Separate Types Research Articles

Temperature Responsive × Fast Chiral Comprehensive Liquid Chromatography: a New 2D-LC Platform for Resolving Mixtures of Chiral Isomers.

Chiral resolution of solutes occurring in mixtures of unrelated species is of relevance in life sciences and in pharmaceutical analysis. While this is conceptually achievable by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC), few approaches exist whereby the second dimension comprises the chiral separation. The latter is preferable in combination with a conventional reversed phase type of separation in the first dimension as it offers an extension of a conventional achiral analysis. The implementation of such rapid chiral analyses in the second dimension was, thus far, limited by the challenging transfer of the first dimension mobile phase to the second dimension while still achieving chiral separation. In this study, the combination of temperature-responsive and reversed-phase chiral liquid chromatography is assessed in terms of enantioselective separation of a broad range of pharmaceutical compounds. Applying temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) in the first dimension allows for analyses to be performed under purely aqueous conditions, which then allows for complete and more generic refocusing of (organic) solutes prior to the second dimension. This offers an enhanced ability to employ fast and broad compositional gradients over the chiral dimension, which broadens the applicability of the technique. In the proposed platform, seven chiral columns (superficially porous and fully porous columns (comprising both polysaccharide and macrocyclic antibiotic phases)) and four mobile phase gradients were screened on a pharmaceutical test mixture. The platform was shown to be able to offer the necessary resolving power for the molecules at hand and offers a new approach for chiral screening of mixtures of unrelated compounds.

Features of application of fractal Gaussian noise type signals in telecommunication systems

Problem statement. At present, the properties of a separate type of pseudorandom signals such as fractal Gaussian noise remain insufficiently investigated. The existing discrete model of fractal Gaussian noise is characterized by the value of the Hurst exponent and the time scaling factor, the influence of which on the properties of fractal Gaussian noise is insufficiently investigated. The issue of synthesis of new types of fractal broadband signals of complex design, which can be used in noise-resistant telecommunication systems, is relevant. Objective. Based on the mathematical model of fractal Gaussian noise, investigate the effect of the time scaling factor on the statistical, correlation and energy properties of fractal Gaussian noise signals. Results. By the method of averaging over realizations the dependences of energy, correlation and statistical properties of signals of fractal Gaussian noise type, which can be used for coding information bits, on the time scaling factor were obtained. Practical significance. According to the results of research on the properties of fractal Gaussian noise, the regularities of the passage of self-similar flows of Internet traffic in the approximation that they are self-similar and are described by a mathematical model of fractal Gaussian noise are established. When the intensity is increased up to requests/hour, the results of modeling the average transit time of traffic through the system for flows with different types of distribution show significant differences in the value of the average transit time of each request.

Semi-Analytical Solution for Modelling Moving Heat Sources in a Semi-Infinite Medium with Radiative and Convective Boundary Conditions

The weld quality is highly related to the thermal history of the weld and there have been many trials to monitor the quality using an infrared (IR) sensor. To obtain the real temperature of a surface based on the brightness temperature values measured by an IR camera, the emissivity value must be derived. For an accurate assessment of the emissivity, one must be aware of the melting point isotherm. The temperature profiles only depend on three factors during laser processing, specified as constants the characteristics of the material: laser beam speed (v), laser beam diameter (d), and power (P). Predicting the width of the melted zone reached during the welding process as the parameters vary is a tool for helping a quality laser processing and for determination of true temperature in laser welding using IR camera. This study describes the semi-analytical (SA) solution of the heat conduction equation for a localized moving Gaussian heat source with constant parameters on a semi-infinite medium. The solution, simple and quick to obtain, provides information on the width of the melted zone with an average error < 5 %. The outcome is assessed numerically and contrasted with FEM solutions for a Gaussian source, the latter having undergone experimental validation. With two distinct defocus values, def0 and def-6, and by varying the speed and power settings, two separate types of experiments were run. Thus, the SA solution was obtained and compared after the FEM solution had been obtained with a good approximation (max err 4.3 %, average err 2.7 %). Only in regard to the 1AL test is an error more than 5 % detected; in the other case, the average error is 3.75 %. Two more tests at the defocus values of def-4 and def-8 were conducted to confirm the model's validity as the parameters varied. Overall, the average error between the semi-analytical and the FEM solution is 4.1%. The SA solution may be used to effectively estimate the isotherms related to the melting point of aluminum (770 K). This allows to obtain a tool which helps restoring the real temperature based on the brightness values measured by the IR camera during laser welding. At the same time, this effective tool allows to investigate the importance of different processing parameters in laser manufacturing.

