Separation Process Research Articles

Recent Advancement in Emerging MXene-Based Photocatalytic Membrane for Revolutionizing Wastewater Treatment.

MXene-based photocatalytic membranes provide significant benefits for wastewater treatment by effectively combining membrane separation and photocatalytic degradation processes. MXene represents a pioneering 2D photocatalyst with a variable elemental composition, substantial surface area, abundant surface terminations, and exceptional photoelectric performance, offering significant advantages in producing high-performance photocatalytic membranes. In this review, an in-depth overview of the latest scientific progress in MXene-based photocatalytic membranes is provided. Initially, a brief introduction to the structure and photocatalytic capabilities of MXene is provided, highlighting their pivotal role in promoting the photocatalytic process. Subsequently, in pursuit of the optimal MXene-based photocatalytic membrane, critical factors such as the morphology, hydrophilicity, and stability of MXenes are meticulously taken into account. Various preparation strategies for MXene-based photocatalytic membranes, including blending, vacuum filtration, and dip coating, are also discussed. Furthermore, the application and mechanism of MXene-based photocatalytic membranes in micropollutant removal, oil-water separation, and antibacterial are examined. Lastly, the challenges in the development and practical application of MXene-based photocatalytic membranes, as well as their future research direction are delineated.

Diffusion mediated thermally induced phase separation for preparing poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes with enhanced separation performances

Thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) process is an appealing method for preparing poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes for separation. In this work, we developed a diffusion mediated thermally induced phase separation (d-TIPS) to prepare PVDF membranes with great molecules separation performances. We investigated the thermodynamics of ternary polymer solutions including PVDF, caprolactam (CPL), and Polyethylene glycol (PEG). We controlled liquid–liquid phase separation and the CPL diffusion by adjusting the addition of PEG and molecular weight to modulate the evolution of morphology from spherulitic to bicontinuous structure. The resulting membrane was characterized by morphology, surface chemistry, tensile strength, water contact angle, and perm-selectivity. The membrane was further stretched for enhanced strength, permeance, and rejection. This work provides a fundamental understanding of the diffusion mediated thermally induced phase separation and shows the great potential of PVDF membranes in macromolecules separation.

Relationship of interface structure to the dynamics of selective lanthanide extraction

Recent synchrotron X-ray studies have revealed a variety of specific ion effects in the structures formed by lanthanides and surfactants at air-water and solvent-water interfaces. However, the relevance of the interfacial structure to extraction and selective separation processes has been unclear. We have studied solvent extraction from aqueous solutions containing lanthanide ions to organic solvents containing model extractants, and correlated the results to the interfacial structure. The selectivity, extraction rates and extraction efficiencies are consistent with the postulate that when hydrophobic bilayers form at the interface, there is faster and better extraction. Further, selectivity during extraction from mixtures is enhanced when there is less extractant than needed for complete extraction of all the ions present.

Crown-Ether Crystal Channel Membranes with Subnanometer Pores for Selective Na+ Transport.

Emulating biological sodium ion channels to achieve high selectivity and rapid Na+ transport is important for water desalination, energy conversion, and separation processes. However, the development of artificial ion channels, especially multichannels, to achieve high ion selectivity, remains a challenge. In this work, we demonstrate the fabrication of ion channel membranes utilizing crown-ether crystals (DA18C6-nitrate crystals), which feature extremely consistent subnanometer pores. The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membranes were initially subjected to amination, followed by the in situ growth of DA18C6-nitrate crystals to establish ordered multichannels aimed at facilitating selective Na+ conductance. These channels allow rapid Na+ transport while inhibiting the migration of other ions (K+ and Ca2+). The Na+ transport rate was 2.15 mol m-2 h-1, resulting in the Na+/K+ and Na+/Ca2+ selectivity ratios of 6.53 and 12.56, respectively. Due to the immobilization of the crown-ether ring, when the size of the transmembrane ion exceeded that of the crown-ether ring's cavity, the ions had to undergo a dehydration process to pass through the channel. This resulted in the ions encountering a higher energy barrier upon entering the channel, making it more difficult for them to permeate. However, the size of Na+ was compatible with the cavity of the crown-ether ring and was able to displace the hydrated layer effectively, facilitating selective Na+ translocation. In summary, this research offers a promising approach for the future development of functionalized ion channels and efficient membrane materials tailored for high-performance Na+ separation.

