Separate Substances Research Articles

The Substance-attributes Relationship in Cartesian Dualism

In their book on Descartes’s Changing Mind, Peter Machamer and J. E. McGuire argue that Descartes discarded dualism to embrace a kind of monism. Descartes famously proposed that there are two separate substances, mind and body, with distinct attributes of thought and extension (Principles of Philosophy). According to Machamer and McGuire, because of the limitations of our intellect, we cannot have insight into the nature of either substance. After reviewing their argument in some detail, I will argue that Descartes did not relinquish his favorite doctrine but may have actually fooled himself about the nature of his dualism. It is my contention that the problem with Cartesian dualism stems from the definition of mind and body as substances and the role of their respective attributes—thought and extension—in the definition of substances.

Algae in urban water bodies - control of growth and use as a biomass

Enhancing the ecology security of Ukraine and other developing countries is predetermined by the environmental problems of cities. It prompts studies on the contamination of city's and adjacent water bodies. The control of blue-green algae distribution and the use of its biomass for production of the biofuels, energy, oils, medicine, etc. is one of the contributing factors to the well-balanced development of infrastructure of cities. The intensity of the processes of eutrophication and the species composition of the algae, which cause algal blooming, was investigated based on data of the Vorskla River in Poltava city (Ukraine). Relevant methods, statistical data of Ukrainian Environmental Service, personal observations, laboratory analysis and analytical studies were applied for the study. The comparative estimation of influence of separate biogenic and chemical substances on eutrophication processes was carried out. The approaches for prevention of processes of water bloom have been presented. The mechanism of using the species composition of algae as an indicator of the state of eutrophication processes was studied.

Membranotropic action of lauric acid, fenspiride and kaoline in model lipid membranes: role of lipid composition

Background: Model lipid membranes are widely used nowadays to elucidate membranotropic action (MA) of pharmaceuticals as well as for development of liposomal drugs. Meanwhile, membrane lipid composition could substantially affect a drug-membrane interaction. Objectives: Comparision of MA of certain pharmaceuticals on model membranes with various lipid compositions. Materials and methods: By means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) lauric acid, fenspiride and kaolin were studied with respect of their effects on phase transitions of model membranes based on hydrated phospholipids. Along with “standard” membrane based on L-α-dipalmitoyl­phos­pha­ti­dyl­choline (DPPC), a membrane containing cerebrosides (DPPC-C) was used, as well as one composed of DPPC, L-α-dipalmitoyl­phospha­tidylethanolamine and cholesterol (DPPC-DPPE-Chol). According to literature, DPPC and DPPC-C membranes are characterized by lipid phase homogeneity, as distinct from membrane DPPC-DPPE-Chol, where two different lipid phases coexist both below and above phase transition region. Results: It was shown that fenspiride manifested similar MA on membranes of all three types. MA of lauric acid in DPPC and DPPC-C membranes were qualitatively similar, whereas, in DPPC-DPPE-Chol membrane, different effects were observed. As to kaolin, distinctions in its MA were observed even between DPPC and DPPC-C membranes, namely, elevation of phase transition temperatures in DPPC-C membrane and a tendency to their reduction in DPPC one. In DPPC-DPPE-Chol membrane, kaolin markedly lowered phase transition temperatures coupled with opposite changes in cooperativity. Conclusions: By the examples of separated substances it was shown that strong disordering MA may be practically independent on lipid composition of membrane. Lipid rearrangement and cooperativity changes in membrane can be induced not only by incorporation of guest substances in the bulk, but also by their adsorption on membrane surface.The obtained results could be useful in adjustment of model membrane composition for MA studies of different pharmaceuticals.

Research of circuit manufacturing for new MID technology development

Recently in the electronics industry, the circuits are growing more and more complex as the number of components increase due to high-performance electronics product development. Accordingly, the trend is smaller, lighter, and higher-concentration electrical circuit, and the new process technology development for such is persistently in progress. Currently, electronics products are restricted in their forms for PCB and product form design due to the increase in the number of components, and there are not only the environmental issues but also unnecessary labor due to the increase in assembly processes. PCB production technology is cheap and convenient, yet has environmental issues. In order to produce PCB, various environmentally harmful chemical substances (Halogen, sulfuric acid, chloric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, caustic soda, thinner, etc.) are needed, and a separate chemical substance monitoring system is needed. MID technology can omit such PCB production process and form circuit on the product surface.

