Separate Intervals Research Articles

Estimation of electrical resistivity using artificial neural networks: a case study from Lublin Basin, SE Poland

Artificial neural networks method (ANNs) is a common estimation tool used for geophysical applications. Considering borehole data, when the need arises to supplement a missing well log interval or whole logging—ANNs provide a reliable solution. Supervised training of the network on a reliable set of borehole data values with further application of this network on unknown wells allows creation of synthetic values of missing geophysical parameters, e.g., resistivity. The main assumptions for boreholes are: representation of similar geological conditions and the use of similar techniques of well data collection. In the analyzed case, a set of Multilayer Perceptrons were trained on five separate chronostratigraphic intervals of borehole, considered as training data. The task was to predict missing deep laterolog (LLD) logging in a borehole representing the same sequence of layers within the Lublin Basin area. Correlation between well logs data exceeded 0.8. Subsequently, magnetotelluric parametric soundings were modeled and inverted on both boreholes. Analysis showed that congenial Occam 1D models had better fitting of TM mode of MT data in each case. Ipso facto, synthetic LLD log could be considered as a basis for geophysical and geological interpretation. ANNs provided solution for supplementing datasets based on this analytical approach.

Hollow-fiber bioreactor production of extracellular vesicles from human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells yields nanovesicles that mirrors the immuno-modulatory antigenic signature of the producer cell

BackgroundExtracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) are currently investigated for their clinical effectiveness towards immune-mediated diseases. The large amounts of stem cell-derived EVs required for clinical testing suggest that bioreactor production systems may be a more amenable alternative than conventional EV production methods for manufacturing products for therapeutic use in humans.MethodsTo characterize the potential utility of these systems, EVs from four hBM-MSC donors were produced independently using a hollow-fiber bioreactor system under a cGMP-compliant procedure. EVs were harvested and characterized for size, concentration, immunophenotype, and glycan profile at three separate intervals throughout a 25-day period.ResultsBioreactor-inoculated hBM-MSCs maintained high viability and retained their trilineage mesoderm differentiation capability while still expressing MSC-associated markers upon retrieval. EVs collected from the four hBM-MSC donors showed consistency in size and concentration in addition to presenting a consistent surface glycan profile. EV surface immunophenotypic analyses revealed a consistent low immunogenicity profile in addition to the presence of immuno-regulatory CD40 antigen. EV cargo analysis for biomarkers of immune regulation showed a high abundance of immuno-regulatory and angiogenic factors VEGF-A and IL-8.ConclusionsSignificantly, EVs from hBM-MSCs with immuno-regulatory constituents were generated in a large-scale system over a long production period and could be frequently harvested with the same quality and quantity, which will circumvent the challenge for clinical application.

Increased velocity at VO2max and load carriage performance in army ROTC cadets: prescription using the critical velocity concept

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of using the critical velocity (CV) concept to prescribe two separate high-intensity interval training (HIT) exercise programs aimed at enhancing CV and load carriage performance. 20 young adult participants (male = 15, female = 5) underwent a 4-week training period where they exercised 2 dwk−1. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups: (1) HIT or (2) Load Carriage-HIT (LCHIT). Pre- and post-training assessments included running 3-minute All-Out Test (3MT) to determine critical velocity (CV) and distance prime (D′) and two load carriage tasks (400 and 3200 m). There were significant increases in CV (p = 0.005) and velocity at V˙ O2max (v V˙ O2max) (p = 0.037) among the sample but not between training groups. Improvements were observed in 3200 m load carriage performance time (p < 0.001) with a 9.8 and 5.4% decrease in the LCHIT and HIT groups, respectively. Practitioner summary: Critical velocity has shown efficacy as a marker for performance in tactical populations. With the addition of load carriage, there is a reduction in the individual’s CV. The CV-concept-prescribed exercises (HIT and LCHIT) 2 days per week for 4 weeks showed improvements in CV, v V˙ O2max and load carriage performance. The use of the CV concept provides a method to prescribe HIT to increase running and load carriage performances in tactical populations.