Rapid attainment of full wettability through surface PEGylation of hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride membranes via spray-coating for enhanced anti-biofouling performances

This manuscript explores the development of antifouling membranes fabricated by vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS) process and their spray-coating modification with an aqueous solution of a copolymer comprising butyl methacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, designated as poly(BMA-r-PEGMA). An initial optimization phase focused on improving the modification quality, with the aim of enhancing the wettability on both the top and bottom surfaces of the membranes, despite spraying on the top surface only. Our findings reveal that a sprayed solution concentration of 10 mg/mL, a pressure of 0.25 MPa, and a scan rate of 3000 mm/min achieved a decrease in water contact angle to 0 in less than 12 s for both membrane surfaces (the top surface directly exposed to the spray, and the bottom surface facing the instrument stage), suggesting that the spray-coating modifies the entire membrane’s bulk. The presence of the copolymer on both surfaces was also evidenced by FTIR and XPS tests. Further biofouling assessments demonstrated the performances of the optimized membrane (OM). In static attachment tests, the OM exhibited a high reduction in Escherichia coli adhesion, with less than 10 % adhering bacteria, compared to unmodified membranes. During the filtration of bacteria-containing wastewater, the OM boasted a flux recovery ratio approaching 60 % (against less than 40 % for a commercial hydrophilic membrane), a rejection rate of 99.3 %, and a water permeability of 2500 LMH/bar. Moreover, the OM was stable over a 4-week period, with a resistance to E. coli attachment remaining similar to prior immersion. These findings underscore the significant potential of spray-coating to develop stable and effective antifouling microfiltration membranes for the removal of microorganisms from wastewater.

Combined onshore and offshore wide-scale seismic data acquisition and imaging for carbon capture and storage exploration in Havnsø, Denmark

Strong global actions for climate change include carbon capture and storage (CCS) as a feasible solution to reach carbon neutrality and raise opportunities for detailed subsurface investigations. An acquisition set-up designed for onshore-offshore zones was maximized for wide-scale high-resolution structural imaging and implemented to cover a domal structure of interest for CCS utilization close to the town of Havnsø (Denmark). The challenges of the combined acquisition and processing of land and marine multisensor data along a 42 km seismic profile are analyzed, the suggested solutions are applied, and the limitations are discussed. On the onshore side, a nodal array and a seismic landstreamer system were simultaneously used, whereas along the transition zone, a marine seismic streamer and ocean-bottom seismometers were added to record the seismic response generated by two seismic vibrator sources. The adopted sensing domains (velocity, acceleration, and pressure) were studied, and different processing steps were evaluated to enable their processing and subsequent data set merging. Results suggest, as the best approach, a separate prestack processing of the different data sets and the computation of new geometries and new surface-consistent residual static correction after their merging. The data acquired in the transition zone illuminate, for the first time, the subsurface geology of the region, delineating an expected domal closure. The final seismic section shows high continuity of the reflections with good resolution along the entire profile, identifying the main reservoir structure and the surrounding areas, which are important to ensure reservoir integrity and safe exploitation over longer time scales. Shallow and deep reflections are consistent with the stratigraphic column from a well log near the profile. The presented study shows a comprehensive workflow for processing such a multisensor data set in onshore and transition zone settings.

Excel as an optimization tool applied to multicomponent distillation column sizing

The unit operation of distillation is a method of significant importance for industrial separation processes, as it enables the fractionation of a mixture based on the differences in volatility among its components. Considering that a typical initial mixture generally contains three or more products of interest, studies aimed at optimizing multicomponent distillation, although scarce in the literature, are increasingly imperative to ensure efficiency and reduce operational and energy costs associated with the process. Since sizing multicomponent distillation columns using the Fenske-Underwood and Gilliland (FUG) and Kirkbride methods involves extensive and complex calculations to obtain operational parameters, the objective of this study was to develop a computational method using Microsoft Excel® software to make them more practical and enhance the accuracy of the results obtained. The functionality of the developed spreadsheet was verified through the resolution of an example of application, both manually and electronically. In both cases, the results obtained were identical, but with significantly lower time consumption and probability of error by the electronic method, demonstrating its potential for use in academic and industrial settings.