Intensification of polydisperse materials separation process

In recent years an indubitable progress has been made in the development of separators for powder fractionating. The development of new types of cascade separators significantly improves the quality of final fractionation products. Consumed material concentration in all types of cascade separators does not exceed, as a rule, two kilograms of solid phase per a cubic meter of air flow. Therefore, to attain high productivities, considerable investments are needed, because for this purpose several apparatuses operating in parallel or apparatuses of large overall sizes are required. Special researches have shown the possibility of increasing the solid phase consumed concentration in a cascade apparatus up to 6,25 кг/м3 using a special attachment without altering the separation efficiency. Ill. 4. Ref. 3.

단어 형성의 관점에서 본 전문 용어 줄임말의 유형과 특성

This paper aims at revealing the types and properties of term abbreviations in Urimalsaem. Until now, abbreviations have been discussed only in the basic types such as AC, AD, BC, and BD. However, even when targeting term abbreviations for Urimalsaem, the types are not so simple. In this respect, in order to categorize 794 term abbreviations of Urimalsaem, in addition to the ‘basic type’, ‘extended type’ and ‘applied type’ were assumed. In addition, the ‘complex type’ which is combined with the basic type and the extended type was considered as a separate type, and those that did not belong to any type were grouped into ‘other type’. Through this classification, except for ‘other type’, they were subdivided into 11 extended types, 14 applied types, and 1 complex types in addition to 4 basic types. This results clearly show that the term abbreviation types are very complicated themselves. These abbreviation types have a very high sum of the proportions of the extended, applied, and complex types, although the proportion of the overall basic types is over half at 53.4%. In the case of the AD type, the ratio of the extended type (15.74%) is more than twice as high as that of the basic type (16.30%). On the other hand, compared to the ratio of AC and AD types, BC and BD types are not very productive in abbreviation methods because the sum is only 5.66% of them. When it comes to the abbreviation type, it can also be seen that the number of syllables plays a very important role in the formation of abbreviations. On the other hand, as the structural characteristics of the abbreviation, AC and AD types with the highest type frequency and item frequency were mentioned. The relationship between acronyms for AC type and blended words for AD type was also noted. In addition, among the term abbreviations, some elements appear repeatedly and continuously as former or latter position. Some of them are affixes, but others are not. Therefore, they can be separately called ‘abbreviators’. It is worth noting that these abbreviators make us predict the type of term abbreviations not just in current but also in future.

Some historical and legal aspects of bringing to legal responsibility for giving and executing criminal orders and orders