Flipping the Classroom to Optimize Clinical Decision-Making in the Didactic Setting.

Deliberate inclusion of clinical decision-making nursing skills in the didactic setting will assist students in potentially making better patient care decisions. This can be optimized through use of the flipped learning andragogy. Flipped learning promotes an interactive classroom environment. It fosters teamwork and collaboration. Direct content instruction is the responsibility of students. This cohort pilot study investigated how the flipped and nonflipped approach to teaching impacted clinical decision-making and student participation. The Clinical Decision-Making in Nursing Scale (CDMNS) was administered to the students in the flipped classroom and the nonflipped classroom on week 1 and week 6. A student participation checklist was used to observe class activities at three separate intervals (baseline, mid-semester, and end-semester). A repeated measures analysis of covariance was conducted with Instruction Group as the between subjects factor (Flipped and Nonflipped) and Time (preinstruction and postinstruction) as the within subjects factor, and covarying age. The Time by the Instruction group was significant. The Flipped group showed an increase in Clinical decision-making scores (p < .001) after instruction while the Nonflipped group did not (p = .40). The Flipped group (n = 24) showed an increase in Clinical decision-making scores (p < .001) after instruction while the Nonflipped group (n = 23) did not (p = .40). The Flipped classroom showed 100% participation at baseline, mid-semester, and end of semester. The Nonflipped classroom showed overall lower levels of participation, with 42%, 33%, and 39% at each point respectively. Students who were taught using the flipped instruction were able to apply what they learned in relevant case studies, virtual simulations, and practice National Council Licensure Examination RN (NCLEX-RN) type questions. Through teamwork and collaboration, students had time to practice clinical decision-making skills. This was evident in the increased CDMNS scores and increased levels of participation over time in the flipped group when compared to the nonflipped group.

High natural frequency gap topology optimization of bi-material elastic structures and band gap analysis

This work aims to perform the topology optimizationof frequency separation interval of continuous elastic bi-dimensional structures in the high-frequency domain. The studied structures are composed of two materials. The proposed algorithm is an adaptation of the Bidirectional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (BESO). As the modal density is high in this frequency domain, the objective function, based on the weighted natural frequency, is formulated to consider an important number of modes. To implement the algorithm, a mode tracking method is necessary to avoid problems stemming from mode-shifting and local modes. As the obtained results by using structural dynamics analysis present quasi-periodic topology, further calculations are done to compare the results with and without imposed periodicity. A dispersion analysis based on wave propagation theory is performed by using the unit cell previously obtained from the structural optimization to investigate the band gap phenomenon. The resulting band gaps from the dispersion analysis are compared with respect to the dynamic behavior of the structure. The topology optimization methodology and the wave propagation analysis are assessed for different boundary conditions and geometries. Comparison between both analyses shows that the influence of the boundary conditions on the frequency separation interval is small. However, the influence from the geometry is more pronounced. The optimization procedure does not present significant numerical instability. The obtained topologies are well-defined and easily manufacturable, and the obtained natural frequency separation intervals are satisfactory.

Depth-of-field engineering in coded aperture imaging.

Extending the depth-of-field (DOF) of an optical imaging system without effecting the other imaging properties has been an important topic of research for a long time. In this work, we propose a new general technique of engineering the DOF of an imaging system beyond just a simple extension of the DOF. Engineering the DOF means in this study that the inherent DOF can be extended to one, or to several, separated different intervals of DOF, with controlled start and end points. Practically, because of the DOF engineering, entire objects in certain separated different input subvolumes are imaged with the same sharpness as if these objects are all in focus. Furthermore, the images from different subvolumes can be laterally shifted, each subvolume in a different shift, relative to their positions in the object space. By doing so, mutual hiding of images can be avoided. The proposed technique is introduced into a system of coded aperture imaging. In other words, the light from the object space is modulated by a coded aperture and recorded into the computer in which the desired image is reconstructed from the recorded pattern. The DOF engineering is done by designing the coded aperture composed of three diffractive elements. One element is a quadratic phase function dictating the start point of the in-focus axial interval and the second element is a quartic phase function which dictates the end point of this interval. Quasi-random coded phase mask is the third element, which enables the digital reconstruction. Multiplexing several sets of diffractive elements, each with different set of phase coefficients, can yield various axial reconstruction curves. The entire diffractive elements are displayed on a spatial light modulator such that real-time DOF engineering is enabled according to the user needs in the course of the observation. Experimental verifications of the proposed system with several examples of DOF engineering are presented, where the entire imaging of the observed scene is done by single camera shot.

