Separate Control Research Articles

Position-dependence straight-wing experiments of artificial coverts in flow separation control at a high Reynolds number

Position-dependence straight-wing experiments of artificial coverts in flow separation control at a high Reynolds number

Ramped Vane Control of a Compression Corner-Induced Flow Separation

Ramped Vane Control of a Compression Corner-Induced Flow Separation

How do control tokens affect natural language generation tasks like text simplification

Abstract Recent work on text simplification has focused on the use of control tokens to further the state-of-the-art. However, it is not easy to further improve without an in-depth comprehension of the mechanisms underlying control tokens. One unexplored factor is the tokenization strategy, which we also explore. In this paper, we (1) reimplemented AudienCe-CEntric Sentence Simplification, (2) explored the effects and interactions of varying control tokens, (3) tested the influences of different tokenization strategies, (4) demonstrated how separate control tokens affect performance and (5) proposed new methods to predict the value of control tokens. We show variations of performance in the four control tokens separately. We also uncover how the design of control tokens could influence performance and give some suggestions for designing control tokens. We show the newly proposed method with higher performance in both SARI (a common scoring metric in text simplificaiton) and BERTScore (a score derived from the BERT language model) and potential in real applications.

Controlling-based organizational and economic mechanism of enterprise activity planning

In this article, the authors prove how introducing a control system for enterprises will, firstly, increase the level of business controllability and reduce the time for making managerial decisions. Secondly, it will help to control the company's assets and manage costs more effectively. Thirdly, it will significantly increase the profitability of joint-stock companies and ensure risk control and risk mitigation to increase the investment attractiveness of the business. Due to the variety of external and internal factors influencing the organization, there cannot be a one-size-fits-all recommendation for establishing a controlling function within a company. Empirical research shows that the most important influencing factors in controlling an organization are the size of the company and the dynamics of changes in the external business environment. In small enterprises, the chief accountant typically performs the controlling function, whose responsibilities include analytical accounting and budgeting. In larger enterprises, specialized departments are created with various tasks related to coordinating management processes and control. The relationship between control functions and environmental dynamics is quite interesting. In companies operating in a stable environment, the controller is seen as a recorder. In a limited variability of the external environment, the controller performs the role of a navigator, providing the company's departments with the most rational planning and control tools. In a turbulent environment, the number of problems that need to be addressed increases significantly. In such a situation, the controller emerges as an innovator who directly participates in problem-solving. In essence, controlling does not necessarily require a separate controller position. Instead, it implies the presence of specific tasks that the company's executives or management can perform. Initially, it is necessary to determine whether the controlling functions can be distributed among existing departments or if creating an independent controlling department is better.

Characterizing differential efficacy and phenotypic response to proteasome and survivin inhibitors in colorectal cancers using a high throughput organoid assay.

153 Background: Conventional monolayer cell cultures and xenograft models, while useful and economical in early drug discovery, cannot predict clinical efficacy. Further, preclinical screening assays that rely on differential metabolic activity between separate control and treated wells are incapable of capturing phenotypic response and could overstate efficacy for cells with high rates of proliferation. Consequently, over 95% of anticancer agents that show efficacy in preclinical studies, fail in clinical trials. Recently, patient-derived organoid (PDO) models have been utilized in developing platforms to predict clinical efficacy of preclinical formulations. If successful, such predictive ex vivo technologies could revolutionize cancer treatment by reducing cost and time-to-market for new, more effective therapeutics. Objective: Characterize a novel bioprinted organoid tumor (BOT) high-throughput screening ex vivo platform for drug response prediction (DRP) with known proteosome and survivn inhibitors in colorectal cancer. Methods: Bioink for 3D printing BOTs was prepared with HT-29 cells, an established NCI-60 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line with known sensitivity to proteosome and survivin inhibitors. Bioink was deposited layer-by-layer on multiple substrates, in various geometrical configurations, and cured in stages to allow cells and matrix to self-assemble with limited degrees of freedom. BOTs were screened 24h and 48h after printing with proteosome inhibitor Bortezomib and survivin inhibitor YM-155. BOTs were evaluated 48h and 72h after treatment using immunofluorescence live/dead assay. Morphological phenotypic changes resulting from treatment were also recorded. Results: Proteasome and survivin inhibitors have been reported to inhibit proliferation and induce cell death in colorectal cancer cells. A dose dependent response was observed for both agents in our novel BOT HTS thereby validating the platform. In addition, characteristic self-assembly of HT-29 cells was observed to be disrupted at effective doses and at certain concentrations below the effective dose. Traditional ATP assays are incapable of recording such phenotypic modulation. Further, a higher proliferation profile was observed in untreated BOTs suggesting that use of independent control wells in traditional assays could overstate efficacy of treatment. Conclusions: Functional high-throughput ex vivo DRP technologies have the potential to transform cancer treatment – from bench to bedside – along the drug discovery to market roadmap for much needed novel anticancer agents.

