Separate Tanks Research Articles

The effect of water temperature, prey availability and presence of conspecifics on prey consumption of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)

In this study, the effect of water temperature, predator’s sex, prey density, and the presence of conspecifics on prey consumption of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) was experimentally tested. In Experiment 1, predators of both sexes [males: total length (TL) = 473 ± 22 mm and body weight (BW) = 1 070 ± 100 g and females: TL = 464 ± 12 mm and BW = 1 060 ± 100 g] were kept in separate tanks and exposed to different densities of prey (Pseudorasbora parva; 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 prey fishes per tank) under fixed water temperatures of 4.5 °C, 8.5 °C, and 12.5 °C. After 63 days of this experiment, it was found that pikeperch predation was significantly affected by increasing water temperature. The effect of prey density was significant at all tested temperatures. Pikeperch females tended to have the higher prey consumption than males, although that trend was statistically insignificant. Results suggest that increased feeding demands at temperatures above 4.5 °C can lead to predator starvation in conditions of low prey availability. Due to the higher prey consumption, pikeperch females could be more vulnerable to low prey availability during their culture. In Experiment 2, pikeperch were kept at different densities of 1, 2, 4, and 8 individuals per tank supplied with a prey rate of 50 individuals per predator, ensuring ad libitum feeding rate. The average daily prey consumption was significantly higher in the tanks with multiple predators, accounting for 17.6 ± 3.57 prey fishes/day compared to 11.6 ± 2.33 prey fishes/day in the tank with a single predator. These results indicate that pikeperch predation activity and prey consumption can be significantly affected by the water temperature, prey availability, and the presence of conspecifics. The findings contribute to understanding the predatory function, natural feeding request of pikeperch and its potential importance for broodstock culture and broodstock final maturation for a successful spawning season. Also, this information can be used for better management of pikeperch pond aquaculture or bio-melioration process in open water bodies and ecosystems.

Selection of Internet of Things Based Communication Networks for Onshore Oil Field Monitoring

Onshore oil fields usually operate remotely without continuous human assistance and communication facilities. Oil transfer from the wells to the separation and storage tanks usually occurs via pipelines in these fields. This whole system is prone to failures with significant and unpredictable environmental impacts. Therefore, properly monitoring this production system is vital to mitigate relevant problems such as leakages. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of the leading candidate communication networks for this application on onshore oil field monitoring for potential leaks. Among the analyzed technologies, LPWANS, DigiMesh, and CBRS stand out.

Розробка цифрового близнюка наповнення резервуару газовою сумішшю

The research subject is a digital twin of the process of filling the tank with gas mixture components. The aim is to justified choose the digital twin model of the tank filling process with a gas mixture. The task of the study consists of the analysis of construction methods and the operation modes of the digital twin as well as selecting the operation settings of the digital twin model, which ensure a rational reproduction of the gas-dynamic non-stationary of the tank filling process with a component of the gas mixture. The following results were obtained. In accordance with the digitalization concept of modern production, the need to build digital twins for individual physical and chemical processes is substantiated in relation to the researched thermal pulse processing technology. The specifics of the operation of the fuel mixture generator using the critical hole method are determined and the corresponding defining equations for the dosing of gas mixture components and the tank filling time are given for constructing a control system using a digital twin of the process. Existing methods of building digital twins similar to the system under study are analyzed. For further use in the structure of a digital twin of a separate tank filling subsystem, a component of the gas mixture, a finite-element model of gas-dynamic unsteady flow was built and a numerical study was conducted using the ANSYS Fluent software. The dependence on the tank filling time of such basic parameters of the process under study as pressure, temperature, and filled mass of the gas mixture was determined. Reasoned feasibility and developed reduced-order model (ROM model ANSYS Fluent) and used in ANSYS Twin Builder to build a digital twin. Developed and analyzed examples of digital twins of the system of filling the tank with a gas mixture using standard elements of the Twin Builder and Modelica libraries.