A prion-like domain is required for phase separation and chloroplast RNA processing during cold acclimation in Arabidopsis

Abstract Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants can produce photosynthetic tissue with active chloroplasts at temperatures as low as 4°C, and this process depends on the presence of the nuclear-encoded, chloroplast-localized RNA-binding protein CP29A. In this study, we demonstrate that CP29A undergoes phase separation in vitro and in vivo in a temperature-dependent manner, which is mediated by a prion-like domain (PLD) located between the two RNA recognition motif domains of CP29A. The resulting droplets display liquid-like properties and are found near chloroplast nucleoids. The PLD is required to support chloroplast RNA splicing and translation in cold-treated tissue. Together, our findings suggest that plant chloroplast gene expression is compartmentalized by inducible condensation of CP29A at low temperatures, a mechanism that could play a crucial role in plant cold resistance.

Justification of design parameters of a two-stage cyclone vortex funnel using computer simulation

It has been established that in mini-feed mills with a productivity of up to 5 t/h, pneumatic transport systems with a cyclone unloader are more promising due to the lower emission of finely dispersed components. However, there are fewer such workshops on the market due to the smaller loading -volume of horizontal mixers on which cyclones are installed compared to vertical mixers that perform the function of cyclone-unloaders, in which emissions of fine dust into the work area are higher, which negatively affects working conditions, health of workers, as well as fire safety of premises. To reduce emissions of fine dust into the exhaust pipe of the cyclone, a technical solution in the form of a two-stage cyclone was proposed. A preliminary experimental test on a laboratory model showed an increase in particle collection by 32% about the serial cyclone-unloader CR under the same initial conditions and in the same standard size. As part of the design of a full-size version of the proposed two-stage cyclone, computer modeling of the separation process was carried out in the FlowSimulation software environment with dimensions close to the commercially produced cyclone BCR-450 to identify the influence of the geometric parameters of the -vortex funnel on the process of separation of fine particles from the transporting air flow with variable geometric dimensions diameter and height of the vortex funnel in the range from 100 to 270 and from 100 to 235 mm, respectively. Preliminary rational geometric parameters of the vortex funnel diameter equal to 180 mm and height equal to 150 mm of the proposed technical solution with a hydraulic resistance coefficient of8.4 are substantiated.

Deep dewatering of sludge and resource recovery of hydroxyapatite: A recyclable approach via ionic liquid biphasic system and hydrogen bonds reformation

Deep dewatering of Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) through mechanical processes remains inefficient, primarily due to the formation of a stable hydrogen bonding network between the biopolymers and water, which consequently leads to significant water trapped by Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS). In this study, a novel and recyclable treatment for WAS based on Ionic Liquids (ILs) was established, named IL-biphasic aqueous system (IL-ABS) treatment. Specifically, the IL-ABS formed in WAS facilitated rapid and efficient in-situ deep dewatering while concurrently recovering hydroxyapatite. The water content decreased from an initial 98.27 % to 65.35 % with IL-ABS, formed by 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (BmimBr) and K3PO4 synthesized from waste H3PO4. Moreover, the recycled BmimBr maintaining the water content of the dewatered sludge consistently between 65.61 % and 67.25 % across five cycles, exhibited remarkable reproducibility. Through three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix, lactate dehydrogenase analyses and confocal laser scanning microscopy, the high concentration of BmimBr in the upper phase effectively disrupted the cells and EPS, which exposed protein and polysaccharide on the EPS surface. Subsequently, the K3PO4 in the lower phase led to an enhanced salting-out effect in WAS. Furthermore, FT-IR analysis revealed that K3PO4 disrupted the original hydrogen bonds between EPS and water. Then, BmimBr formed numerous hydrogen bonds with the sludge flocs, leading to deep dewatering and agglomeration of the sludge flocs during the unique phase separation process of IL-ABS. Notably, sludge-derived hydroxyapatite product exhibited remarkable adsorption capacity for prevalent heavy metal contaminants such as Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+, with efficiencies comparable to those of commercial hydroxyapatite, thereby achieving the resource utilization of waste H3PO4. Moreover, economic calculations demonstrated the suitability of this novel treatment. This innovative treatment exhibits potential for practical applications in the non-mechanical deep dewatering of WAS.