Performance of Recombinant Komagataella phaffii in Plant-Based Meat Flavor Compound-Leghemoglobin (LegH) Production through Fed-Batch Fermentations

Soy leghemoglobin (LegH) has been gaining interest over the last years as an efficient flavor and aroma compound in plant-based meat substitutes. Hence, in the following article, we demonstrate the methods for LegH production using a recombinant Komagataella phaffii strain. Multiple fed-batch fermentation with an alternative to a BSM medium, where glucose was used as the main carbon source, was implemented and the growth kinetics, e.g., a maximal specific biomass growth of 0.239 g·g−1·h−1, a biomass yield from the substrate of 0.298 g·g−1, and a maximal specific substrate consumption rate of 0.81 g·g−1·h−1 were identified. Leghemoglobin production resulted in a yield of 0.513 mg·gDCW−1, while the highest biomass density achieved in this study was 121.80 gDCW·L−1. The applied medium that showed potential for additional optimization studies, which, in contrast to BSM, made it possible to separate pH control from nitrogen supply, does not affect medium turbidity measurements and does not induce metabolite synthesis during yeast biomass growth.

Pan-cancer assessment of antineoplastic therapy-induced interstitial lung disease in patients receiving subsequent therapy immediately following immune checkpoint blockade therapy

BackgroundDrug-induced interstitial lung disease (DIILD) is a serious adverse event potentially induced by any antineoplastic agent. Whether cancer patients are predisposed to a higher risk of DIILD after receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is unknown.MethodsThis study retrospectively assessed the cumulative incidence of DIILD in consecutive cancer patients who received post-ICI antineoplastic treatment within 6 months from the final dose of ICIs. There was also a separate control cohort of 55 ICI-naïve patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received docetaxel.ResultsOf 552 patients who received ICIs, 186 met the inclusion criteria. The cohort predominantly comprised patients with cancer of the lung, kidney/urinary tract, or gastrointestinal tract. The cumulative incidence of DIILD in the entire cohort at 3 and 6 months was 4.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.4%–8.7%) and 7.2% (95% CI 4.0%–11.5%), respectively. There were significant differences according to cancer type (Gray’s test, P = .04), with the highest cumulative incidence of DIILD in patients with lung cancer being 9.8% (95% CI 4.3%–18.0%) at 3 months and 14.2% (95% CI 7.3%–23.3%) at 6 months. DIILD was caused by docetaxel in six of these 11 lung cancer patients (54.5%). After matching, the cumulative incidence of docetaxel-induced ILD in patients with NSCLC in the post-ICI setting was higher than that in the ICI-naïve setting: 13.0% (95% CI 3.3%–29.7%) vs 4.3% (95% CI 0.3%–18.2%) at 3 months; and 21.7% (95% CI 7.9%–39.9%) vs 4.3% (95% CI 0.3%–18.2%) at 6 months. However, these were not significant differences (hazard ratio, 5.37; 95% CI 0.64–45.33; Fine–Gray P = .12).ConclusionsPatients with lung cancer were at high risk of developing DIILD in subsequent regimens after ICI treatment. Whether NSCLC patients are predisposed to additional risk of docetaxel-induced ILD by prior ICIs warrants further study.

The separation of cyclic diadenosine diphosphorothioate and the diastereomers of its difluorinated derivative and the estimation of the binding constants and ionic mobilities of their complexes with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin by affinity capillary electrophoresis.