Production of Marine Shrimp Integrated with Tilapia at High Densities and in a Biofloc System: Choosing the Best Spatial Configuration

Integrating marine shrimp and tilapia has been shown to be a viable alternative in a system based on bioflocs, but there is no consensus on the spatial arrangement of farmed animals. The present study aims to (1) compare the performance of shrimp and fish in high density when subjected to polyculture (species in the same tank) and multitrophic (species in different tanks) arrangements, and (2) effects on water quality, especially on organic matter (biofloc). The experiment was carried out for 30 days, and three treatments with bioflocs were evaluated in triplicate: control: shrimp monoculture, polyculture: shrimp and tilapia in the same tank, and multitrophic: shrimp and tilapia in separate tanks. The results show that the best product configuration is the multitrophic system, where the biological control of bioflocs took place, and the best performance of the Pacific white shrimp L. vannamei and Nile tilapia O. niloticus was obtained. Tilapia, as an organic consumer, was effective in controlling bioflocs.

Semi-closed reverse osmosis (SCRO): A concise, flexible, and energy-efficient desalination process

As a promising solution to intensified water scarcity, desalination via membrane-based reverse osmosis (RO) attracts unprecedented interest in recent decades. However, the prevailing process, single-stage RO (SSRO), still consumes much higher than thermodynamic minimum energy as its operation requires over-pressurization (OP) of the feed. Although alternative RO processes, such as batch RO (BRO), closed-circuit RO (CCRO), and multiple-stage RO (MSRO), ameliorate OP, the mixing of recirculated concentrate and feed in BRO and CCRO generates entropy and increases energy consumption, while MSRO requires additional boosting systems that incur additional capital expenditures. Herein, we propose a new RO process with concise design and flexible operation, namely semi-closed reverse osmosis (SCRO). In SCRO, multiple-cycle operation with varied applied pressures is performed to mitigate OP without additional staging, while the intermediate feed and corresponding concentrate in each cycle are stored in separate tanks to circumvent mixing. Analytic results reveal that SCRO integrating energy recovery devices consumes similar energy to MSRO and less energy than all the other RO processes that have been tested at the bench- or pilot- scale for desalination within typical water recovery regions. Such superiority of SCRO is more significant at higher recoveries. This study suggests that SCRO can be a promising alternative to state-of-the-art RO processes in low-energy desalination.

A 280 GHz 30 GHz Bandwidth Cascaded Amplifier Using Flexible Interstage Matching Strategy in 130 nm SiGe Technology

This paper presents a 280 GHz amplifier design strategy for a robust multistage amplifier in a sub-Terahertz (sub-THz) regime in 130 nm SiGe technology. The presented 280 GHz amplifier consists of 14 stages of the cascaded common emitter (CE) amplifier which offers a compact and improved-noise design due to the absence of the area-expensive and lossy baluns at such high frequencies. The interstage-matching network was flexibly constructed with two separate resonant tanks using metal–insulator–metal (MIM) capacitors and microstrip transmission lines (MSTLs) between each stage. The measured amplifier achieved a peak power gain of 10.9 dB at 283 GHz and a 3 dB gain of bandwidth of 30 GHz between 270 and 300 GHz. The peak output power of the amplifier was 0.8 dBm with an output of 1 dB gain compression point (OP1dB) of −3.6 dBm in simulation. The 14-stage amplifier consumes an area of 0.213 mm2, including all the pads. With the proposed interstage matching approach, a well-balanced 280 GHz amplifier has been demonstrated. The proposed design strategy is widely applicable to sub-THz receivers for future wireless communication systems.

Prospects for Developing Low-Cost Optical Fiber Sensors for Liquid-Liquid Interface Detection

This work examines the prospects of a low-cost retroreflection optical sensor system for detection of the interface between two immiscible liquids, for applications in oil separation tanks. The sensor in its simplest configuration comprises a bare fiber optic tip, cleaved at an angle of 90º relative to the longitudinal fiber axis. The device tested experimentally is based on a 2x2 bidirectional coupler, which connects the sensor tip to a laser and two photodetectors, one used to measure the signal and the other as a reference. From experiments conducted in a laboratory wateroil system, the measured retro-reflected signal was very small, and of the same order as the differential signal due to low optical contrast liquids. To overcome this difficulty, the detection system was designed with an amplification stage, followed by filtering of the digitally converted signal. With this strategy, an accuracy of 99.7% was reached. On the light of the performance measured by the bare fiber tip configuration, an analysis on the potential improvement in performance obtained, by applying a thin layer of gold to the tip of the sensor, was made. Simulated results indicated that, for an optimized gold film, 13 nm thick, a 13fold improvement in the sensor detection limit is obtained.