Extracting and recovering diesel from oil-based drill cuttings using switchable hydrophilic solvents

Switchable hydrophilic solvent (SHS) has been developed as a green extractant for separate lipophilic substances. This article reported an efficient method to extract and recovery diesel in oil-based drill cuttings by using SHS. 1H NMR spectroscopy and pH measurement provided the possibility of SHS can be applied to the recovery of diesel. The screenings of SHS were carried out by CO2 absorption experiments and the solubility of SHS and diesel, which depended on the absorption rate and the solubility parameter model, respectively. The recovery process analyzed the reclaim performance of diesel and DMCHA. The dynamic analysis indicated that the process of DMCHA recovery was consistent with the first-order kinetic, and proved the conclusion of the influence of temperature and aeration rate on DMCHA recovery. Ultimately, the rate constant was used to obtain the DMCHA recovery activation energy of 30.37kJmol−1, which provided a reference for the study of low energy consumption. All above studies provided guidance for the design of recycling diesel oil in oil-based drill cuttings by SHS, and therefore, it can achieve the safety and environmental protection of oil-based drill cuttings.

Separation, identification and quantification of carotenoids and chlorophylls in dietary supplements containing Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography

In this study, 14 commercial products (dietary supplements) containing alga Chlorella vulgaris and cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis, originated from China and Japan, were analysed. UV–vis spectrophotometric method was applied for rapid determination of chlorophylls, carotenoids and pheophytins; as degradation products of chlorophylls. High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was used for effective separation of these compounds, and also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for determination of heavy metals as indicator of environmental pollution. Based on the results obtained from UV–vis spectrophotometric determination of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), it was confirmed that Chlorella vulgaris contains more of all these pigments compared to the cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis. The fastest mobility compound identified in Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis using HPTLC method was β-carotene. Spectral analysis and standard calibration curve method were used for identification and quantification of separated substances on Thin-Layer Chromatographic plate. Quantification of copper (Cu2+, at 324.7 nm) and zinc (Zn2+, at 213.9nm) was performed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with air-acetylene flame atomization. Quantification of cadmium (Cd2+, at 228.8 nm), nickel (Ni2+, at 232.0nm) and lead (Pb2+, at 283.3nm) by Electrothermal Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; and quantification of mercury (Hg2+, at 254nm) by Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

Op die spore van filosofiese onderwys op Potchefstroom honderd jaar gelede

Abstract Tracing philosophical education at Potchefstroom a century ago It is to be regretted that the history of education in Philosophy at other universities, like the Free University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (established in 1880) has been documented in several publications, while very little is known about who taught and what was taught in Philosophy during the early days of the later to be known Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education (established already in 1869). The introduction indicates that also about the teaching of this subject in general in South Africa not much has been documented. Nevertheless, from the start philosophy was regarded as an important part of the academic curriculum for the training of future ministers (and later also teachers) of the Reformed Churches in South Africa. From about the second decade of the twentieth century two types of Christian Philosophy emerged more clearly. Prof Ferdinand Postma (1879-1950) taught in the line of the logos philosophy of his Dutch mentor, Jan Woltjer (1849-1917), but no traces of this tradition were left after Postma. Prof Sietse Los (1871-1944) followed the Herman Bavinck line, the influence of which was still discernible in the philosophy of H.G. Stoker (1899-1993). This investigation focuses on the philosophical tradition represented by Los a century ago. This overview consists of the following four main parts. Firstly, it investigates the historical background of Reformed theology, especially as it was represented by A. Kuyper and H. Bavinck, the mentors of Los. This is, secondly, followed by some biographical notes on Los. The third, or main section, is devoted to an analysis of Los’s philosophical anthropology from seven of his books published in South Africa and the Netherlands between 1904 and 1944. His view of being human boils down to a Christian-biblicist reinterpretation of preceding Aristotelinising and Platonising ideas about the human being. He supported Aristotle’s and his subsequent followers’ views as embedded in the Christian tradition in their dichotomist view of soul and body as two separate substances. But he combined their anthropology with Plato’s and his Christian followers’ view that the human soul itself should be divided into three functions (a trichotomy) of intellect, will and emotion. The fourth section concludes with an evaluation of some weak as well as positive points in Los’s contribution to philosophical education at Potchefstroom during the early days of the previous century. Key words: Los, S. (1875-1944); Philosophy; Potchefstroom; Postma, F. (1879-1950); twentieth century (beginning) Sleutelwoorde: Filosofie; Los, S. (1875-1944); Potchefstroom; Postma, F. (1879-1950; twintigste eeu (begin)

Carbon nanotubes - Characteristic of the substance, biological effects and occupational exposure levels

