Separate Units Research Articles

Boolean map and object reconcile as the unit of visual working memory.

The unit of visual working memory is a fundamental issue under debate in the fields of cognitive psychology and neuroscience, with some traditional research suggesting that it is an object, while other recent studies demonstrating that a Boolean map offers a better account. The controversy surrounding the unit of visual working memory often centers on the representation of objects consist of same dimensional features (e.g. bicolor objects). For 2 colors in a bicolor object, some behavioral studies have suggested that they need to be represented by separate units, while some other studies using electrophysiological measures have found that they can be represented within a single unit. This apparent conflict hints that Boolean map and object may reconcile as the unit of visual working memory. Adopting the contralateral delay activity as an electrophysiological marker of visual working memory, experiments 1 and 2 consistently found that the contralateral delay activity amplitude for memorizing bicolor circles at P7/P8 conformed the Boolean map-based storage throughout the whole maintenance, while the contralateral delay activity amplitude at P3/P4 just conformed the object-based storage during the early period. It suggests though Boolean map got stronger supporting evidence than object, they 2 may coexist as the unit of visual working memory.

Decarbonizing urea: Techno-economic and environmental analysis of a model hydroelectricity and carbon capture based green urea production

This study reports a comprehensive techno-economic and environmental assessment of a realistic pathway for decarbonizing the urea industry. The proposed green urea synthesis plant utilizes hydroelectricity-powered electrolysis process and carbon capture from cement flue gas to create sustainable and environmentally friendly production process. Utilizing Aspen Plus and MATLAB, this study first, models the electrolysis, air separation, ammonia synthesis, carbon capture and urea synthesis units, and then evaluates the economic and environmental parameters of the synthesis process. Furthermore, the study highlights the transformative impacts of carbon credit and the renewable energy prices on the profitability metrics of the green urea plant. For the proposed 220 kt/year urea plant, the total energy consumption is 8.18 × 106 GJ/year with the electrolysis unit accounting for half of the energy demand. The estimated total capital investment for the urea plant is 510.79 million USD, with an annual operating expenditure of 156.02 million USD. The urea synthesis unit accounted for half of the total capital expenditure, while electricity contributed to the largest proportion (73%) of the operating expenses. The levelized cost for urea (LCOU) is estimated to be 570.96 USD/t which is approximately 62.2% higher than the urea obtained from conventional process. The electrolyzer unit contributed to 34.4% of the total LCOU. Sensitivity analysis showed that 30% decrease in the electricity price from the base case could lower the LCOU by 27%. The global warming potential of the proposed green urea process is 326.11 kg CO2/t of urea. Lower hydroelectricity prices and carbon credit opportunities significantly improve the economic viability of the green urea production process.

Decarbonization frameworks to industrial-scale ammonia production: Techno-economic and environmental implications

Ammonia production traditionally relies on steam methane reforming (SMR), but it emits carbon and harms the environment. To address decarbonization frameworks of industrial-scale ammonia production process, a 100,000-ton ammonia manufacturing plant is presented using green ammonia synthesis methods. This study presents two promising hydrogen production methods for ammonia production, utilizing water electrolysis as scenario 1 and biomass gasification as scenario 2, while nitrogen is supplied using a cryogenic air separation unit (CASU). The techno-economic analysis shows that the ammonia production via SMR as the base case has lower total costs than Scenarios 1 and 2 due to not using green electricity. Through the environmental impact assessment of climate change, ozone depletion, terrestrial ecotoxicity, and natural land transformation, it is shown that Scenario 1 has lower impacts than the base case and Scenario 2 due to using green electricity. It is noted that the base case and Scenario 1 ensure the lowest production cost and environmental impacts, respectively, and Scenario 2 is the best balance between the economy and the environment.