Towards the Feasibility of Long Range Wireless Power Transfer over an Ocean Surface

In this work, we have realized Zenneck’s style of wireless power transfer over a seawater surface. Method: The problem can be thought of as a surface electromagnetic wave propagating along an interface between a low-loss non-polar medium and seawater. A 10 m long water-filled plastic duct was connected to two separated water tanks, with one tank identified as the transmitting end and the other the receiving end. At the transmitting end, the water tank was excited with a 100 kV plasma from a spark gap transmitter at 44 MHz. At the receiving end, surface power was harvested in an open-circuit manner with the help of a suspended monopole antenna. Results: Without any antenna, no power was received at the receiving end. However, when two monopole antennas were individually connected to the transmitter and the receiver, a power was noticeably detected and successfully delivered to multiple loads even if the water’s conductivity was low. As the salinity level increased from 0 to 5 g/L, the transmission efficiency was increased from 10% to 99%. Consistent with Marconi’s law of transmission, the transmission distance leading to the first maximum efficiency was found to be approximately proportional to square of the antenna heights. Conclusion: A vertically mounted monopole antenna enables power to be wirelessly transmitted along the interface between a low-loss dielectric medium and seawater.

Herbal Vitamin C Prevents DNA Oxidation and Modifies the Metabolomic Water Profile of Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.).

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of herbal vitamin C at different levels on tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) growth, potential DNA damage, and the metabolomic profile of water effluent. Forty-five tilapias were housed in separate plastic tanks (80 L), and these were randomly assigned to three treatments: (a) a commercial diet (CD) only; (Nutripec Purina®); (b) the commercial diet plus 250 mg of herbal vitamin C (HVC)/kg (CD250); and (c) the commercial diet plus 500 mg of HVC/kg (CD500). Biometric measurements were taken each week, blood samples were collected from the caudal vein on the final day, and water effluent was taken each week and immediately frozen (−80 °C) until further analysis (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) systems). Data were completely randomized with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Upon including herbal vitamin C, the final BW (p = 0.05) and BWG (p = 0.06) increased linearly. Herbal vitamin C decreases DNA damage (p ≥ 0.05). PLS-DA showed a 41.6% variation between treatments in the water samples. Fifteen metabolites had the best association between treatments, with a stronger correlation with CD500. Herbal vitamin C could improve fish performance, prevent DNA damage, and influence changes in the metabolomic profile of the water.

The efficacy of using pine (Pinus massoniana) pollen as an alternative to synthetic steroids in producing monosex male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.)

AbstractSynthetic sex steroids are widely used to produce all‐male stocks in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). However, there is a growing concern about the use of synthetic steroid hormones in fish as food. We investigated the efficacy of a natural sex hormone as an alternative to synthetic steroids in producing monosex male tilapia. Two‐day‐old fry were fed pine pollen powder at three different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%) for 28 days and subsequently reared for 3 months to observe the efficacy of pine pollen as well as to optimize the concentration for sex reversal. As a positive control, same‐aged fry of three different commercial tilapia hatcheries were fed synthetic steroid and 17‐α‐methyl testosterone‐treated feed (60 mg/kg) for the same duration. Before analyzing the phenotypic sex, the fish were reared on untreated commercial feed for 90 days in separate tanks. The 1.0% pine pollen treatment yielded a mean of 92.50 ± 0.51% males among the progeny, higher than the mean (89.49 ± 0.25%) obtained from synthetic steroid treatments. This result demonstrates that pine pollen could be an effective compound for the direct masculinization of Nile tilapia. We also obtained a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the growth performance and survival of tilapia using the dietary allotment of pine pollen. Our study suggests the feasibility of this compound as an eco‐friendly method of masculinization of tilapia and can be tried in commercial aquaculture practice.