The article provides a general description of the evolutionary stage of the development of legal responsibility for issuing and executing criminal orders and orders arising from the legal and historical sources of the Ancient World, Ancient Times and the Bible as the basis for the development of modern constitutional law. The biblical understanding of legal responsibility for issuing and executing criminal orders and orders, its content, nature and types is analyzed separately; the cause-and-effect relationship between the actions of government representatives and ordinary people and the onset of responsibility for violating God’s commandments is revealed.
 From the analysis of historical and legal sources, it can be seen that the legal responsibility for issuing and executing criminal orders and orders went through certain stages of formation, which are directly related to the processes of emergence and development depending on the historical type of the state and its legal instruments.
 It is noted that the first states that at the legislative level established legal responsibility, that is, punishment, including for giving and executing criminal orders and orders, were the states of the Ancient East, in particular, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Babylon, and Ancient India, where at the legislative level legal responsibility was introduced not only for ordinary people, but also for representatives of the authorities for criminal actions against the state that encroached on the established state order. In most cases, the punishment for such acts was the death penalty. But from the analysis of separate historical legal sources, it also follows that at the legislative level, certain subjects, representatives of the authorities, who had certain immunity and could not bear legal responsibility for their actions, including those expressed in giving criminal orders or orders, were defined at the legislative level. Since it was possible to apply a separate type of responsibility of a social and not a legal nature in relation to such persons, although it was of a coercive nature.
 It is pointed out that in the historical sources of the Ancient World, the understanding of legal responsibility for issuing and executing criminal orders and orders was carried out through the prism of moral and ethical norms that were in force at that time in society. Such criteria served not only as a pillar of law and justice, but were also fundamental for distinguishing orders and orders that had a criminal nature and bringing their authors to legal responsibility. At the same time, it was the development of the idea of legality in the works of thinkers of the ancient era that became the basis on which legal responsibility was based. Because the principle of legality was interpreted by thinkers as the principle of equality before the law and the inevitability of responsibility, including representatives of the authorities, who, having powerful powers, could sometimes use them in violation of the law, by issuing criminal orders and orders.
 It is argued that the idea of legal responsibility for issuing and executing criminal orders and orders dates back to biblical times, where it is inextricably linked to the doctrine of the origin and separation of powers. Therefore, in view of the significant influence of Christianity on the formation of the Western legal tradition, in particular the texts of the Bible, which in fact became the civilizational foundation on which the legal norms designed to regulate social relations between people and government institutions were based and will continue to be based, including the scope revealed which is assigned to man for his dominion and the limits where such dominion ends. And in the event that not only representatives of the authorities, but also anyone violates the commandments established by the Creator, including not only by issuing, but also by executing orders or orders, then such actions are subject to condemnation, and the person himself is subject to punishment.

MODERN TRENDS IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF CO-LIVING BUILDINGS

A brief history of the domestic experience in implementing the idea of cohabitation of groups of people with similar goals and interests is given. Based on the structural analysis of the most modern examples of the design of such buildings (co-living), the main trends in the design of objects of this typological group are identified and formulated. The prerequisites for considering co-living as a separate type of objects for living are considered. One of the factors in the formation of this typological group of residential architecture was the Covid-19 pandemic. The study provides statistical data showing the relevance of the chosen direction of research. The result of the work is the data of a comparative analysis of the implemented objects, which determine the further functional development of this typology.

Lightning at Jupiter pulsates with a similar rhythm as in-cloud lightning at Earth

Our knowledge about the fine structure of lightning processes at Jupiter was substantially limited by the time resolution of previous measurements. Recent observations of the Juno mission revealed electromagnetic signals of Jovian rapid whistlers at a cadence of a few lightning discharges per second, comparable to observations of return strokes at Earth. The duration of these discharges was below a few milliseconds and below one millisecond in the case of Jovian dispersed pulses, which were also discovered by Juno. However, it was still uncertain if Jovian lightning processes have the fine structure of steps corresponding to phenomena known from thunderstorms at Earth. Here we show results collected by the Juno Waves instrument during 5 years of measurements at 125-microsecond resolution. We identify radio pulses with typical time separations of one millisecond, which suggest step-like extensions of lightning channels and indicate that Jovian lightning initiation processes are similar to the initiation of intracloud lightning at Earth.

Reconfigurable graphene square patch antenna

In this paper, a dual band graphene square patch antenna is designed for operation in 4 THz and 7.75 THz. The main idea of this paper is partitioning the graphene patch into pieces to have more degrees of freedom to reconfigure the polarization of antenna. Antennas polarization is controlled by partitioning the patch into 9 elements, resizing them and changing their chemical potential. The main operation mode of antenna has linear polarization in its boresight. Circular polarization is reached in five different modes; each mode has its own advantages. The main purpose is to achieve minimum efficiency loss modes among all chemical potential combination modes. Each mode has two separate types, one type will have RHCP and the other one will have LHCP, switching types will change RHCP to LHCP or LHCP to RHCP.

Short-term follow-up pilot study of sole middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: influence of internal architecture on the radiological outcomes.