Development of parabolic antenna irradiator for tropospheric communication station

The currently existing tropospheric stations, due to high energy consumption and limited signal formation capabilities, and radio relay stations, also due to limited communication range, require new technological solutions. One such solution proposed is the creation of a tropospheric-radio relay station with completely redesigned radio equipment. The Institute of Special Communications and Information Protection, in collaboration with a research institute, developed a scheme for such a station, which was tested in field trials on a real tropospheric radio line with a length of 155 km. Our specialists were involved in the development of two antenna devices. A detailed analysis of the current state of tropospheric communication station development in the world was conducted, and the possibilities of modernizing existing stations, such as the R-423-M, were considered. Based on the results of the analysis, it was proposed not to conduct modernization, but rather to develop a new generation of tropospheric communication stations. According to the accepted station construction concept, its transmitting and receiving parts were developed as two separate units (external and internal). The external unit for conducting field trials was located on the antenna, allowing for the maximum reduction of signal losses in the antenna-feeder paths. The components of the internal units were housed in the closed body of a vehicle. This provided additional convenience for the operator and reduced the requirements for climatic conditions. The antenna block of the transmitter includes a power divider, a power amplifier block (eight power amplifiers of 10 W each), a two-mirror parabolic antenna with a hyperboloid small mirror, and an eight-element horn feed that can be powered in such a way that the output wave will be either linear or circular polarization.

Optimizing Air Separation and LNG Cold Utilization: Energy Savings, Exergy Efficiency, and System Reliability

AbstractAir separation processes are time‐consuming and energy‐intensive. Most of the energy used in air separation unit (ASU) is used for air compression. During the air compression process, some energy is lost, which is converted into waste heat. This wasted energy is used to warm liquefied natural gas (LNG). At some point, LNG ships will dock at an LNG regasification facility. Here, LNG is converted back to gas and supplied to the distribution and transmission systems. During the regasification process, cryogenic LNG has a huge opportunity for cold energy recovery. An innovative air separation process that is integrated with the cold utilization of LNG is presented in this study along with a thorough conceptual design and analysis. The results of this study show that producing high‐purity oxygen and nitrogen, respectively, requires 0.28 kWh kg−1 and 0.06 kWh kg−1 of specific energies. Prior to integration with cold utilization of natural gas, 25 141.6 kW is needed for air compression. However, following integration, 10 554.6 kW of energy is needed, resulting in a 58.01 % energy savings. Exergy destruction as well as efficiency have been calculated for the primary components of the system. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to examine the effects of LNG streams on important parameters. In conclusion, a cryogenic ASU is integrated with an LNG‐direct expansion cycle‐organic Rankine cycle power cycle to supply the necessary power for operation and reduce extraneous power inputs. Overall, this integrated approach increases efficiency, lowers costs, benefits the environment, allows for flexibility and adaptability, and raises system dependability.

Intelligent system for monitoring the operational properties of ship power equipment

The peculiarity of monitoring the technical condition of ship vehicles is that during the service life the main energetic installation is not changed, but its continuous maintenance and periodic repairs are carried out. In the organization of such activities, the leading role belongs to technical diagnostics, which allows you to determine the technical condition of the material, as well as predict possible changes for a certain period. Intelligent system of monitoring of operational properties of ship power equipment with Markov circuits, probabilistic dynamics elements, calculations on probabilistic models, multi-criteria optimization of diagnostic parameters, simulation and scenario generation is proposed. In detail, the content of the main structural units of the system for monitoring the operational properties of ship power equipment is considered. The input information was a generalization of experience in the operation of vehicles. The stages of construction of Markov circuits are described in relation to diagnostics of turbochargers, the feature of which is a replacement of discrete time by a continuous sequence of states. Considered by a separate unit of calculation on probabilistic models on the basis of spectra of vibration signals by combining their main discrete features and establishing new diagnostic parameters. The visualization of relationships consists in the construction of digraphs of interactions of the main structural elements of the SES taking into account probabilistic models. Multi-criteria optimization in the presented system is considered from the standpoint of statistical criteria and their convolution. Simulation and generation of basic scenarios is described, from the point of view, the conversion of analog data about workflows to digital form. Provided information support and tools of the system for monitoring the operational properties of ship power equipment