H5-Bridge-Based Single-Input–Dual-Output LLC Converter With Wide Output Voltage Range

In this article, a novel single-input–dual-output <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LLC</i> converter is proposed for wide output voltage applications. An H5-bridge is utilized on the primary side and linked with two separate resonant tanks. By morphing the H5 bridge, the input of each resonant tank can be configured as either full-bridge, half-bridge, or idle. On the secondary-side, two semiactive rectifiers provide two control degrees of freedoms. The circuit operation is always tuned at the optimal resonant frequency and the output voltages are modulated by the secondary side pulsewidth. It exhibits good voltage regulation performance with two fully decoupled output ports. Both output ports can achieve wide voltage ranges. All MOSFETs can achieve zero voltage switching turning- <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</small> and all the diodes can achieve zero current switching turning- <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</small> over a wide output voltage and load ranges. To verify this concept, a 1.6-kW rated prototype is designed to convert 390-V input into two decoupled 100–400 V outputs. The designed prototype exhibits 97.72% peak efficiency and good decoupled voltage regulation performances. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical analysis.

Методика и алгоритм расчета линейных потерь напора жидкости в трубопроводах

This article describes the methodology and algorithm for determining linear fluid pressure losses in pipeline. Liquid substances widely used in the national economy are usually stored in special tanks. To store a large amount of liquid product, separate tanks are combined into tank farms. Tank farms are being built at industrial enterprises and transshipment bases of various transport systems. An example of this is the storage of vegetable oils in the seaport of Yeysk (Russian Federation, Krasnodar territory). Pumps (mainly centrifugal), pipelines, auxiliary devices are used to transfer liquid cargo from a vehicle to a tank, or back. The design of liquid product storage is impossible without hydraulic calculation of this equipment. Pressure losses to overcome hydraulic resistances have a significant impact on the operation of pipeline systems. The methodology of calculating linear fluid pressure losses in pipelines includes the determination of the flow mode (laminar/turbulent), followed by the calculation of the Darcy friction coefficients. Based on the results obtained, the pressure loss along the flow length is calculated, taking into account the geometric characteristics of the pipeline (length, diameter) and the fluid velocity. The methodology was used to construct an algorithm for calculating linear fluid pressure losses. This algorithm can be applied as part of a previously created algorithm for calculating and selecting a pumping unit for storage of liquid products.

Research on Acoustic Characteristics of Low-noise Modular Hydraulic Power Unit

As the power source of a hydraulic system, hydraulic power unit also act as the main vibration and noise source. In this paper, systematic noise source characteristic and vibration performance of the low-noise modular hydraulic power unit are analysed, and specific measures to reduce vibration noise in the design process are studied. Firstly, through dry and wet mode analysis of the system, it is proved that the optimization of the pipeline and the oil tank separator plates should be emphasized in the system design. Based on that, by identifying the exciting forces of the motor and applying them to the analysis model, the vertical acceleration vibration response of 16 measuring points could be calculated. The results show that the attenuation of shaft frequency vibration noise should be focused in the acoustic design of the system. Above all, this paper provides a way in low-noise modular hydraulic power unit design.

Assessment of CI Engine Performance and Exhaust Air Quality Outfitted with Real-Time Emulsion Fuel Injection System

The main target of the current research work is effectively eliminating fossil fuel dependency and improving the exhaust air quality of conventional Compression Ignition (CI) engines. This research paper demonstrates for the first time that a nanofluid (water without surfactant) stored in separate tanks can be quantified, collected, and immediately emulsified by a high shear mixer before transfer into the combustion chamber of a diesel engine. The experiment was carried out under different load states (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) with a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Biofuel was extracted from citronella leaves using an energy-intensive process. The 5% water share was used for preparing the biofuel emulsion and nano-biofuel emulsion. A cobalt chromate nanoadditive was used to make the nanofluid. An experimental investigation was performed with prepared test fuels, namely, ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD), 100% Citronella (B100), surfactant-free Diesel emulsion (SDE), surfactant-free bioemulsion (SBE), and Surfactant free nano-bioemulsion (SNBE), in a test engine. The properties of the sample test fuels was ensured according to EN and ASTM standards. The observation performance results show that the SNBE blend exhibited lower BTE (by 0.5%) and higher SFC (by 3.4%) than ULSD at peak load. The emission results show that the SNBE blend exhibited lower HC, CO, NOx, and smoke emissions by 23.86%, 31.81%, 2.94%, and 24.63%, respectively, compared to USD at peak load. The CP and HRR results for SNBE were closer to ULSD fuel. Overall, the novel concept of an RTEFI (Real-time emulsion fuel injection) system was proved to be workable and to maintain its benefits of better fuel economy and greener emissions.

