Separate Families Research Articles

Identifying Mental Health Profiles Among Adolescents Who Experienced a Recent Parental Deployment or Military-Related Family Separation.

Accessing two independent samples of adolescents in military families in the United States who recently experienced parental separation (N = 573; N = 186), this study sought to identify adolescent mental health profiles indexed on multiple indicators. In other words, we asked how military adolescents fare after parental separation in terms of mental health indicators. Proximal family processes (family cohesion, conflict, and marital adjustment) were also examined in relation to mental health profiles as well as core adolescent outcomes, self-rated health, and school enjoyment. In both samples, three profiles emerged identifying similar structures of mental health profiles. Two-thirds of adolescents were in the lowest risk mental health group. Poor family cohesion and greater conflict were associated with the moderate and highest risk groups. The lowest risk group reported better health and greater school enjoyment. Family nurses and other health care professionals are encouraged to inquire about military connectedness, structural changes occurring within the family system, and family processes in relation to adolescent well-being.

UNcovering Stories of Displacement and Hope

Written by Begoña Echeverria and directed by Annika Speer, Picasso Presents Gernika explores the child refugee crisis resulting from Hitler’s 1937 bombing of the Basque town Gernika and Picasso’s artistic response, Guernica. The script weaves primary source material and documentation with imaginative fiction to consider the connections between war, art and human suffering. This article discusses our effort to bring more attention to the saga of the Basque children through theatre and to draw parallels between their plight and the circumstances of refugees world-wide. We relay the stories and emotional reactions that arose in response to our staged reading, Picasso Presents Gernika, at United Nations Headquarters in New York City on 20 June 2022, for World Refugee Day. Our event centred voices from and images of those most vulnerable and most often ignored in official accounts of war and displacement: children and women. The staged reading at the United Nations occurred four months into the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Given the crises in Ukraine, Afghanistan, Yemen and Syria and the ongoing family separations on the US–Mexico border, the staged reading accompanied by remarks from representatives of United Nations High Commission for Refugees sought to highlight the political immediacy of the issues of invasion and displacement as well as the power of theatre to contribute empathically to the discourse.

Toward a Politics of Care: Southeast Asian Refugee Organizing, Kinship, Care, and Reunion.

From a critical refugee studies orientation, our article redefines care within the context of myriad forms of state violence impacting Southeast Asian post-war refugee communities. Research reveals how harm is compounded at every step of Southeast Asian refugee journeys: war, forced displacement, resettlement, family separation, inherited health conditions, and generational trauma. How do we reckon with refugee trauma without conceding to it as an unchangeable fact of our lives? What knowledge might we gain by attending to the everyday work of survival in refugee communities? To answer these questions, the authors conceptualize care through (a) abolitionist organizing, (b) queer kinship and affective labor, (c) historiographic caretaking, and (d) refugee reunion.

Periodic Hunter–Saxton equation parametrized by the speed of the Galilean frame: Its new solutions, Nucci’s reduction, first integrals and Lie symmetry reduction

The main purpose of this study is to introduce symmetry analysis and Nucci’s reduction method for revealing the exact solutions of the periodic Hunter–Suxon equation, which is parameterized by the speed of the Galilean frame. Under one-point similarity transformations, we obtained a set of generators that transformed the given equation into an ordinary differential equation, which can be conveniently taken into consideration for exact solutions. Under special choices, we got three separate families of vector fields out of the problem and constructed solutions for every family. In each case, the Nucci reduction technique generated a solution with a first integral. 3D, density, and contour graphics are given for a better understanding of the solutions.

Unauthorized Love: Mixed-Citizenship Couples Negotiating Intimacy, Immigration, and the State by Jane Lilly López

Unauthorized Love centers relationships between U.S. citizens and U.S. noncitizens to document the reach of U.S. immigration law into the lives of mixed-citizenship families. Through an analysis of 56 ethnographic interviews with mixed-citizenship families, López examines interactions between families and the U.S. administrative state, family decision-making processes, and family reunification outcomes and consequences. Unauthorized Love demonstrates that governmental rejection and family separation is a central feature of U.S. immigration policy, with serious consequences for family-level integration in the United States. Chapter 1 introduces readers to mixed-citizenship couples by recounting their love stories and foreshadows the disparate paths families will navigate. While marriage is a mechanism available to U.S. citizens to extend citizenship rights to their spouses, immigrant applicants and their sponsors are not treated equally under the law. Chapter 2 provides a visual to demonstrate how the 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), the 1986 Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendments (IMFA), and the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) work collectively to systematically favor higher-class, more highly educated, and better-resourced immigrant applicants and citizen sponsors.