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a diverse group of nano-objects in terms of structure, size (length, diameter), shape and characteristics. The growing interest in these structures is due to the increasing number of people working in exposure to CNTs. Occupational exposure to carbon nanotubes may occur in research laboratories, as well as in plants producing CNTs and their nanocomposites. Carbon nanotubes concentration at the emission source may reach 107 particles/cm3. These values, however, are considerably reduced after the application of adequate ventilation. Animal studies suggest that the main route of exposure is inhalation. Carbon nanotubes administered orally are largely excreted in the feces. In animals exposed by inhalation, CNTs caused mainly inflammation, as a result of oxidative stress, leading above all to changes in the lungs. The main effect of animal dermal exposure is oxidative stress causing local inflammation. In animals exposed by ingestion the mild or no toxicity was observed. Carbon nanotubes did not induce mutations in the bacterial tests, but they were genotoxic in a series of tests on cells in vitro, as well as in exposed mice in vivo. Embryotoxicity of nanotubes depends mainly on their modifications and carcinogenicity - primarily on the CNT size and its rigidity. Occupational exposure limits for CNTs proposed by world experts fall within the range of 1-80 μg/m3. The different effects of various kinds of CNT, leads to the conclusion that each type of nanotube should be treated as a separate substance with individual estimation of hygienic normative. Med Pr 2017;68(2):259-276.

Hypodopaminergic polygenic risk for polysubstance use.

Twin studies have shown substantial heritability for polysubstance use. Previous research has sought to pinpoint this genetic influence to variants in genes related to dopamine signaling, that are known to lower baseline dopamine levels (hypodopaminergic function). Candidategene studies often used single-gene designs and have yielded inconsistent results. Genome-wide association studies mainly include Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). In this study, a risk score was calculated based on both SNPs as well as Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs). Survey data on nicotine, alcohol and cannabis use from two family samples were analysed (N=2435 and N=1173). Moderate and problematic polysubstance uses were explored. A polygenic risk score was calculated by averaging the number of hypodopaminergic variants in three polymorphisms. Polysubstance use was regressed on this score with sex and age as covariates. Power was sufficient to detect small effect sizes (R2=0.4-0.8%). The hypodopaminergic polygenic risk score (HPRS) was not related to polysubstance use in either sample. There were some indications for opposing effects of individual polymorphisms and separate substance use outcomes and for an interaction of the polygenic risk score with education level. There were no effects of a score extended with extra polymorphisms, and there were no quadratic effects of the HPRS. The HPRS did not predict polysubstance use. Several explanations for these findings were ruled out. Future research might employ more comprehensive genetic models, thereby including geneenvironment interaction.

Strategies for preventing excess mortality after discharge from psychiatric emergency room.

AbstractPatients with severe mental illness have increased risk for severe physical diseases. In addition, there is evidence that this patient group is less likely to receive standard levels of care for most physical diseases, which may contribute to their shortened life expectancy. Further, illness behaviour among individuals with schizophrenia is different as they are less likely to seek medical attention, which emphasise the need for increased awareness and early intervention when visiting an emergency psychiatric facility. Adults with severe mental illness have increased rates of substance abuse, which adversely affect their illness and outcome. Separate and parallel mental health and substance abuse treatment systems do not offer interventions that are integrated or personalised for the presence of substance abuse concurrent with severe mental illness. Therefore, the authors suggest an establishment of multidisciplinary teams capable of delivering a full range of psychiatric interventions and integrated treatment for substance use disorder in the community and psychiatric emergency room to those who otherwise would have required admission to an acute hospital bed. Keywords: Psychiatric emergency room; Crisis resolution; mortality; severe mental illness

Description of sorption kinetics of azo dye onto birch chips by means of fractional derivatives

The adsorption kinetics is investigated in order to measure time necessary to reach equilibrium between the molecules of separated substance attracted to the sorbent surface and those left in the solution. Models of adsorption kinetics such as Lagergren’s, Ho and McKay’s, and Elovich’s are quoted in technical articles. The application of pseudo-first-order Lagergren’s kinetic model is recommended when physical adsorption is the dominant mechanism. On the other hand, when the process is mainly influenced by chemisorption, the pseudo-second-order model of Ho and McKay’s as well as Elovich’s equation are suggested. At the same time, no general method combining both mechanisms of adsorption is proposed. In the case of chemically complex sorbents and the mixed mechanism of sorption, this kind of approach is insufficient; however, such systems may be modelled using fractional derivatives . Recently, a considerable number of papers and monographs have been published on applying fractional derivatives. Most of them treat of solving linear equations and special functions such as the Mittag–Leffler function. This paper presents the results and mathematical description of azo dye adsorption kinetics on a natural plant-based sorbent.