A novel split PEC sensor based on magneto–optic nanostructure and photocurrent polarity switching strategy

BackgroundPhotoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors have attracted much attention due to their low cost, simple instrumentation and high sensitivity. However, conventional PEC sensors require layer–by–layer modification of the photoelectrode surface, which has the disadvantages of being time–consuming and unstable. In addition, complex interfering substances in real samples may lead to false–positive or false–negative detection results. It was thought that the above drawbacks could be eliminated by the construction of a polarity inversion PEC sensor. In this work, a magnetically separated PEC sensor was constructed for the detection of Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). ResultsDuring the experiment, the construction of the sensor was used for sensitive detection of CEA. In the experimental process, Fe3O4@SiO2@CdS, a semiconductor material with magnetic properties, was chosen as the substrate material, and ZnO/CuO was used as the marker on the DNA2 molecule, and a split magnetic separation PEC sensor was constructed, which was used to realize the sensitive detection of CEA. Eventually, the detection range of the sensor for CEA detection is 1–10000 pg/mL, with the detection limit of 0.34 pg/mL. Additionally, the PEC sensor has the advantages of high speed, high efficiency, high sensitivity, good specificity, and high stability. The sensing platform constructed in this work can also be extended to detect other targets, which provides a new idea for PEC sensing platforms. SignificanceIn this experiment, we developed a split PEC immunosensor based on magneto–optic nanostructure and photocurrent polarity switching strategy. Specifically, the proposed magnetic nanostructure Fe3O4@SiO2@CdS–DNA1 exhibits good paramagnetism and dispersion ability. By magnetic separation process, the PEC signals of opposite polarity can be obtained.

An Open–Closed Flow Separation in a Compressor Radial Diffuser

Abstract Large eddy simulations (LES) results are used to track flow separation zones in a splittered vaned radial diffuser near the compressor best efficiency at high rotation speed. The topology analysis reveals some closed separations at the corner of the blade and hub or shroud surface. In addition, an open–closed flow separation at the main blade pressure side is observed for the first time. The surface separation has the shape of a sheet at the blade mid-span, and the associated separation line is delimited only at its downstream extremity by a trailing edge node. This flow separation process is robust to a small shift in operating condition, and the separation surface remains essentially unchanged. A large flowrate variation converts the open–closed separation into a more classic closed separation. The evolution in time of the separation surface is also observed, and the authors conclude to the unsteady existence of the open–closed separation.

Sources of Cysteine-Based Pharmaceutical Drugs and Their Halal Aspects in Pharmaceutical Product Development

Indonesia is the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, so supplements and medicines consumed must be halal (permissible in Islamic law). Cysteine is an essential amino acid that is crucial to human biological functions. Cysteine can be used as a mucolytic agent to help thin mucus in respiratory diseases such as bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It also serves as an antidote to acetaminophen for detoxification purposes or as an antidote to counteract paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose, a commonly used drug to relieve pain and reduce fever. Additionally, it functions as a supplement. This research aims to comprehensively review the sources of cysteine, its production, and its use in pharmaceuticals, as well as the opinions of scholars regarding the halal aspects that need to be considered in developing pharmaceutical products containing cysteine. The methods employed include searching through references from research articles obtained from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, NCBI, Elsevier, and the Qur'an, Hadiths, and other Islamic literature sources. The compound structures are depicted using the ChemSketch tool from ACD/Labs. Mucolytic and acetaminophen drugs, such as acetylcysteine, can be derived from both animal and plant sources through chemical and non-chemical separation processes. Cysteine is generally a precursor for the synthesis of acetylcysteine. Cysteine sourced from specific organs, such as pig hair, has differing opinions among various scholars regarding its permissibility. However, the prevailing view and fatwa tend to lean towards its prohibition, depending on the source, process, and urgency of its use.