The incorporation of phosphorothioate linkages has recently been extensively employed in therapeutic oligonucleotides. For their separation and quality control, new high-efficient and high-sensitive analytical methods are needed. In this work, a new affinity capillary electrophoresis method has been developed and applied for the separation of a potential anticancer drug, 2',3'-cyclic diadenosine diphosphorothioate (Rp, Rp) (ADU-S100), and three recently newly synthesized diastereomers of its difluorinated derivative, 3',3'-cyclic di(2'-fluoro, 2'-deoxyadenosine phosphorothioate). The separation was performed in the various background electrolytes (BGEs) within a pH range 5-9 using several native and derivatized cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral additives of the BGE. Relatively good separations were obtained with β-, γ-, and 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-CDs in some of the BGEs tested. However, the best separation was achieved using the 2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD chiral selector at 43.5mM average concentration in the BGE composed of 40mM Tris, 40mM tricine, pH 8.1. Under these conditions, all the previous four cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) were baseline separated within 4min. Additionally, the average apparent binding constants and the average actual ionic mobilities of the complexes of all four CDNs with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD in the above BGE were determined. The formed complexes were found to be relatively weak, with the average apparent binding constants in the range of 12.2-94.1Lmol-1 and with the actual ionic mobilities spanning the interval (-7.8 to -12.7)×10-9m2V-1s-1. The developed method can be applied for the separation, analysis, and characterization of the above and similar CDNs.

Experimental investigation on the characteristics of a controllable separate heat pipe-based cold storage temperature control system

PCM cold storage systems have been widely employed in household refrigerators due to their economy and efficiency. However, the PCM heat transfer process is out of effective control, limiting the accurate temperature control ability of the system. Herein, a controllable separated heat pipe that can regulate heat transfer is introduced into the PCM cold storage system to resolve its issues. A novel controllable separate heat pipe-based cold storage temperature control system is proposed. The dynamic temperature control ability and cold storage characteristics of the system under various operating conditions are revealed through experiments. As a result, the spatial inhomogeneity of the temperature field of the PCM is discovered which is related to the unsteady heat transfer between the PCMs in different regions and to the on–off state of the controllable separate heat pipe. In the discharging mode, the stable temperature control time of the compartment decreases by 53% when the temperature decreases from 7 °C to 1 °C. In addition, a lower inlet temperature of the ethylene glycol solution results in faster cold storage rates and greater temperature differences of the PCMs in different regions (the maximum temperature difference is 3.47 °C when the inlet temperature is −26 °C). Moreover, the results of door opening experiments show that the temperature can be controlled within an accuracy of 2.5 °C when the door opening time is 60 s, demonstrating the temperature regulation ability of the system. The results verify the feasibility of the technical route and provide a valuable reference for the optimization of precise temperature control systems.

Phase shifting control for IQ separation in qubit state tomography

Phase shifting control for IQ separation in qubit state tomography

Experimental study on Q-learning control of airfoil trailing-edge flow separation using plasma synthetic jets

In this paper, a continuous Q-learning algorithm is deployed to optimize the control strategy of a trailing-edge airfoil flow separation at a chord-based Reynolds number of 2×105. With plasma synthetic jets issued at the middle chord and a hot wire placed in the separated shear layer acting as the actuator and sensor, respectively, a high-speed reinforcement learning control at an interaction frequency of 500 Hz is realized by a field-programmable gate array. The results show that in the Q-learning control, the controller only needs several seconds to elevate the instantaneous reward to a level close to the final mean reward, and convergence of the control law typically takes less than 100 s. Although the relative drag reduction achieved by Q-learning control (10.2%) is only slightly higher than the best open-loop periodical control at F∗=4 (9.6%), the maximum power saving ratio is improved noticeably by 62.5%. Physically, Q-learning control creates more turbulent fluctuations, earning more rewards by increasing the transition possibilities toward high-value states. With increasing penalty strength of plasma actuation, the final control laws obtained from Q-learning exhibit a decreasing number of active states. Detailed comparisons between the open-loop and Q-learning control strategies show that the statistics of the controlled velocity fields remain similar, yet the turbulent fluctuations contributed by the vortex shedding mode are reduced by constant-frequency plasma actuation.