“The Family Separation Crisis That No One Knows About” How Our Flawed Legal and Prison Systems Work to Keep Incarcerated Parents from Their Children

Incarcerated parents are at an increased risk of their parental rights being terminated due to the Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) of 1997. The ASFA was passed with the intention of limiting the number of children trapped in the U.S. foster care system and is commonly known for shifting efforts from reunification to adoption.101 This act results in a swift and sudden termination of parental rights (TPR). The negative impact of this law on incarcerated parents is evident considering that in the years following the passage of the ASFA, the rate of TPR for incarcerated parents has increased by 250%.102 This piece aims to identify aspects of the ASFA which threaten incarcerated parents' ability to be reunited with their children after their prison sentence, along with elements of the prison system that prevent incarcerated parents from abiding by the regulations of the ASFA and maintaining contact with their children. The most detrimental aspect of the ASFA is the 15 of 22 Provision, which requires the state to file for termination of parental rights when a child has been in foster care for a consecutive 15 of the past 22 months.103 This regulation guarantees the TPR for any parent with a prison sentence longer than a year and a half during which a child is sent to foster care, resulting in the permanent severance of the parent-child relationship. In addition, strict timeline requirements of the ASFA relating to the child’s placements and hearings to discuss these placements make it challenging for incarcerated parents to fight for reunification. This issue is compounded by failures of the prison system, which prevent incarcerated parents from participating in their child’s placement process. Most proposed solutions suggest a full repeal of the ASFA, while others argue that a major reform of the ASFA is sufficient. The states of New York, Washington, and Colorado have already initiated this reform by creating exceptions to the 15 of 22 Provision, along with including other considerations and accommodations for incarcerated parents.104 The findings explored in this paper clearly indicate that incarcerated parents are at a disadvantage when trying to reunite with their children. Their parental rights are terminated at an unjust rate due to the strict requirements of the ASFA: a law that fails to acknowledge the circumstances of incarcerated parents and instead strips their parental rights away

American Indian and Alaska Native overexposure to foster care and family surveillance in the US: A quantitative overview of contemporary system contact

Following a long history of forced assimilation through family separation, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) children continue to be separated from their families by state child welfare agencies at exceptionally high rates. This study identifies those states with high levels of contemporary AIAN family separation through non-tribal state and local foster care systems. We describe how these risks vary over childhood and vary in magnitude relative to white children. We then examine three states with exceptionally high rates of AIAN foster care placement, Minnesota, Alaska, and Montana, in detail. We evaluate how child maltreatment reporting contributes to upstream inequalities in family separation through an examination of sources of maltreatment reports and types of alleged maltreatment across childhood. We conclude by arguing that child welfare scholars should understand contemporary AIAN child welfare system contact in the context of historical and ongoing settler colonialism. In order to reduce AIAN inequalities, child protective services should observe tribal sovereignty by deferring to the authority of tribes in caring for Native children and families and increasing the capacity tribes have to help their communities.

MT‐ATP6 mitochondrial disease identified by newborn screening reveals a distinct biochemical phenotype