Do South African anaesthesiology graduates consider themselves fit for purpose? A longitudinal study

Background: Before embarking on a career as an independent specialist anaesthesiologist, graduates must be assessed as being fit for purpose (FFP). Graduate self-assessment both at qualification and at a later time may be useful in assessing their fitness for purpose and its change over time. Methods: This quantitative, descriptive study included recent national anaesthesiology graduates. Each participant scored their own preparedness for competences deemed appropriate by national experts via an electronic survey at two separate time intervals. Nine meta-competences (i.e. Medical Expert, Communicator, Collaborator, Leader, Health Advocate, Scholar, Professional, Context Awareness and Humaneness) together with 101 component enabling competences, were assessed. Participants scored their preparedness for each competence using a 4-point Likert scale (1 – completely unprepared; 2 – somewhat prepared; 3 – prepared; 4 – completely prepared). During analysis, competences scored as 1 and 2 were considered as unprepared and competences scored as 3 and 4 as prepared. Scores given at the time of graduation were compared with those given after 12 months’ experience. Results: The overall response rate was 79%. At graduation, graduates felt prepared for seven of the nine meta-competences (i.e. Medical Expert, Collaborator, Communicator, Professional, Scholar, Context Awareness and Humaneness), and felt unprepared for the Leader and Health Advocate meta-competences. After 12 months, graduates felt prepared for all nine meta-competences but perceptions of preparedness for 14% (14 of 101) of the enabling competences had declined. Conclusion: At graduation, South African anaesthesiology graduates consider themselves unprepared for the meta-competences of Leader and Health Advocate, both comprising predominantly non-technical skills (NTS). The graduates’ perceptions at the time of graduation suggest that they are not fully prepared and may, therefore, not yet be fit for purpose as specialists. Graduates’ selfassessment longitudinally reflects that their perceptions of being fit for purpose change after a period of time and with specialist experience.

The effect of topical chamomile in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: A randomized clinical trial.

To clinically assess the effectiveness of topical chamomile oral gel in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. A parallel single-blind randomized clinical trial conducted on 45 patients who were undergoing chemotherapy. Patients were assigned to three equal groups. Group I received conventional symptomatic treatment that included antifungal agents (Miconaz oral gel, Medical Union Pharmaceuticals), topical anesthetics, and anti-inflammatory agent (BBC oral spray, Amoun Pharmaceutical Company) three times per day for three weeks, group II received 3% chamomile topical oral gel, whereas group III patients were given both conventional symptomatic treatment and chamomile topical oral gel. All patients were clinically assessed for pain and oral mucositis severity at three separate time intervals: 1week, 2weeks, and 3weeks. Most patients experienced oral mucositis with more severity reported in the conventional group (grade III=6.7%) compared to the other two groups, neither of which developed more than grade II. Mean pain scores showed no significant difference between the groups, but intragroup analysis showed that pain score increased in the conventional treatment group more than the other two groups. Topical chamomile 3% gel has demonstrated in this study to lower the severity of the mucositis with lower pain scores compared to the other two groups.