Design PI Controller for Tank Level in Industrial Process

In today’s chemical, refinery, and petrochemical sectors, separation tanks are one of the most significant separating processes. One or more separation tanks must operate consistently and reliably for multiple facilities’ safe and efficient operation. Therefore, in this paper, a PI controller unit has been designed to improve the performance of the tank level controller of the industrial process in Basrah Refinery Station. The overall system mathematical model has been derived and simulated by MATLAB to evaluate the performance. Further, to improve the performance of the tank level controller, optimal PI parameters should be calculated, which Closed-Loop PID Autotuner has been used for this task. Several experiments have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. The results indicated that the PI controller based on the Autotuner Method is superior to the conventional PI controller in terms of ease to implement and configuration also less time to get optimal PI gains.

Investigation of the stress-strain state for the fuel tank separator

The work carried out finite element modeling for the thin-walled shell of revolution loaded uniform pressure with using MSC NASTRAN software. The simulations results allow us to study the stress-strain state of the torus rolling zone for refine the boundaries of plastic deformation. It is determined that the region of plastic deformation does not arise in the entire torus zone. This region is limited by the outer part of the torus along the generatrix edges.

Developing a regeneration process for ceramic elements of vacuum filters in operation at the copper concentrate filtration station of Copper Plant

Copper concentrate filtration station constitutes an initial stage in the production circuit of the Copper Plant, and maintaining the required throughput is crucial. Concentrate slurries from Talnakh and Norilsk Concentrators go to the filtration station, where industrial slurry products are also introduced in the production cycle. The filtration station is responsible for two key processes &ndash; thickening and filtering. Incoming slurry goes through two consecutive stages of thickening and the thickened product is then filtered. Due to increased performance targets, ceramic filters experience higher loads. Because of it, the established wash modes fail to maintain the necessary permeability of the filter membranes. Brown deposit can be regularly found on the ceramic filtering elements that significantly affects their permeability leading to emergency change-outs. In the course of the study, researchers found what causes the brown deposit on the surface of filter plates and how it forms. A study was conducted that looked at the applicability of reagents for the regeneration of filtering elements. Application of sulphuric acid was found to be the optimum solution. Further studies helped determine the concentration of sulphuric acid solution necessary to remove the deposit. Thus, it is proposed to use decopperized electrolyte from the copper electrowinning plant for filter plate regeneration. The best technical solution was also found. Thus, it is reasonable to use a separate wash tank to take a filter apart before removing the deposit. The industrial tests conducted demonstrated that the regeneration efficiency of the proposed process can be as high as 97%.Other contributors to this research include A. V. Egorov, V. V. Velichko and O. Yu. Kokoev.

Padauk (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub.) extracts: An ecological solution for improving the natural water durability of welded wood