A Trusted Execution Environment RISC-V System-on-Chip Compatible with Transport Layer Security 1.3

The Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) is designed to establish a safe environment that prevents the execution of unauthenticated programs. The nature of TEE is a continuous verification process with hashing, signing, and verifying. Such a process is called the Chain-of-Trust, derived from the Root-of-Trust (RoT). Typically, the RoT is pre-programmed, hard-coded, or embedded in hardware, which is locally produced and checked before booting. The TEE employs various cryptographic processes throughout the boot process to verify the authenticity of the bootloader. It also validates other sensitive data and applications, such as software connected to the operating system. TEE is a self-contained environment and should not serve as the RoT or handle secure boot operations. Therefore, the issue of implementing hardware for RoT has become a challenge that requires further investigation and advancement. The main objective of this proposal is to introduce a secured RISC-V-based System-on-Chip (SoC) architecture capable of securely booting a TEE using a versatile boot program while maintaining complete isolation from the TEE processors. The suggested design has many cryptographic accelerators essential for the secure boot procedure. Furthermore, a separate 32-bit MicroController Unit (MCU) is concealed from the TEE side. This MCU manages sensitive information, such as the root key, and critical operations like the Zero Stage BootLoader (ZSBL) and key generation program. Once the RoT is integrated into the isolated sub-system, it becomes completely unavailable from the TEE side, even after booting, using any method. Besides providing a secured boot flow, the system is integrated with essential crypto-cores supporting Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3. The chip is finally fabricated using the Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (CMOS) 180 nm process.

Exploring Growth Patterns of Maurolicus muelleri across Three Northeast Atlantic Regions

Maurolicus muelleri is an important component of mesopelagic ecosystems; nevertheless, we possess only limited knowledge about its biological features. We collected samples of M. muelleri from six scientific surveys between 2019 and 2021 in three geographical areas in the Northeast Atlantic waters (from South to North): the Bay of Biscay, the Celtic Sea, and the Norwegian Sea. Geographical variations in otolith growth, fish age, length, weight, and condition, as well as length–weight relationships and von Bertalanffy growth models (VBGMs), were investigated. Length-weight relationships revealed differences associated with the fish’s origin, paralleling the annual and daily otolith growth. VBGM parameters increased progressively northwards, in accordance with Bergmann’s rules. Fish length was positively related to the otolith radio, and Lee’s phenomenon was undetected. The impact of environmental variables, such as temperature and food availability, is debated, with these considered potential drivers of this variability. Populations may belong to separated units, either genetically or morphologically, representing differences in biological parameters as a signal of geographical divergence.

Applying a novel generalized model of sedimentation to the design of settlers and thickeners: Integration and extension of the classical procedures

A new generalized procedure previously introduced and justified by the authors, based on the simultaneous integration of the macroscopic and microscopic differential mass balances by introducing the concept of separation units as an extension of the transfer unit concept was applied here to sedimentation. This similarity leads to a broader analogy with basic transfer and transformation unit operations, at this step focused on the formulation and contrast of a generalized form of the so-called design or sizing equation. This model is comparatively applied under restricted flow Conditions-Vertical Flow Settlers (CSTS) - with the classical methods and extended to the design of horizontal flow settlers (PFS). That opens the door to the sizing of settlers and thickeners in the presence of deviations from these ideal flow models and with other operating configurations. Such a contribution to a desirable generalization and homologation is according to Chemical Engineering methodology specifically in the frequently empirical or casuistic treatment of unit operations with particulate solids.

