation of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) by the merging of Societas Europaea Physiologiae Clinicae Respiratoriae (SEPCR) and Societas Europaea Pneumologica (SEP) in 1990.

Water stress in Pinus engelmannii Carr., under nursery conditions

The effect of water stress was evaluated in relation to the water potential and growth of five-month old seedlings of Pinus engelmannii Carr. The essay was conducted from September 21st to October 27th, 2003; in this period of time three water stress cycles were completed. Significant differences between water supply treatments were found (p < 0.01) in regard to the seedlings water potential after the third day of watering. The seedlings under water stress reached final water potentials from –1,96 to –2,29 MPa, while the seedlings without water stress showed values between –0.13 and –0.20 MPa. The morphological response of the seedlings presented two well-defined trends. First, the seedlings irrigated without humidity restriction showed larger growth rates in height (20.7%), collar diameter (69.4%) and total phytomass production (144.1%). On the other hand, the seedlings under water stress showed smaller increments in height (1.3%), collar diameter (9.8%) and total phytomass (73.1%). It is concluded that the seedlings were sensible to the evaluated levels of water stress, therefore allowing management to promote their hardening. Key words: humidity deficit, seedlings quality, growth, preaconditioning phase.

Three-dimensional deformation along the rupture trace of the September 21st, 1999, Taiwan earthquake: a case study in the Kuangfu school

In Central Taiwan, the destructive Chichi earthquake (Mw=7.6) of September 21st, 1999, produced a nearly 100-km-long rupture trace following the Chelungpu Fault. This paper shows how the geometry of the fault slip can locally be determined in three dimensions, based on analyses of earthquake fault in the Kuangfu stadium. The fault at this site is reverse and left-lateral. The three-dimensional geometrical analysis, done with a variety of data through independent determination modes, all applied to the deformation of the surface layer of the stadium tracks, allows complete verification of the results. Not only do these analyses constrain the fault behaviour in terms of trend, dip angle, obliquity and amount of slip, but also they reveal variations in both the horizontal and the vertical fault geometry. The comparison with relative displacements recorded at larger distances from the fault reveals that slip partitioning occurs, with nearly dip-slip thrusting along the rupture trace and distributed left-lateral shear in a deformed zone of the hanging wall, adjacent to the main fault.

Reconstruction of fault slip of the September 21st, 1999, Taiwan earthquake in the asphalted surface of a car park, and co-seismic slip partitioning

The deformation in the asphalted surface of a car park near Wufeng (24°1′N, 120°41′E) reveals the three-dimensional behaviour of the surface rupture of the September 21st, 1999, Taiwan earthquake. The N–S striking fault dips 30°E and is reverse, almost dip-slip. It accounts for about one half of the total NW–SE shortening of the whole fault zone. The remaining deformation occurred inside the upthrust block, in a damaged zone less than 3km wide, and is dominated by N–S left-lateral shear. This distribution of co-seismic deformation highlights fault slip partitioning along an oblique fault zone, at a depth shallower than 1.7km.

Ideas about earthquakes after experiencing a natural disaster in Taiwan: An analysis of students' worldviews

On September 21st, 1999, the central part of Taiwan suffered an earthquake which was 7.3 on the Richter scale. This disaster provided a unique and rare opportunity to study students' worldviews. Science educators have proposed that students' worldviews influence their ways of interpreting natural phenomena and then impose an effect on conceptual development in science. The objective of this study was to explore students' worldviews as revealed by their ideas about the causality of earthquakes after experiencing the natural disaster. In Taiwan's socio-cultural milieu, there are some indigenous world-views about earthquakes including the perspectives of supernatural forces and myths. Through tracking the ideas of 60 fifth graders and sixth graders for eight months, this study showed that students tended to employ the following three major approaches to resolve the incongruence between indigenous worldviews and scientific worldviews. First, they may try to accept the scientific ideas and to abandon their original worldviews. Second, they may try to grasp the scientific views and at the same time try to keep the indigenous worldviews unchanged. Many students held a scientific/myths dual perspective about the causes of earthquakes. Finally, they may retain their original worldview and try to ignore the scientific worldview. This paper finally suggests that science educators need to integrate socio-cultural aspects of science and of learning science into science education research and practice.

Index to Volume 38 Number 8, August 1st–31st 2001 Published September 21st 2001

Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural SeriesVolume 38, Issue 8 p. 14542-14542 Index to Volume 38 Number 8, August 1st–31st 2001 Published September 21st 2001 First published: 28 June 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-825X.00138AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume38, Issue8September 21st 2001Pages 14542-14542 RelatedInformation

Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series, August 1st–31st 2001 Published September 21st 2001

In This Issue Chad ”Combat Force“ Government 14511 Kenya Merger Mooted 14514 Sao Tome e Principe President Defeated 14515 Comoros Anjouan Coup 14523 South Africa Tougher Measures 14531 Sudan Surface‐to‐Surface Missiles 14532ContentsContinental Alignments 14509Internal Developments 14511National Security 14521Military 14535Overseas Relations 14539Social and Cultural 14540Rates 14512Index 14542

Some problems of the large-scale landslides caused by the Taiwan CHI-CHI earthquake from September 21st, 1999

Slope failure phenomena which was caused by the CHI-CHI earthquake was investigated, and a following knowledge was obtained. The slope failures divided into two main types. The one is concurred with a large number of small-scale landslides which are moved at high speed, and the other is the enormous rock formation landslide. The fomer is mainly constituted sand and gravel layer of the plasticity or brittle hard rocks, and arise in strong motion area of above 250gal. The latter look at the pelitic rock regions. They are difficult to occure landslides caused by the earthquake in general. However, enormous landsildes arose by the CHI-CHI earthquake. It seems that is related to Buckling based on the defomation of the rock formation which is affected by fault activity and seating phemomena.