This study evaluates the effect of Padauk extracts on the natural cold water durability of welded beech wood. Wood specimens of 70 × 50 × 25 mm3 with initial moisture content of 12% were treated with Padauk extracts by capillary action for 7 days and further welded by high-speed dowel rotation wood welding. Water resistance test was performed by consecutive soaking (2 and 4 h) of treated and untreated specimens in two separate soaking tanks containing distilled water from 10 °C to 20 °C, then linear tensile and tensile shear tests were performed. Non-water leachable oligomers were determined using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF/MS) analysis. Internal adhesion level of the weld line was assessed through vertical density profiles of treated and untreated specimens. The results showed that the use of Padauk extracts improve the beech wood water resistance and the natural water durability of its welded joints. The respective tensile strengths obtained for the specimens treated at 0, 2 and 4 h of immersion in cold water were 2.34 KN, 1.56 KN and 0.86 KN. MALDI-TOF/MS analysis shows an abundance of molecules with aromatic methoxy groups (OCH3) which leach slowly in cold water, such as santalin B at 596 Da and santalin A at 583 Da which has an additional -CH3 group. X-ray densitometry confirmed a high densification (776.45 kg/m3) of the weld lines of the treated specimens and a peripheral densification of 762.74 kg/m3 compared to the 754.60 kg/m3 of the untreated specimens. These differences could be due to the chemical composition of the natural Padauk extracts, which justifies their water repellent potential on the treated beech wood.

A critical evaluation of novel demulsifying agents based on acrylic terpolymers for Mexican heavy crude oils dehydration

• Random acrylic terpolymers as demulsifying agents for crude oil. • Trifunctional molecule with exceptional dehydrating and clarifying capacities. • Higher performance to dehydrate crude oils than commercial formulations. • Prediction of dehydrating efficiency as function of the crude oil properties. A novel kind of random acrylic terpolymers based on butyl acrylate (B), 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate (Ae), and 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (Ce) monomers was obtained by emulsion polymerization. Monomers’ weight ratios were varied, keeping in all cases a higher content of butyl acrylate (60, 70, 80, and 90 wt%) and controlling the number average molecular mass ( M ¯ n ) during polymerization. The random acrylic terpolymers were characterized by spectroscopic techniques; subsequently evaluated as demulsifier agents in three aged heavy crude oils of 7.55, 6.11, and 3.33 °API (apparent gravities), which form very stable water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. The best performance for removing the emulsified water at 80 °C was obtained with terpolymers containing 90–80 wt% of the hydrophobic monomer B and small amounts of the hydrophilic monomers Ae and Ce (BAeCe-9551 and BAeCe-8111), being more efficient than two commercial demulsifiers (FDH-1 and F-46 TRETOLITE™). Moreover, the BAeCe-9551 terpolymer was evaluated in a fresh heavy crude oil of 20.2 °API at 60 °C — temperature of separation tanks —, showing better performance as breaker, coalescer, and clarifier than FDH-1. Finally, a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was carried out employing terpolymers’ molecular parameters and crude oils’ physicochemical parameters. Only one equation fulfilled all thresholds for Q F 1 2 , Q F 2 2 , Q F 3 2 , and r m 2 parameters, proving to be the most accurate to predict the water removal efficiency (WRE) of BAeCe-1 and BAeCe-2 series terpolymers when added to heavy crude oils. This correlation will allow selecting the best terpolymer for demulsifying a petroleum stream as a function of its physicochemical characteristics.

Fatty Acids of Semi-Hard Cheese Made from Milk of Goats Fed Diets Enriched with Extruded Linseed or Pumpkin Seed Cake.

The addition of oilseeds and their cakes to the diets of lactating dairy goats is an alternative to supplemental feeding, which improves the lipid profile of goat cheeses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a diet containing extruded linseed or pumpkin seed cake on the fatty acid profile of semi-hard cheese made from goat milk. The research was carried out with 28 French Alpine goats fed the following diets: 1—basal diet based on extruded soybean and soybean meal; 2—basal diet with 90 g/kg DM extruded linseed (ELS); and 3—basal diet with 160 g/kg DM pumpkin seed cake (PSC). Bulk milk from three separated milk tanks at three samplings was used for the manufacture of four traditional semi-hard cheeses from each milk tank at each sampling on the family farm. The ELS and PSC diets increased fat content in the cheese. The ELS feeding increased the proportion of C18:1 c9, C18:2 c9t11, and C18:3 n-3 in cheese and lowered C8:0, C6:0, and C16:0, while PSC resulted in the highest C18:2 n-6 proportions in the cheese. The health-promoting index was the highest in the cheese of ELS. The ELS had a contribution to higher nutritional and health quality of semi-hard traditional goat cheeses, thus representing a food with health-promoting properties.