Control of flow separation over an aerofoil by external acoustic excitation at a high Reynolds number

The effectiveness of acoustic excitation as a means of flow control at high Reynolds number turbulent flows is investigated numerically by using improved delayed detached eddy simulations (IDDES). Previous studies on low Reynolds number laminar flows have shown that acoustic excitation can substantially suppress flow separation for specific effective frequency and amplitude ranges. However, the effect of acoustic excitation on higher Reynolds number turbulent flow separation has not yet been explored due to limitations on appropriate fidelity computational methods or experimental facility constraints. Therefore, this paper addresses this research gap. A NACA0015 airfoil profile at 1 × 106 Reynolds number based on the airfoil chord length is used for the investigations. Acoustic excitation is applied to the baseline flow field in the form of transient boundary conditions at the computational domain inlet. A parametric study revealed that the effective sound frequency range shows a Gaussian distribution around the frequency of the dominant disturbances in the baseline flow. A maximum of ∼43% increase in lift-to-drag ratio is observed for the most effective excitation frequency F+=1.0 at a constant excitation amplitude of Am=1.8%. The effect of excitation amplitude follows an asymptotic trend with a maximum effective excitation amplitude above which the gains are not significant. A fully reattached flow is observed for the highest excitation level considered (Am=10%) that results in ∼120% rise in airfoil lift-to-drag coefficient. Overall, the findings of the current work demonstrate the higher Reynolds number effectiveness of acoustic excitation on separated turbulent flows, thereby paving the way for application in realistic flow scenarios observed in aircraft and gas turbine engine flow fields.

Substrate interaction mediated control of phase separation in FIB milled Ag–Cu thin films

Nanofabrication is an integral part of the realization of advanced functional devices ranging from optical displays to memory devices. Focused-ion beam (FIB) milling is one of the most widely used nanofabrication methods. Conventionally, FIB milling has been carried out for patterning single-phase stable thin films. However, the influence of FIB milling on the phase separation of metastable alloy films during subsequent treatments has not been reported. Here, we show how FIB milling of Ag–Cu thin films influences the separation process and microstructure formation during post-milling annealing. The phase-separated microstructure of the film consists of fine, randomly distributed Ag-rich and Cu-rich domains, whereas adjacent to milled apertures (cylindrical holes), we observe two distinctly coarser rings. A combination of imaging and analysis techniques reveals Cu-rich islands dispersed in Ag-rich domains in the first ring next to the aperture, while the second ring constitutes mostly of Ag-rich grains. Copper silicide is observed to form in and around apertures through reaction with the Si-substrate. This substrate interaction, in addition to known variables like composition, temperature, and capillarity, appears to be a key element in drastically changing the local microstructure around apertures. Thus, the current study introduces new avenues to locally modulate the composition and microstructure through an appropriate choice of the film-substrate system. Such an ability can be exploited further to tune device functionalities for possible applications in plasmonics, catalysis, microelectronics, and magnetics.

Suppression of flow separation around a finite wall-mounted square cylinder by suction at the side leading edge

We investigate the control of three-dimensional flow separation around a finite wall-mounted square cylinder by applying suction at the side leading edge. Direct numerical simulations are conducted at a Reynolds number of 250, with suction ratios Γ of 0–2 (where Γ is the absolute value of the suction velocity divided by the free stream velocity). The effect of Γ on the aerodynamic forces acting on the cylinder is studied. The results show that suction reduces the aerodynamic forces, with the best control effect for the fluctuating lift coefficient (corresponding to a reduction of over 70%) achieved at Γ = 0.375. As the suction ratio increases, the pressure drag experienced by the square cylinder decreases. Simultaneously, the mean frictional drag force exerted on the square cylinder increases. The optimal mean drag coefficient (corresponding to a reduction of nearly 20%) is achieved at Γ = 1. The effect of the suction ratio on the flow topology in the wake is also investigated. Suction significantly suppresses the flow separation. As the suction ratio increases, the spanwise counter-rotating vortices in the streamwise and transverse directions decreases in size, and the downwash vortex shrinks, and shifts toward the free end of the square cylinder. The far-wake streamwise base vortex disappears when active suction is applied to the side leading edge. However, a new pair of base vortices splits from the original base vortex and persists into the far wake flow field, forming a quadrupole vortex structure with the tip vortex.