Solar activity reconstructed on the basis of radiocarbon data and climate change from 17000 to 5000 BC

The data on the content of cosmogenic isotopes 14C and 10Be in the Earth’s atmosphere at a time interval of 15000-5000 BC were analyzed. On Earth at this time there was a transition from the ice age to the Holocene. The reconstruction of Wolf numbers based on radiocarbon data is presented, which describes solar activity and takes into account changes in the Earth’s climate during the period under consideration. The increase in global temperature during the transition to the Holocene was accompanied by a sequence of warming (for example, Meiendorf warming) and cooling. The obtained reconstruction of Wolf numbers indicates that at separate time intervals: 13600-13000, 9300-9000, 8300-8000 BC the Sun was in a state of deep minima of activity. We also note the activity minima at ≈ 10700 and 7500 BC. The periods of extremely high activity of the Sun were also distinguished, so at maxima ≈ 12350 and 6715 BC. Values of Wolf numbers could exceed 200. The duration of the first of these periods was several hundred years, and at that time Meiendorf warming took place on Earth (≈12500-11850 BC). The question arises: are these events related?

Abstract PO-088: Low levels of PSA in diabetic Nigerians: A call for a separate reference range for prostate cancer screening among type-2 diabetics?

Abstract INTRODUCTION Diabetic patients are at higher risk of developing malignancies. Studies have however suggested a contrasting data, indicating lower risk of prostate cancer in type 2 diabetics. Studies in some parts of the world showed lower PSA levels in diabetic patients, but yet to be verified in African living in Africa. AIM The aim was to determine the levels of PSA in Diabetic and Non-diabetic men in Maiduguri-Nigeria and to ascertain similar lower values in African living in Africa. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a hospital based case-control study that included a total of 132 participants whose ages were from 40 years and above and voluntarily consented to be part of this study. Ethical clearance was obtained from Ethics and Research Committee of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, structured questionnaire was self-administered. One hundred and four (104) were confirmed type 2 DM male attending Metabolic Clinic University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital and twenty eight (28) non-diabetic men, who had no history of hypertension, not using antihypertensives or steroid drugs, no history of cardiovascular diseases, not using anti-lipid drugs; not having cancer; non-smokers and non-alcoholic consented and served as control. Data on family history of DM, duration of the disease, hypertension and social lifestyle recorded for diabetic patients. Weight, height and BMI were calculated, Blood pressure, fasting glucose and serum for PSA were determined. RESULTS The mean ages of diabetic and non- diabetic men were 53.3 ± 11.8 and 53.9 ± 6.1 years, respectively. The mean total serum PSA was significantly lower in diabetic compared to non-diabetic (0.72 ± 0.09 ng/ml vs. 2.50 ± 0.44 ng/ml, respectively, p = 0.000). The mean fasting glucose was significantly higher among diabetic compared to non-diabetic p = 0.006). Diabetics were grouped into 5 according to their age (40 -49, 50-59, 60-69,70-79, ≥ 80). The age 70-79 years has the highest mean PSA level than all other groups (1.19 ± 0.45ng/ml), while age group ≥ 80 years has the least PSA value of (0.15 ± 0.05ng/ml). The mean fasting glucose is lowest in age group of ≥ 80years and highest in age groups of 50-59 and 40-49years (7.78 ± 0.68 and 7.56 ± 0.63mmol/L) respectively. The treatment modality was grouped into five; insulin 5(4.8%), oral 73(70.2%), oral and insulin 8(7.7%) and diet 18 (13.6%). Oral and insulin treatment has higher level of PSA (1.29 ±1.03 ng/ml) compared to all the other groups. The PSA levels were grouped based on the duration of diagnosis of DM (0-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20 and ≥ 21years) and 11-15 years duration have high levels of PSA than the other group. There was significant Pearson’s Correlation between PSA and age, systolic and diastolic (p=0.000, p=0.002 and p=0.006) respectively. CONCLUSION serum PSA level is significantly lower in type 2 diabetics than in non-diabetics in this study. This study and other findings recommend establishment of separate reference interval for Type 2 diabetic men for appropriate evaluation of their prostatic diseases using the PSA Citation Format: Rebecca Mtaku Gali, Dahiru Saleh Mshelia, Jessy Thomas Medugu, Musa Dungus, Hassan Dogo, Haruna Asura Nggada, Bata Mtaku Gali, Mwajim Bukar, Ahmad Gadam Ibrahim, Galadima Gadzama, Abubakar Farate. Low levels of PSA in diabetic Nigerians: A call for a separate reference range for prostate cancer screening among type-2 diabetics? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-088.