To identify prognostic factors with emphasis on chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) architecture that determines short-term outcome of middle meningeal artery embolization (MMAE). Consecutive CSDH patients treated by MMAE (November 2019 and March 2022) were retrospectively analyzed. Four architectures were analyzed: homogeneous, laminar, separated, and trabecular types. Predictor variables from baseline CT were correlated with radiological endpoint (≥ 50% of hematoma volume reduction), time to reach the endpoint, and rate of volume reduction. Study included 50 patients with 56 CSDHs (median age [first quartile, Q1; third quartile, Q3] 70.5 [60, 78.3] years; 36 were men). Separated type reached the endpoint at a lower rate on both bivariate (p = 0.02) and multivariate Cox model (0.034). Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that the median [Q1, Q3] time for 50% of the hematomas to reach the endpoint was 5 [4, 8], 4 [3, 5], 15 [15, 15], and 11 [4, 19] weeks for homogeneous, laminar, separated, and trabecular types, respectively. Linear mixed-effect model demonstrated a significant variation in the slope of hematoma volume reduction that was - 4.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 5.4, - 2.9), - 6.7 (95% CI - 8.35, - 5.1), - 2.03 (95% CI - 4.14, 0.08), and - 5.06 (95% CI - 6.8, - 3.32) ml per week for homogeneous, laminar, separated, and trabecular subtypes, respectively. Separated CSDH is a poor prognostic type in achieving radiological endpoint and a slower rate of volume reduction. While, homogeneous and laminar types reached the endpoint faster than separated and trabecular types on short-term follow-up.

Local structure analysis of DyN–ZrN solid solutions

We performed various synchrotron X-ray measurements to extract local and average structures of DyN–ZrN solid solutions. ZrN and AlN have typical phase separation systems, undergoing chemical segregation into ZrN-rich and AlN-rich domains. However, the phase separation of DyN–ZrN has not been investigated. We performed the nanoscale structural analysis to clarify the phase separation in DyN–ZrN by combining X-ray absorption fine structure and high-energy X-ray diffraction. Consequently, discontinuities indicating phase separation were observed in the average and local structures. The results showed that it is differs from the conventional phase separation mechanism caused by the difference in the crystal structure. The DyN–ZrN solid solution has a rock-salt type cubic crystal structure, and there are instabilities such as the chemical order of the metal site and the distribution of the bond length of the nitrogen site. A phase separation has occurred to reduce these structural instabilities.

Issue Information

Current ProtocolsVolume 3, Issue 5 e470 ISSUE INFORMATIONFree Access Issue Information First published: 29 May 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/cpz1.470AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Graphical Abstract Cover: A chemically-defined cardiac spheroid comprised of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (red) and hiPSC-derived endothelial cells. These separate hiPSC-derived cell types are differentiated separately and then aggregated in chemically-defined conditions to create a three-dimensional model of cardiac function. The protocol is described in this issue by Artz et al. View all latest articles RelatedInformation

Business analysis and business analytics: Development in the context of digitalization

Subject. The article addresses the analytical support for change management in conditions of orientation of economic entities to sustainable development and digital transformation of business. Objectives. The purpose is to identify modern features of business analysis, the content of the main types of business analytics, and the impact of digitalization processes on analytical activities development. Methods. The study draws on research methods, like analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, abstraction, systemic, strategic, and risk-oriented approaches. Results. The paper reveals the content, areas and tasks of business analysis in accordance with the standard of business analysis adopted by the International Institute of Business Analysis in November 2022. It assesses innovations in the field of regulation of business analysis at the global level; defines the specifics of business analysis and underpins prerequisites for its improvement under new challenges and large-scale digitalization; considers the interrelation of business analysis and business analytics, presents the systematization of the main types of analytics. Conclusions. The analysis of trends in the development of analytical activities of business entities enabled to reflect priority areas of business analytics, and perform their comparative assessment. The paper unveiled the emerging trend of divergence of business analysis and business analytics as separate types of analytical activity, and identified Business Intelligence, Big Data Analytics, and Data Science as the most promising areas of business analytics.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING AS A WAY OF PROTECTING INFORMATION FROM ITS LEAKAGE BY TECHNICAL CHANNELS