Performance study on an energy-efficient TSA air-purification process utilizing compression heat regeneration

A novel compression heat regeneration TSA process is disclosed in this paper, which aims to reduce the regeneration energy consumption of the raw air purifier in the air separation process. Since air separation is an energy-intensive process accounting for a significant proportion (about 5 %) of China's total electricity consumption, this new process holds great significance in energy conservation. Distinguishing from traditional processes, the new one integrates components such as a compressor, a regenerator, and an expander to meet the regeneration heat requirements of the purifier with minimal electrical energy consumption. It also recovers the waste heat from the tail gas to enhance the expander’s power generation, thereby realizing efficient and comprehensive energy utilization. Mathematical models have been established for components such as the adsorber, compressor, and expander, and simulations have been conducted based on actual data from an industrial-grade purifier. Consequently, historical parameter curves and bed profiles at the inlet and outlet of the adsorber have been obtained, providing insights into the purification performance and regeneration effectiveness of the new process. Furthermore, the inlet and outlet parameters, as well as the power consumption of the compressor and expander, have been determined. The temperature bed profiles and temperature history curves at the inlet and outlet of the regenerator have also been obtained. Subsequently, a comparison has been made between the new and traditional processes regarding energy consumption, and an economic assessment of the new process has been conducted based on its energy-saving potential. The following conclusions have been drawn through comparative analysis: (1) Compared to the traditional process, the new process can save approximately 51.6 % of electrical energy; (2) The payback period for retrofitting the traditional process to the new one is approximately 1.93 years.

Concept and investigation of Selective Forward Osmosis (SFO) for Salt-Salt Separation as a Pretreatment of Seawater for Resource Utilization

Seawater utilization is crucial for the sustainable human development. Despite growing interest in forward osmosis (FO) due to its unique properties, conventional FO membranes with salt-water selectivity have limitations in applying to specific salt-salt separation processes, which hinders their application in resource utilization. In this work, a new concept, “selective forward osmosis (SFO)”, was proposed, which ingeniously employed an SFO membrane consisting of an ion-selective layer on a denser substrate. The denser substrate is designed to control water flux so as to alleviate the solution dilution and improve the salt-salt separation. Moreover, the sucrose and pure water were used separately as feed solution to provide different water flux to influence the various salt fluxes, showing that pure water feed could enhance the salt-salt separation efficiency, although it could dilute the draw solution to some extent. Therefore, pure water was selected as feed in the subsequent experiments. The optimized SFO membrane achieved high Na2SO4/NaCl selectivity (∼54.8) and MgCl2/NaCl selectivity (∼9.2) in single-salt draw solutions. With mixed-salt and heavy-metal-mixed-salt draw solutions, the Mg2+/Na+ selectivity was enhanced to ∼14.5, and further to 29.3. In real seawater tests, the SFO system effectively permeated monovalent elements (such as Na flux of ∼68.6 g m−2 h−1) while maintaining a higher rejection for bivalent elements (such as Mg flux of ∼0.08 g m−2 h−1), showing high selectivities for Mg/Na, U/Na, Sr/Na, Ni/Na, and Ca/Na. These results demonstrate the potential of SFO for resource utilization, especially in complex saline environments. This work contributes a new route for salt-salt separation in the pretreatment of seawater resources.

Understanding Fouling in an Industrial Biorefinery Membrane Separation Process by Feature-Oriented Data-Driven Modeling

Understanding Fouling in an Industrial Biorefinery Membrane Separation Process by Feature-Oriented Data-Driven Modeling

Speleothem-Inspired Copper/Nickel Interfaces for Enhanced Liquid-Vapor Transport by Marangoni and Soret Effects.

Geological formations have superior wickability and support the absorption of water and oils into narrow spaces of Earth's crust without external assistance. In this study, we present speleothem inspired heterogeneous porous and wicked copper (Cu)/nickel (Ni) interfaces for enhanced nucleate boiling of water/ethanol mixtures for energy-efficient separation processes. The incorporation of Ni strands within the copper particle matrix significantly enhanced heat transfer. Compared to plain copper, the Cu/Ni speleothem surfaces exhibited a 61% increase in the heat transfer coefficient for water/ethanol mixtures and a 332% increase for water, with a 58% faster onset of nucleate boiling. This enhancement was attributed to Marangoni and Soret effects at the Cu/Ni interfaces, driven by surface tension and concentration gradients. Furthermore, the synergistic wicking action of the Ni strands facilitated rewetting of the surface, replenishing liquid to the porous nucleation sites and preventing surface dry-out, thereby improving the overall heat transfer performance.