Breast cancer distant recurrence lead time interval by detection method in an institutional cohort

BackgroundLead time, the interval between screen detection and when a disease would have become clinically evident, has been cited to explain longer survival times in mammography detected breast cancer cases (BC).MethodsAn institutional retrospective cohort study of BC outcomes related to detection method (mammography (MamD) vs. patient (PtD)). Cases were first primary invasive stage I-III BC, age 40–74 years (n = 6603), 1999–2016. Survival time was divided into 1) distant disease-free interval (DDFI) and 2) distant disease-specific survival (DDSS) as two separate time interval outcomes. We measured statistical association between detection method and diagnostic, treatment and outcome variables using bivariate comparisons, Cox proportional hazards analyses and mean comparisons. Outcomes were distant recurrence (n = 422), DDFI and DDSS.Results39% of cases were PtD (n = 2566) and 61% were MamD (n = 4037). MamD cases had a higher percentage of Stage I tumors [MamD 69% stage I vs. PtD 31%, p < .001]. Rate of distant recurrence was 11% among PtD BC cases (n = 289) vs. 3% of MamD (n = 133) (p < .001). Order of factor entry into the distant recurrence time interval (DDFI) model was 1) TNM stage (p < .001), 2) HR/HER2 status (p < .001), 3) histologic grade (p = .005) and 4) detection method (p < .001). Unadjusted PtD DDFI mean time was 4.34 years and MamD 5.52 years (p < .001), however when stratified by stage, the most significant factor relative to distant recurrence, there was no significant difference between PtD and MamD BC. Distant disease specific survival time did not differ by detection method.ConclusionWe observed breast cancer distant disease-free interval to be primarily associated with stage at diagnosis and tumor characteristics with less contribution of detection method to the full model. Patient and mammography detected breast cancer mean lead time to distant recurrence differed significantly by detection method for all stages but not significantly within stage with no difference in time from distant recurrence to death. Lead time difference related to detection method appears to be present but may be less influential than other factors in distant disease-free and disease specific survival.

Reference Values of Hematological, Biochemical and Endocrinological Parameters in the Blood of Piglets Aged 1 and 21 Days

Summary The purpose of this paper is to determine the reference ranges for hematological, biochemical and endocrinological parameters in the blood of the commercial F1 Landrace x Yorkshire and Yorkshire x Landrace piglets aged 1 and 21 days. A total of 72 animals were enrolled in this study. The following reference ranges were determined for the blood parameters considered (day 1 vs. day 21): WBC 10.0-12.4 vs. 11.5-13.7 × 109/L; RBC 3.72-4.06 vs. 5.25-5.73 × 1012/L; HGB 71.4-79.0 vs. 100-110 g/L; HCT 24.4-26.5 vs. 35.7-39.1 %; MCV 64.4-66.0 vs. 72.7-74.8 fL; MCH 20.9-21.7 vs. 24.7-25.6 pg; MCHC 321-329 vs. 367-378 g/L; AST 78.5-98.9 vs. 51.8-66 U/L; ALT 72.5-84.5 vs. 65.9-76.5 U/L; CHOL 2.41-2.71 vs. 3.81-4.27 mmol/L; TGC 1.55-1.93 vs. 1.85-2.25 mmol/L; GLU 5.58-6.24 vs. 5.97-6.67 mmol/L; TPROT 55.2-59.4 vs. 65-69.9 g/L; ALB 13.4-15.1 vs. 27.8-30.9 g/L, GLOB 41.3-44.8 vs. 35.3-40.9 g/L; UREA mmol/L; TBIL 36.6-44.5 vs. 29.4-40.8 μmol/L; ALFAAMYLASE 897-998 vs. 851-949 U/L; LIPASE 74.1-79.7 vs. 88.3-98.1 U/L; CORT 140-196 vs. 41.4-63.8 ng/mL; INSUL 4.04-5.68 vs. 1.71-2.41 μU/L. The RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC values recorded were found to be higher in the piglets aged 21 days than those in the piglets aged 1 day. The total leukocyte count did not differ between the experimental groups. Lower AST, ALT, globulin, cortisol and insulin values were detected in the piglets aged 21 days than those in the piglets aged 1 day. However, the values of triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin and lipase were found to be higher in the piglets aged 21 days than those in the piglets aged 1 day. The glucose, alpha amylase and total bilirubin (TBIL) values did not differ significantly between the experimental groups. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test conducted shows that there are significant differences in the frequency distribution of most of the blood parameters tested in the pigs aged 1 and 21 days, which confirms that a separate reference interval must be determined and applied to the respective piglet ages considered. The establishment of reference values for different age categories can facilitate the assessment of health status and productive performance of farm piglets.