Aquinas against spiritual matter

Nature of angels have been the object of interest of Christian thinkers since the times of the Fathers of the Church when the teaching of Holy Scriptures was confronted with Late Ancient Philosophy. The teaching on the intellectual beings in noetic realm was very important especially for Neoplatonic philosophers. It was Plotinus who first used Aristotelian concept of hyle noete (intellectual mater) to describe the distinctions between spiritual beings. His opinions evolved at ancient Neoplatonic systems and found its place in Arabic and Jewish philosophy. Idea of intellectual matter took its fully developed form in the writings of Avicebron (Solomon ibn Gabirol). His work Fons vitae was early translated to Latin in twelve century and was widely read. Through this work much of Neoplatonic philosophy was transferred to Latin Europe along with the teaching on spiritual beings and spiritual matter. St Thomas Aquinas, who confronted his ideas building systematic angelology, also knew work of Avicebron. The main problem of Christian angelology at his time was to show the difference between the nature of angels and God. This distinction did not played the key role in pre-christian systems, because there was no Scripture like concept of the one God as the only creator who transcends all beings. For the medieval Christian thinkers the idea of spiritual mater seemed to be very helpful in resolving this issue. It allowed them to claim that angels as creatures had spiritual matter in their essences while God was pure form and pure act. St Thomas Aquinas explained this difference in unique way using his new metaphysics. He argues that God is subsistent act of being (ispum esse substitens) and angels do not have their own essence identical with their being. Spiritual beings (often called by him „separated substances”) are composed of act of being (ipsum esse) and essence, which is form (forma). Thanks to such explanation there is no need to claim that there is a spiritual matter in nature of angels and Aquinas formulates arguments refuting this idea. In De substantis separatis he shows that such solution allows to reject spiritual matter and helps to demonstrate that angels have purely spiritual nature. His approach to the problem also preserves the claim of fundamental difference between God and spiritual creatures.

CATEGORY ABSTRACT FORM IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE COMPOSITE DESIGN METHOD

Discusses the abstract category of form, i.e. the phenomenon of «separation» binary formulas «function-form» in the interests of the form not at the level of abstract reasoning and generally accepted, and in the discourse it is valid and productive to the project method of substantionally. Therefore, the author proposes to legalize an abstract form as an artistic genre and a specific type of models, although the actual application of these models emerged in the era of the propaedeutic experiments of the Bauhaus and the VKhUTEMAS. Developed by the author for composite design method abstract form (form as a separate substance activity) means a fundamental prerequisite for the reconstruction of architectural activity in a holistic relationship to the landscape and development as relevant to the profession’s reality of the author.

Parental Separation and Offspring Alcohol Involvement: Findings from Offspring of Alcoholic and Drug Dependent Twin Fathers.

We examined associations between parental separation during childhood and offspring alcohol involvement, adjusting for genetic and environmental risks specific to parental alcohol (AD) and cannabis/other illicit drug dependence (DD). The sample consisted of 1,828 offspring of male twins from the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry, who completed a telephone diagnostic interview. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted predicting onset of first use, transition from first use to first AD symptom, and transition from first use to AD diagnosis from paternal and avuncular AD and DD history, parental separation, and offspring and family background characteristics. Paternal/avuncular DD/AD was based on the DSM-III-R; offspring and maternal AD were based on DSM-IV criteria. Paternal DD/AD predicted increased offspring risk for all transitions, with genetic effects suggested on rate of transitioning to AD diagnosis. Parental separation was predictive of increased risk for early alcohol use, but a reduced rate of transition to both AD symptom onset and onset of AD. No interactions between separation and familial risk (indexed by paternal or avuncular DD/AD) were found. Findings highlight the contribution of both parental separation and paternal substance dependence in predicting timing of offspring alcohol initiation and problems across adolescence into early adulthood.

Die natürliche Gotteserkenntnis in den Schriften der Kölner Albertisten des 15. Jahrhunderts

The theory of an intuitive knowledge of God and the separate substances, without any conversion to material phantasms, is a doctrine of Albert the Great, which was received by the Cologne Albertists in the fifteenth century as a hallmark of their school in contrast to the Thomistic view. The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, it aims to present the most popular Albertist texts of the second half of the fifteenth century, which deal with the explanation of the third book of Aristotle’s De anima: a short commentary and three examples of Reparationes, a new literary genre. Secondly, the paper focuses on the way the Albertists read and interpreted Albert’s theory of the intellect: despite the deference to their master, the Albertists changed some important aspects of his doctrine.