In this paper, investigated one of the way of protecting information from its leakages through the technical channels, such as shielding. The first part of the work mainly consider the theoretical principles of shielding, such as definition and process of shielding, its types, main task of the shield, highlighted the concept of shielding efficiency, presented dependence for calculating the efficiency of electromagnetic shield, provided shields classification according to three characteristics: type of field interference, design and material, shield forms, for each of them presented dependence for calculating shielding efficiency of magnetic and electromagnetic field, presented dependence for calculating depth of penetration, as a value that characterizes shielding effect of shielding material. The second part of work consider separate types of shielding such as shielding of the electric field, dependence for calculating its effectiveness, presented main requirements for electric shields, considered the principles of shielding for low-frequency and high-frequency magnetic fields, dependences for calculating its shielding efficiency, presented main requirements for magnetostatic shields, considered shielding of electromagnetic fields, provided main mechanisms of protection against electromagnetic interference, presented dependence for calculating shielding efficiency of electromagnetic field. In the third part of the work calculated shielding efficiency and penetration depth of electromagnetic field for magnetic and non-magnetic materials at given frequencies with different conductivity and different thickness of shield walls, provided graphs of frequency dependence of shielding efficiency at different thickness of the shield walls, shown graph of frequency dependence of penetration depth for different materials, made conclusions and provided recommendations regarding selection of shielding materials at high and low frequencies, presented shielding materials for permanent magnetic field and high-frequency electromagnetic field.

Multifunctional pyromechanical devices as a new type of onboard servo system separation

Multifunctional pyromechanical devices as a new type of onboard servo system separation

The Upper Triassic Braided River Thin-Bedded Tight Sandstone in the Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin: Sedimentary Characteristics, Seismic Forecasting Method, and Implication

In the Ordos Basin, Chang 81, a Member of the Yanchang Formation, features the development of braided river thin-bedded tight sandstones. These sandstones constitute one of the main production layers of tight oil and gas in the Yanchang Formation within the basin. This study integrates data from core samples, drilling, and seismic information to identify braided river thin-bedded sandstones in the Chang 81 Member at Daijiaping, Ordos Basin, using a method of constrained correlation between seismic waveform and seismic facies. This approach aids in determining the sedimentary microfacies types and reservoir characteristics of thin-bedded tight sandstones. We establish a quantitative fitting formula for the width-to-thickness ratio of braided channel sand bodies to finely characterize sand body stacking patterns and spatial distribution of thin-bedded tight sandstones in braided channels. Braided delta plain deposits in the Chang 81 Member at Daijiaping mainly comprise four types of sedimentary microfacies: braided channels, crevasse channels, floodplains, and swamps. The thickness of the reservoir sand body of Chang 81 member is mainly concentrated between 5–25 m, with low porosity and permeability, making it a typical thin-bedded tight sandstone reservoir. A method of constrained correlation between seismic waveforms and seismic facies was employed to identify sand bodies of braided river thin-bedded sandstones in the Chang 81 Member, summarizing four sand body stacking patterns: longitudinal incision type, longitudinal separation type, lateral shifting type, and single channel type. Furthermore, a quantitative forecasting formula of width-to-thickness ratio was established for the river channel scale, providing accurate guidance for well deployment. Horizontal wells deployed from the sand body’s side towards its center in a river channel yield a production 1.8 times higher than that of horizontal wells deployed in the opposite direction. Thin-bedded tight sandstones in braided channels, characterized by flat-top and convex-bottom lenticular seismic facies, hold practical significance in guiding the deployment of horizontal well patterns for tight oil and enhancing oil and gas recovery.

Purification of biogas for methane enrichment using biomass-based adsorbents: A review

Among the others, CO2 and H2S are the major impurities present in biogas which typically hampers its direct application as biofuel. Therefore, an upgradation for the purity of biogas is a high research endeavour. In the recent past, several attempts are made to improve the quality of biogas with a focus to reduce the impact of global warming due to the excessive release of CO2. This is interesting to indicate that most of the biogas cleaning methods are expensive and very rare documents detailed the usage of sustainable materials for the purification of biogas. Given that, developments in the applications of natural materials as low-cost adsorbents used for the purification of biogas are well documented in the present review paper. Globally more than 40% of the countries utilise water scrubbing as the most popular method for the separation of biomethane. This article also reviews the other most accepted technologies such as different types of scrubbing, swing adsorption, and cryogenic separation with biological upgradation. Hybrid biological methods are used in methane upgrading systems to increase production of pure CH4 while reducing the need for energy and chemicals. Moreover, the article also summarized different numerical models, frequently adopted for the prediction of the upgradation of biomass. Finally, the article concludes with major bottlenecks involved in the processes and recommended scientific directives towards successfully transforming bench-scale studies into large-scale implementation. So, this article will ensure the readers gather overall technical information on the upgradation of biogas obtained from the anaerobic digestion of biomass.