Радиационный риск заболеваемости и смертности от лейкоза в объединенной когорте работников атомной отрасли России и Великобритании

Purpose: The estimation of the radiation risk of leukemia incidence and mortality for occupational exposure.&#x0D; Material and methods: The study was conducted in the pooled cohort comprised 45,817 workers from the two enterprises; 23,443 radiation workers first employed in 1947–2002 from the Sellafield plant (Great Britain) and 22,774 workers from the Mayak PA (Russia) first employed at the main plants in 1948–1982. The period of follow-up was terminated at the end of 2008 for Mayak workers who were Ozyorsk city residents, and at the end of 2005 for Sellafield workers and Mayak workers who had migrated from Ozyorsk.&#x0D; Results: Comparable radiation risk estimates of leukemia incidence and mortality were found among Mayak PA and Sellafield workers as for the whole dose range and separate dose intervals. Averaged by attained age estimate of excess relative risk per 1 Gy of external gamma-dose was 3.0 (95 % CI: 1.3–6.3) under the assumption of the linear dose–effect model. The quadratic model with attained age modification showed the best quality of fit. Risk estimates were statistically significant in the dose range 0.15–1.5 Gy. There was no evidence of any relationship between leukemia risks and accumulated red bone marrow dose of internal alpha-exposure due to incorporated Pu-239.&#x0D; Conclusion: Preliminary analysis of the pooled cohort data has demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of a research project looking at leukemia risks in a joint cohort of Mayak and Sellafield workers. The current study provides further evidence about the already well established link between external-gamma exposure and leukemia risk. However, it fails to provide any firm further evidence about the absence or presence of relationship between plutonium exposure and leukemia risk.

Establishing reference intervals of 20 biochemical markers for children in Southwestern Fujian, China based on the UniCel DxC 800 system

To date, China has no industry standard for reference intervals of paediatric blood biochemical markers. This study aimed to evaluate changes in biochemical markers in the venous blood of healthy children aged 29 days to 12 years, derived from the UniCel DxC 800 system, and establish appropriate reference intervals. We analysed venous blood from 1980 healthy children for 20 biochemical markers. Reference intervals were established according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute C28-A3c guideline and compared with those of adults in China. All markers except for sodium and chlorine required partitioning by age, but not by sex. The reference intervals of total protein, albumin, globulin, carbon dioxide, urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid consistently increased with age in children, but were always lower than those of adults. Children aged 29 days to 12 years had a single combined RI for sodium and chloride, respectively; although the reference intervals in children were similar to those of adults, their upper limits were lower. The reference intervals of direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus continued to decline with age. The reference intervals of total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase initially declined followed by a slight rebound. While establishing reference intervals, most markers required partitioning by age (aged 29 days to 12 years); the partitioning scheme differed for each marker, and paediatric reference intervals differed from those for adults. It is therefore necessary to establish separate paediatric reference intervals.

Establishment of sex-specific reference intervals for automated haematology analyser-delivered research parameters in healthy Korean adults: a retrospective database review

ObjectivesAutomated haematology analysers measure various parameters of relevance to clinical research along with routine complete blood count (CBC)-related components. We aimed to establish ethnicity-specific and sex-specific reference intervals for 26...