D-МАННИТОЛ ИЗ FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR

The result of chemical study of the barks, fruits and leaves of Fraxinus excelsior L. are discussed in this article. The individual substance has been separated as crystallic form from the sum of alcholic extraction by column chromatography (neutral Al2O3). The chemical structure of this substance is С6H14O6 m.p. 175,0-176,0 °С, [α]D20+20 (c10, H2O).On the basis of chemical and spectral (IR, NMR, 1H, 13C, 13C Dept 135 and mass spectra) data of the separated substance and its hexaacetyl derivative obtained by interpretation found that it corresponds to the structure of (2R, 3R, 4R, 5R)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (D-mannitol).Analysis of substance by this method 13C and 13C Dept 135 showed that due to the effect of symmetry and characteristic of hexitol in spectra are shown only three characterizing six carbon atoms instead of the expected six signals.The substance in the raw material: in the cortex – 0,62%, fruits – 0,40%, leaves – 0,42%

Cognitio substantiarum separatarum: Genitivus subiectivus oder Genitivus obiectivus?

According to Scotus, the philosophers hold – with Aristotle – that the ultimate goal of human life, and that which makes it perfect, consists in the knowledge of the separate substances. But neither this assumption, nor the theoretical knowledge accessible to human reason alone, is enough to ensure that human beings can achieve this goal. This goal can only be achieved if God reveals himself by means of traditions in the context of a community. Although Scotus does not deny that philosophers can recognize their ultimate goal by use of reason, he insists also on concrete and contingent conditions that can be understood as a revelation of God who otherwise would be unaccessible. This adds an important feature of contingency to the rational achievements of which human beings are capable.

English

Some developing countries in Africa are waking up to the broadband race by providing public access to information communications technologies (ICTs) to instigate social and economic development and to narrow the digital divide. One of such countries is Nigeria, which ranked 60th in 2006 in e-readiness report by the Economist Intelligence Unit. Consequently, the market, marketers and repairers of electrical electronic equipment (EEE) are growing geometrically in Nigeria. Incorporated in EEE are about 46 separate chemical substances or elements, some of which are hazardous. Their emission from EEE translates to toxicity through inhalation of the polluted air, especially by marketers and repairers. Becoming aware of this danger is key to exercising the necessary caution in handling EEE. This study assessed the awareness of marketers and repairers of EEE toxicity and adoption of safety measures against the same. Questionnaires were administered on 80 purposively selected marketers in Alaba International Market, Lagos and on 20 repairers in C-to-C Plaza, Enugu. Data were analysed using average mean score technique. Results show that all participants were completely ignorant of the toxicity associated with EEE and did not associate it with various symptoms of ill-health.The study recommends education programmes for marketers and repairers of EEE and developing policies on how to handle EEE. Key words: Hazardous chemical components, electrical electronic equipment, toxicity awareness, handlers, safety measures.

Fundamental Study on Magnetic Separator Using Oxygen Dissolved Perfluorocarbon

In this study, we have designed a magnetic separator for medical valuable substance. The substance shows diamagnetism and the density is slightly higher than water. A magneto Archimedes separation is effective in those substances. The separation is a technique to utilize the difference of the levitation place decided by the magnetic susceptibility and the density of substances under the magnetic field. However, the medium used for separation is a paramagnetic liquid in which the manganese chloride and the rare earth nitrate were dissolved, and there are such problems as the metal salt adhesion to the substance and the equipment. When food and a medicine are treated as a separation substance, the security is important in practical use. The oxygen dissolved perfluorocarbon under the pressure was used as the medium. Under atmospheric pressure, a metallic compound doesn't remain on the surface of the separation substance and equipment. Dissolved oxygen concentration rises by pressurization according to Henry's law. By controlling of the pressure and the external magnetic field, the separation of a plastic and KCl used as imitation sample succeeded. The magnetic force and the pressure needed for the separation were estimated from calculations and the separation experiments. We report these results.

Maria Luisa Ardizzone Dante: Il paradigma intellettuale; Un’“inventio” degli anni fiorentiniDante: Il paradigma intellettuale; Un’“inventio” degli anni fiorentini. Maria Luisa Ardizzone. Florence: Olschki, 2011. Pp. xxvi+264.

<i>Maria Luisa Ardizzone</i> Dante: Il paradigma intellettuale; Un’“inventio” degli anni fiorentini<i>Dante: Il paradigma intellettuale; Un’“inventio” degli anni fiorentini</i>. Maria Luisa Ardizzone. Florence: Olschki, 2011. Pp. xxvi+264.