Integration of alternative fuel production and combined cycle power plant using renewable energy sources

The article explores the integration of a methanol production system with a modern combined cycle power plant utilizing oxy-combustion technology, resulting in enhanced efficiency for both systems (synergy effect). The integration involves various components like a 90 MW wind farm, hydrogen generators, and methanol production units. Notably, CO2 preparation and compression for the methanol reactor within the power plant optimize methanol production and reduce energy consumption in the oxygen separation unit by supplementing oxygen through electrolysis. Utilizing oxygen from electrolysis also decreases energy consumption in the gas turbine's oxidant compressor. Additionally, compressing CO2 to lower pressures reduces energy consumption in the CCU installation. The article presents a methodology for quantifying energy efficiency for both the methanol production unit and the combined cycle power plant. Integration leads to significant efficiency increases, particularly for low-power generation setups and with greater contributions from renewable energy sources. For instance, in scenarios involving a gas turbine with 7.5 MW capacity, efficiency gains range from 0.8 to nearly 6 percentage points with multiple wind farms. This study is the first of its kind to demonstrate the synergistic advantages of directly integrating an oxy-combined cycle power plant with a methanol production facility. The integration results in heightened efficiency for both the power plant and the methanol production setup, contributing significantly to the advancement of hydrogen technology and the green deal initiative. The unique approach of utilizing hydrogen from electrolysis setups and CO2 derived from exhaust gases of power plants to generate liquid methanol, a superior energy carrier, is a significant contribution to the existing body of literature. The demonstrated synergistic outcomes of integrating a methanol production facility with combined cycle power plants stem from augmented unit efficiencies, overall installation improvements, and the amelioration of the ecological attributes of the power plant. The innovative character of this research endeavor is underscored by the fact that no existing installation worldwide currently pairs methanol production with a combined cycle power plant.

Digital practices in healthcare: effectiveness and necessity

Some features of the digitalization of the healthcare sector are considered, which makes it possible to guarantee the timeliness, personalization, manufacturability and safety of medical care, as well as to increase the efficiency of using the healthcare resource base. The analysis of the legislator’s initiatives has been carried out, which, taking into account the peculiarities of the “digital contour”, will significantly increase the availability of medical care for citizens in remote settlements by 2025, and optimize the work of medical institutions providing primary health care. The further deepening of the digital transformation of the healthcare sector is justified; the features of the organization of the provision of medical services by geographically separate units, including the peculiarities of the legal status of remote workers, are considered.

Design of Major Components of Green Urea Production Plant

Green urea refers to urea produced using renewable energy sources such as municipal solid wastes (MSW) to create a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach to waste management and urea production. As the economy, population, and living standards proliferate swiftly, municipal solid waste has become a significant challenge, particularly in developing countries such as Nepal. This project aims to size the major components of a green urea plant that uses decomposable and combustible waste as feedstock. 15 CSTR digesters with a volume of 53323.2 m3 produced 41473.2 m3 of biogas to convert 740.6 Tons Per Day (TPD) of decomposable waste and 220.06 TPD of combustible waste into 574.4 TPD of green urea. A circulating fluidized bed gasifier, a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, and an air separation unit using the cryogenic process were also selected. The study also involved picking a tubular steam methane reformer as the primary and an auto-thermal steam methane reformer as the secondary steam methane reformer. The shift reaction was carried out using a catalytic water gas shift reactor, and a three-bed type ammonia reactor was chosen for the Haber Bosch process. Finally, the Snamprogetti process was selected for urea synthesis. In addition, the study involves the preparation of a 2D system layout to understand the process flow and a 3D solid works drawing to visualize the plant design. The financial analysis of the green urea plant includes the calculation of CAPEX and OPEX, and it is found that total capital investment is 431.45 M$ and operating expenses are 102.2M$/year. Gasification, steam methane reformer, Air separation unit, ammonia synthesis, urea synthesis, electrolyzer, water gas shift reactor, and anaerobic digestion plant consist 7.15%, 13.55%, 3.32%, 16.13%, 26.12%, 13.37%, 13.43% and 6.93% of total capital investment respectively and 14.62%, 1.61%, 7.78%, 19.73%, 5.71%, 32.6%, 12.9% and 14.62% of total operating costs per year.