Magnetic properties of pipe-layers of magnetized chain of spheres: a control based on measured magnetic properties of its cores

The use of circular contour sensors on printed circuit boards placed between contacting spheres with radius R in the magnetized chain of balls makes it possible to measure magnetic microflows in the chain along its cores of different radius r c . Thus, it becomes possible to obtain information about the magnetic properties of not only the cores of the chain themselves, but also its pipe quasi-functional layers limited by adjacent sensors. It is the purpose of the work. According to the magnetic flux measured with the help of well-recommended contour sensors (eight: from r c /R from 0.2 to 0.9) at magnetizing fi eld intensity in the range of 10–55 kA/m, magnetic flux is established along seven pipe-layers of relative radius r p /R (from 0.25 to 0.85). The values χ p of their magnetic susceptibility were found, as the r p /R values increase χ p -values decrease according to the inverse power dependence with a power degree equals 2.4. The values of the demagnetizing factor are set and functionally approximated for pipe-layers in relatively short chains of different lengths (with a number of spheres from 2 to 8). The obtained information expands idea about magnetization a chain of granules as the basic element of the granular medium. This information is useful in detailing the characteristics of such heterogeneous media used to solve scientific and practical problems, in particular, to clarify the conditions for building zones that are responsible for the magnetic capture of magnetoactive particles between granules of working elements (matrix type) of polygradient magnetic separators and analyzers.

Phase separation of YAP mediated by CC domain promotes hepatoblastoma proliferation via activation of transcription.

Yes-associated protein (YAP), a key transcriptional co-activator associated with cell fate and tumor progression, has been reported to be a powerful driver of hepatoblastoma (HB). In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying oncogenic role of YAP in HB. The expression of YAP in HB tissues was measured through WB and qRT-PCR. The IHC and IF were performed to determine the distribution of YAP. The phase separation of YAP was proved by living cell imaging and FRAP experiment. The effect of YAP phase separation in HB cells in vitro an in vivo were tested using CCK8, flow cytometry and xenograft tumors. YAP was overexpressed and activated in HB. Nuclear YAP formed an active transcriptional site via LLPS to recruit the crucial transcription factor TEAD4. Thus, YAP phase separation facilitated transcription of oncogenic genes and subsequently mediated chemoresistance of HB. Mechanistically, the phase separation ability of YAP depends on the coiled-coil domain, which is a typical phase-separation domain. The electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic interactions within YAP are also vital to YAP phase separation. More importantly, YAP inhibitor Verteporfin is potential treatment for HB and combination with cisplatin enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Highly expressed and active YAP exerts an oncogenic effect in HB via phase separation and provides new insights for the treatment of HB.

Modification of the Bellman–Ford Algorithm for Finding the Optimal Route in Multilayer Network Structures

One of the actual tasks of the contemporary logistics business using the “just in time” supply planning concept, is to distribute manufactured goods among the objects of the distribution network in the most efficient manner at the lowest possible cost. The article is devoted to the problem of finding the optimal path in network structures. The problem statement for multilayer data transmission networks (MDTN), which is one of the possible representations of multimodal transport networks, is considered. Thus, each MDTN layer can be represented as a separate type of transport. The problem is solved by modifying the Bellman–Ford mathematical programming algorithm. Load testing of the modified method was performed, and a comparative analysis was given, including an assessment of speed and performance, proving the effectiveness of the results of the study. Based on the results of comparative analysis, recommendations for using a modified version of the Bellman–Ford algorithm for application in practical problems in optimizing logistics networks are proposed. The results obtained can be used in practice not only in logistics networks but also in the construction of smart energy networks, as well as in other subject areas that require optimization of multilayer graph structures.