Synergistic control of multilength-scale morphology and vertical phase separation for high-efficiency organic solar cells

Controlling the morphology of organic solar cells (OSCs) presents a significant challenge due to their complex structure and composition.

Separation and Rendezvous Control of the UAV-USV Subsystem based on Distributed SMPC with Unbounded Disturbances

Separation and Rendezvous Control of the UAV-USV Subsystem based on Distributed SMPC with Unbounded Disturbances

A Separation and Rendezvous Control Method for the UAV-USV System Based on Distributed NMPC

A Separation and Rendezvous Control Method for the UAV-USV System Based on Distributed NMPC

Relationship between Pulmonary Gas Exchange Function and Brain Uptake Dynamics Investigated with Hyperpolarized 129Xe MR Imaging and Spectroscopy in a Murine Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex multisystem disease associated with comorbidities outside the lungs. The aim of this study was to measure changes in metrics of pulmonary gas exchange function and brain tissue metabolism in a mouse model of COPD using hyperpolarized 129Xe (HP 129Xe) MRI/MR spectroscopy (MRS) and investigate the relationship between the metrics of lung and brain. COPD phenotypes were induced in 15 mice by 6-week administration of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A separate negative control (NC) group was formed of 6 mice administered with saline for 6 weeks. After these 6-week administrations, the pulmonary gas exchange function parameter fD (%) and the rate constant, α (s-1), which are composed of the cerebral blood flow Fi and the longitudinal relaxation rate 1/T1i in brain tissue, were evaluated by HP 129Xe MRI/MRS. The fD of CSE-LPS mice was significantly lower than that of NC mice, which was in parallel with an increase in bronchial wall thickness. The α in the CSE-LPS mice decreased with the decrease of fD in contrast to the trend in the NC mice. To further elucidate the opposed trend, the contribution of T1i was separately determined by measuring Fi. The T1i in the CSE-LPS mice was found to correlate negatively with fD as opposed to the positive trend in the NC mice. The opposite trend in T1i between CSE-LPS and NC mice suggests hypoxia in the brain, which is induced by the impaired oxygen uptake as indicated by the reduced fD. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using HP 129Xe MRI/MRS to study pathological mechanisms of brain dysfunction in comorbidities with COPD.

Voluntary wheel running access produces opposite effects in male and female rats on both palatable diet consumption and associated ventral striatal opioid- and dopamine-related gene expression.

The relationship between physical activity levels and feeding behaviors has been a focus of preclinical research for decades, yet this interaction has only recently been explored for potential sex differences. The aim of the present study was to isolate sex-dependent effects of voluntary wheel running (RUN) vs. sedentary locked wheel (SED) home cage conditions on palatability-driven feeding behavior using a 2-diet choice task between standard chow and a high-fat diet. The sex-dependent effects of physical activity on feeding behavior were examined following a within-subject novel reversal design of physical activity conditions (i.e., RUN > SED > RUN), to assess temporal sensitivity of the interaction. Following the final 2 weeks of reestablished and sustained RUN vs. SED conditions in separate groups of both males and females, reward-related opioid and dopamine gene expression within the nucleus accumbens (Acb) brain region were analyzed. Results demonstrated that the initial RUN > SED transition led to sex-dependent effects of SED condition, as males increased, and females decreased their high fat consumption, compared to their respective high fat consumption during previous RUN condition phase. Following reintroduction to the RUN condition, males decreased, and females increased their high fat consumption, compared to their separate SED control group. Last, sex-dependent shifts in ventral striatal opioid- and dopamine-related gene expression were observed to parallel the behavioral effects. The major findings of the study reveal that SED and RUN home cage conditions shift palatability-driven feeding in the opposite direction for males and females, these effects are sensitive to reversal, and these sex-dependent feeding behaviors track sex-dependent changes to critical reward-related gene expression patterns in the Acb. Considering the present high rates of sedentary behavior and obesity, furthering our understanding of the interaction between physical activity (or lack thereof) and feeding behavior should be a priority, especially in the context of these divergent sex-dependent outcomes.

Flow Separation Control of an Airfoil by Using External Fluid Flow at a High Angle of Attack

Flow Separation Control of an Airfoil by Using External Fluid Flow at a High Angle of Attack