A novel hybrid approach to pink and turquoise hydrogen production via oxy-fuel combustion

Hydrogen has been considered a clean energy source essential for net zero by 2050. However, the current green hydrogen production process is not economically feasible compared to the existing hydrogen production pathways. Therefore, this study proposes a hybrid operation of pink and turquoise hydrogen as a stepping-stone until the maturity of green hydrogen. Pink and turquoise hydrogen have their disadvantages: pink hydrogen requires an electric heater (EH) with high power load, and turquoise hydrogen faces economic drawbacks due to the high cost of air separation units (ASU). The proposed hybrid operation can mitigate these weaknesses: (1) by using low-grade waste heat from turquoise hydrogen to reduce the EH power load, and (2) eliminating the ASU process by utilizing high-purity oxygen produced from pink hydrogen for oxy-fuel combustion. We conducted energy, environment, techno-economic, sensitivity, and scenario-based cost analysis for the independent and hybrid operations. With the hybrid operation, total energy and specific energy consumption decreased by 11.5 % and 11.7 %, respectively, compared to independent operation. The environmental assessment showed the CO2 eq. flow of the hybrid operation decreased by 200 % compared to the independent operation, and the total expense and levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) decreased by 10.7 % and 10.7 %, respectively. Finally, the analysis revealed the hybrid operation can alleviate uncertainties about cost fluctuations of feedstocks and utilities, as well as the volatility of by-product costs. Therefore, the hybrid operation integrating pink and turquoise hydrogen is expected to serve as a stepping-stone to the transition to green hydrogen.

Efficient enhancement of cryogenic processes: Extracting valuable insights with minimal effort

Cryogenic systems are widely used in industries but are known for their high energy consumption. Designing these systems involves numerous variables, objectives, and constraints. This study introduces an optimization approach applied to three cryogenic processes: Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs) recovery, Air Separation Unit (ASU), and propane mixed refrigerant (C3MR) liquefaction, focusing on minimizing energy input to enhance efficiency and LNG output in a mega LNG plant. Exergy analyses identified energy losses in compressors (47 %), columns (37 %), heat exchangers (10 %), and valves/mixers (5 %), highlighting the need for improved compressor design. Optimization showed that inefficiencies could be reduced by adding inter-cooled compression stages and isentropic/isothermal compression routes. The ASU optimization involved five independent variables with optimized conditions demanding 30 MW of compression power while achieving 51 % separation efficiency. Heat exchangers are the main source of exergy loss in the standalone C3MR cycle, accounting for 61.82 % of 69.0 MW followed by compressors ∼29.27 %. When simulated with utilities, total exergy loss increases to 249.0 MW, with compressors accounting for 78.34 %, exergy loss from heat exchangers drops to 17.94 %. Results affirm the practicality of the proposed method for optimizing complex cryogenic systems, providing valuable engineering insights and potential for significant energy savings.

On the prospects of fishery of the Barents Sea red king crab within the coastal waters of Russia

Objective: to review the current state of the red king crab stocks in the Barents Sea off the coast of the Kola Peninsula and propose options for optimizing their use.Method: the work is a review of the state of stocks, biology and fishing regime of the red king crab in the Barents Sea coast, based on previously published research results. In addition, unpublished survey data with appropriate explanations were used.Novelty: the review contains information relevant for the summer of 2023 on the fishing regime of the red king crab in coastal waters, examines the prospects for the exploitation of stock of king crab in connection with changes in legislation that occurred in 2023.Results: the coast of the southern part of the Barents Sea is of high importance for the reproduction of the red king crab population and can be considered as a reserve for its fishing in the EEZ of Russia. Among all the sections of the Barents Sea coast, Varanger-Fjord, as the most remote from the area of modern fishing area, is promising for the resumption of crab production in it. In addition, fishery the red king crab in the western part of coast of the Barents Sea will provide additional data on the impact of fishing on the stock, which will be used in fisheries management. In the near future, it is advisable to consider the possibility of changing the by-catch limit for non-commercial individuals when mining in the coastal area, as well as the possibility of allocating the Varanger-Fjord the red king crab as a separate management unit within a single reserve. Prior to receiving new data, it is possible to recommend that no more than 0.6 thousand tons of the red king crab in the Varanger-Fjord area.