Improving the quality of trauma meetings by implementation of a modern trauma management platform

Trauma meetings constitute the majority of clinical decision-making for new referrals and also act as a crucial tool to coordinate the trauma theatre list. Incorporation of electronic technology has been...

The gas production of 14 species from comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko based on DFMS/COPS data from 2014 to 2016

ABSTRACT The coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko has been probed by the Rosetta spacecraft and shows a variety of different molecules. The ROSINA COmet Pressure Sensor and the Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer provide in situ densities for many volatile compounds including the 14 gas species H2O, CO2, CO, H2S, O2, C2H6, CH3OH, H2CO, CH4, NH3, HCN, C2H5OH, OCS, and CS2. We fit the observed densities during the entire comet mission between 2014 August and 2016 September to an inverse coma model. We retrieve surface emissions on a cometary shape with 3996 triangular elements for 50 separated time intervals. For each gas, we derive systematic error bounds and report the temporal evolution of the production, peak production, and the time-integrated total production. We discuss the production for the two lobes of the nucleus and for the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Moreover, we provide a comparison of the gas production with the seasonal illumination.

Long-Range Correlations between Observables in a Model with Translational Invariance in Rapidity

We estimate the impact of the fixation of the total number of sources (quark–gluon strings) on the long-range rapidity correlations between different observables. In our approach this condition models the fixation of the collision centrality class, what is the usual practice in modern collider experiments, like Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and so on. The estimates are obtained under the assumption of the translational invariance in rapidity, which is usually assumed in mid-rapidity region at high energies. Based on these assumptions, we are developing a technique for the analytical calculation of various average values of extensive and intense variables at high string densities on the transverse lattice, taking into account the effects of string fusion, leading to the formation of string clusters. Using this technique we calculate the asymptotes of the correlations coefficients both between the multiplicities and between the multiplicity and the event-mean transverse momentum of particles in two separated rapidity intervals. As a result, we found that fixing the total number of strings has a significant effect on the behavior of both types of correlations, especially in the case of a uniform distribution of strings in the transverse plane.

An ERP Study on the Auditory Stream Segregation in Cochlear Implant Simulations: Effects of Frequency Separation and Time Interval.

Auditory stream segregation is an important function of the auditory system, and the extent to which this function works has a major impact on listener's ability to recognize auditory objects in complex listening environments. However, cochlear implant (CI) listeners are poorly equipped for this challenge, mainly owing to the impoverished sensory information available via their implants. The purpose of this study was to examine two factors, i.e., frequency separation and time interval, affecting the auditory stream segregation in vocoder simulations simulating CI speech processing based on an event-related potential (ERP) experiment. The pure-tone stimuli were processed by a vocoding process, and presented to normal-hearing listeners in an ERP experiment. Experimental results showed that a large frequency separation or a short time interval led to a larger mismatch negativity (MMN) response. The MMN results in this work suggested that the degree of auditory stream segregation was affected by frequency separation and time interval, and MMN could serve as a potential index for future ERP studies on auditory stream segregation in CI users.

Qualities of a vibrator, the elastic element of which has different coefficients of stiffness in the two intervals of displacements, in a separate case

Generators of mechanical vibrations with nonlinear stiffness of the elastic element in the conservative case are investigated. It is shown that the vibrator of this type generates several harmonic components and that the number of those multiple harmonics can be controlled. One period of motion is investigated. The presented analytical relationships and numerically obtained graphical relationships reveal the qualities of the system and enable to choose the desirable parameters of motions. The performed investigation of this system showed that eigenvibrations take place with linear spectrums when the system in separate intervals consists from two linear parts. This takes place in the case when the border of difference of coefficients of stiffness is located in the position of equilibrium of the system. In both intervals vibrations by separate partial frequencies take place and general motion depends on the eigenfrequency of the whole system. Of course the latter frequency depends on both partial frequencies. General motion of the whole system takes place according to the infinite linear spectrum of eigenfrequencies. All this enables to create enhanced vibrators by using those qualities and to use them in technologies.