Trypsin Encapsulation in the Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework for Low-Molecular Weight Protein Analysis with High Selectivity and Efficiency.

Low-molecular weight proteins (LWPs) are important sources of biological information in biomarkers, signaling molecules, and pathology. However, the separation and analysis of LWPs in complex biological samples are challenging, mainly due to their low abundance and the complex sample pretreatment procedure. Herein, trypsin modified by poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was encapsulated by a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-L). Mesopores were formed on the ZIF-L with the introduction of PAA. An alternative strategy for separation and pretreatment of LWPs was developed based on the prepared ZIF-L-encapsulated trypsin with adjustable pore size. The mesoporous structure of the prepared materials selectively excluded high-molecular weight proteins from the reaction system, allowing LWPs to enter the pores and react with the internal trypsin, resulting in an improved separation efficiency. The hydrophobicity of the ZIF-L simplified the digestion process by inducing significant structural changes in substrate proteins. In addition, the enzymatic activity was significantly enhanced by the developed encapsulation method that maintained the enzyme conformation, allowed low mass transfer resistance, and possessed a high enzyme-to-substrate ratio. As a result, the ZIF-L-encapsulated trypsin can achieve highly selective separation, valid denaturation, and efficient digestion of LWPs in a short time by simply mixing with substrate proteins, greatly simplifying the separation and pretreatment process of the traditional hydrolysis method. The prepared materials and the developed strategy demonstrated an excellent size-selective assay performance in model protein mixtures, showing great potential in the application of proteomics analysis.

Tailoring hole density and nitriding in graphene membranes for enhanced gas separation and selectivity

Sour gas, containing acidic gases like hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, has a characteristic odor, and toxic effects, and reduces the overall energy content of the gas. Moreover, the presence of these acid gases in water leads to the formation of highly corrosive acid compounds, increasing transportation costs. Membrane technology is widely used for gas separation due to its low energy consumption, ability to operate at ambient temperatures, lightweight and compact equipment, ease of access to all separated phases, and high process flexibility. Computer simulation bridges the gap between microscopic temporal and spatial scales and the macroscopic laboratory environment. Molecular dynamics is a technique for analyzing the physical motion of atoms and molecules. By simulating the interactions between atoms and molecules over time, insights into the dynamic evolution of the system can be obtained. This research investigates the CO2/CH4 separation performance of modified graphene membranes (C3N) using molecular dynamics simulations under various operating conditions. First, cavities with different geometrical shapes and edge atoms were created, and gas separation was examined at 300 K. A cavity with a diameter of 4.9 Å exhibited the highest selectivity (infinity) and a carbon dioxide flux of 365.65 mol/m2·s, while methane molecules were completely blocked. This cavity was selected as the optimal structure. Next, the effects of pressure, and hole density on gas separation were studied. The results showed that the flux is directly proportional to the feed pressure, reaching 503.7845 mol/m2·s at a pressure of 328.0424 atm while maintaining infinite selectivity. Finally, examining the impact of cavity density on the separation process revealed that drilling four holes in the membrane area was the optimal density, achieving infinite selectivity, zero methane flux, and a carbon dioxide flux of 292.601 mol/m2·s.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METAL IONS Pb2+, Cd2+, AND Ni2+ FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER

The aim of the study is to research of the adsorption properties of heavy metal ions Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ from industrial wastewater. For the adsorption of heavy metal ions, natural clinoptilolite was used, which belongs to the Ai-Dag deposit of the Tovuz-Kazakh region of Azerbaijan. Isotherms and kinetic curves of adsorption of heavy metal ions Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ were determined. The dependence of the adsorption of heavy metal ions on the pH value is also shown. It was revealed that the separation process proceeds more intensively at pH values ​​of 5-6. It has been established that the maximum adsorption capacity of the clinoptilolite adsorbent for the adsorption of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+ ions is 7.5, 6.7, and 5.9 mmol/g, respectively.