Process optimization, exergy analysis, and GHG emissions of ammonia production systems by gasification of high-sulfur petroleum coke with CO2 capture

High-sulfur petroleum coke is commonly used as a fuel because of its high carbon content and calorific value. Direct combustion of high-sulfur petroleum coke has the problem of emitting a lot of CO2 and sulfide. Gasification is an environmentally friendly way to utilize high-sulfur petroleum coke. Therefore, this study first established hydrogen production systems with CO2 capture through high-sulfur petroleum coke gasification. The hydrogen is then reacted with nitrogen from air separation unit for producing ammonia, which is easy to transport and store. After optimizing and analyzing the key parameters of the established models, exergy and life cycle GHG emissions analysis are carried out to evaluate the technical performance and environmental impact. In the system with an 85 % gasification conversion rate of petroleum coke, the ammonia production capacity, exergy efficiency, and GHG emissions are 2300 kmol/h, 45.39 %, and 1468 kg CO2-eq/t NH3. When the conversion rate is elevated by ten percentage points, the ammonia production and exergy efficiency are increased to 2664 kmol/h and 51.95 %, while the GHG emissions are only reduced by 85 kg CO2-eq/t NH3 since most of the CO2 produced by the system is captured. Improving the petroleum coke conversion rate can significantly increase the exergy efficiency of ammonia production system, but has little impact on reducing GHG emissions during the process.

Pemenuhan Hak Suami Dalam Kitab Dlau Al-Misbah Fi Bayani Ahkam Al-Nikah Karya Hasyim Asy’ari

Husband's rights are a separate unit from several other rights and obligations that must be understood in the household. It is undeniable that households become a field of problems when husbands feel they are not getting their rights because the nature of husband's rights is not concrete and not in the form of material. However, it is more about the adab obligations of a wife. Many wives today are less concerned about their obligations. This is because the references or sources of religious knowledge are contained in large books so that not everyone can reach them. So, in the end, they are influenced by changes, some of which are contrary to the teachings of shari'a. This research has 3 objectives, namely first, knowing the fulfillment of husband's rights. Second, to know the thoughts of Hadlratus Shaykh Hasyim Asy'ari about the concept of fulfilling husband's rights. Third, to know the reality of fulfilling husband's rights from the perspective of Hadlratus Shaykh Hasyim Asy'ari in modern households. The research in this thesis uses library research (library reseach), and a character study approach. The use of personal documents as data sources, and documentation methods as data collection techniques. The results showed that the fulfillment of husband's rights was explained by Hadlratus Syaikh Hasyim Asy'ari in detail and easy to understand so that it could be used as a guide for wives who intend to get married. Among them are; 1) Obey the husband, 2) Behave well towards the husband, 3) Always ready to serve the husband, 4) Always reluctant to the husband, 5) Glorify the husband and the husband's family, 5) Keep yourself busy at home. Meanwhile, the fulfillment of husband's rights in modern households, there are things that are not in line with the thoughts of Hadlratus Syaikh Hasyim Asy'ari. Starting from a wife who is too active in the public world so that it seizes attention by not maximizing her role in the household as a wife and mother. Also the management of household assets that makes a wife a family bank, so that all financial assets or wealth are in the hands of the wife under the pretext of mere maintenance. In the end, the husband becomes limited to holding his own property.

Pressurized oxy-fuel combustion with sCO2 cycle and ORC for power production and carbon capture

The pressurization of oxy-fuel combustion presents the opportunity to recuperate more latent heat from the flue gas within the boiler. This study proposed a coal-fired pressurized oxy-fuel combustion plant coupled with the sCO2 Brayton cycle for simultaneous power production and carbon capture. Two configurations, i.e., sCO2 recuperator split and sCO2 bottom cycle, are conceived to fully exploit the flue gas heat from the boiler. Waste heat from various sources, including the air separation unit, the CO2 compression and purification unit and the sCO2 cycle, are recuperated by the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) to augment the net power efficiency. Sensitive analyses, including the turbine parameters, the recuperator split ratio, and the ORC parameters, are conducted to optimize the design and operation conditions of the plant. The plant net power efficiency ranges between 39.4 % and 42.9 %, inclusive of CO2 compression. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is calculated, and the LCOE results are in the range of 101.60 $/MWh and 106.07 $/MWh for different configurations. These findings suggest the system's viability for future coal-fired plant with carbon capture.

Revealing the Unseen: AI Chain on LLMs for Predicting Implicit Data Flows to Generate Data Flow Graphs in Dynamically-Typed Code

Data flow graphs (DFGs) capture definitions (defs) and uses across program blocks, which is a fundamental program representation for program analysis, testing and maintenance. However, dynamically-typed programming languages like Python present implicit data flow issues that make it challenging to determine def-use flow information at compile time. Static analysis methods like Soot and WALA are inadequate for handling these issues, and manually enumerating comprehensive heuristic rules is impractical. Large pre-trained language models (LLMs) offer a potential solution, as they have powerful language understanding and pattern matching abilities, allowing them to predict implicit data flow by analyzing code context and relationships between variables, functions, and statements in code. We propose leveraging LLMs’ in-context learning ability to learn implicit rules and patterns from code representation and contextual information to solve implicit data flow problems. To further enhance the accuracy of LLMs, we design a five-step Chain of Thought (CoT) and break it down into an AI chain, with each step corresponding to a separate AI unit to generate accurate DFGs for Python code. Our approach’s performance is thoroughly assessed, demonstrating the effectiveness of each AI unit in the AI Chain. Compared to static analysis, our method achieves 82% higher def coverage and 58% higher use coverage in DFG generation on implicit data flow. We also prove the indispensability of each unit in the AI Chain. Overall, our approach offers a promising direction for building software engineering tools by utilizing foundation models, eliminating significant engineering and maintenance effort, but focusing on identifying problems for AI to solve.

New procedure for designing an innovative biomass-solar-wind polygeneration system for sustainable production of power, freshwater, and ammonia using 6E analyses, carbon footprint, water footprint, and multi-objective optimization

The correct management of renewable polygeneration systems is a highly effective approach that can not only help expand renewable energy systems but also ensure sustainable production. In the present work, a new procedure for designing renewable polygeneration systems is introduced. In this procedure, the management of polygeneration systems is discussed from various aspects, including climatic change, techno-economic and environmental conditions, layout design, ecological sustainability, and the sociological approach to polygeneration systems in a practical form. As a case study, an innovative biomass-solar-wind polygeneration system to produce power, ammonia, and freshwater for Ahvaz in Iran was designed and evaluated according to the developed procedure. The integration of multi-effect distillation and humidification-dehumidification desalination has been employed for freshwater production. For ammonia production, syngas produced in the gasification unit and nitrogen obtained from the air separation unit were utilized. Power production has been achieved using a combination of the hydrogen-ammonia Brayton cycle, the supercritical carbon dioxide cycle, and the organic Rankine cycle. The designed system was evaluated using energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, exergoenvironmental, emergoeconomic, emergoenvironmental, carbon footprint, and water footprint analyses. The layout design of the proposed system and the sociological study of the system from a systemic approach have enhanced the visibility of its application. Additionally, the investigation of biomass fuel variations and combinations according to climate, along with optimization and dynamic analyses, are key measures that allow for a more comprehensive evaluation of the system from various management perspectives. The results show that the proposed system is capable of producing 523.34 m3/day freshwater, 10.1 MW of power, and storing 17.75 ton/day of ammonia in optimal state. The energy and exergy efficiency of the polygeneration system in the optimal state is 29.97% and 13.12%. The total cost rate and total environmental impact rate of the entire system in this case are equal to 0.48 $/s and 19.79 mPts/s, respectively. Meanwhile, the defined renewable system has an ecological sustainability index of 1.76.