Although decreased citrulline is used as a newborn screening (NBS) marker to identify proximal urea cycle disorders (UCDs), it is also a feature of some mitochondrial diseases, including MT-ATP6 mitochondrial disease. Here we describe biochemical and clinical features of 11 children born to eight mothers from seven separate families who were identified with low citrulline by NBS (range 3-5μM; screening cutoff >5) and ultimately diagnosed with MT-ATP6 mitochondrial disease. Follow-up testing revealed a pattern of hypocitrullinemia together with elevated propionyl-(C3) and 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-(C5-OH) acylcarnitines, and a homoplasmic pathogenic variant in MT-ATP6 in all cases. Single and multivariate analysis of NBS data from the 11 cases using Collaborative Laboratory Integrated Reports (CLIR; https://clir.mayo.edu) demonstrated citrulline <1st percentile, C3 > 50th percentile, and C5-OH >90th percentile when compared with reference data, as well as unequivocal separation from proximal UCD cases and false-positive low citrulline cases using dual scatter plots. Five of the eight mothers were symptomatic at the time of their child(ren)'s diagnosis, and all mothers and maternal grandmothers evaluated molecularly and biochemically had a homoplasmic pathogenic variant in MT-ATP6, low citrulline, elevated C3, and/or elevated C5-OH. All molecularly confirmed individuals (n=17) with either no symptoms (n=12), migraines (n=1), or a neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) phenotype (n=3) were found to have an A or U mitochondrial haplogroup, while one child with infantile-lethal Leigh syndrome had a B haplogroup.

SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) AMONG FLOOD VICTIMIZED INDIVIDUALS IN 2022: AN INTERVENTION STUDY

Natural disasters, such as floods, can have devastating effects on the minds of affected populations. In Pakistan, frequent and devastating floods (2022) have resulted in significant challenges in managing the mental health problems of flood victims. This current study aims at screening and management of PTSD symptoms among flood victims in different villages of Rajanpur District. This study completed into two phases. In the first phase, quantitative research was carried out to comprehensively assess the PTSD symptoms of flood victims in different villages of Rajanpur district by using PSS-SR5 scale. The second phase of this study was aimed to heal the symptoms of PTSD by using exposure therapy. In this step, two groups were formed i.e., experimental group and control group. In this phase experimental research was carried to check the effectiveness of intervention. The results from the collected responses before and after therapy were analysed by using SPSS. The outcome results reported a healing effects of exposure therapy among flood victimized individuals by reducing the symptoms of PTSD. The results indicated equal level of PTSD among both genders. This also reported that the level of PTSD was significantly higher among the individuals living in separate family set up, unmarried individuals and having wealthy status. Furthermore, the results revealed a significant observed difference in the level of PTSD in experimental group as compared with control group. Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Flood , Exposure Therapy, Experimental Group, Control Group, Randomization.

Destination Elsewhere: Displaced Persons and Their Quest to Leave Postwar Europe by Ruth Balint

<i>Destination Elsewhere: Displaced Persons and Their Quest to Leave Postwar Europe</i> by Ruth Balint

The family law detection of overall risk screen (FL‐DOORS): Utility as a repeated measure for assessing change in family violence risk over time

AbstractConflicted parental separation is associated with risks to safety and wellbeing for all family members. The Family Law DOORS (FL‐DOORS; Detection of Overall Risk Screen) is a standardized screening framework to assist identification, evaluation, and response to family safety risks. The FL‐DOORS has previously been validated in two large Australian samples (N = 6089) and found fit‐for‐purpose as an indicator of family violence and wellbeing risks in separated families. Now, using pilot data from a community mediation context, we examine its utility as a repeated measure for detecting change in safety and wellbeing over time. A pilot cohort of 67 parents engaged in a mediation service for parenting and/or property disputes completed the FL‐DOORS at intake (T1) and approximately 8 weeks later (T2). We assessed T1‐T2 change scores and correlations in change between variables and used MANOVA to determine if clusters of related scales discriminated change across time. Findings support the psychometric capacity of the FL‐DOORS for use as a repeated measure in risk monitoring. We also note possible effects of this early screening process for reducing risk prior to engagement in mediation input. We discuss implementation utility for family law services to monitor change in risk type and magnitude over time.

Self-harming behaviour in liaison psychiatry : Case series and literature review

IntroductionSelf-harm (SH) is common, in particular among young people. It can be seen in a wide range of psychiatric disorders, ranging from anti-social personality disorders to schizophrenia and mood disorders. In the extreme, self-harm can be functionally life-threatening. Such is the case of phlebotomy, emasculations and self-amputation. The severity of certain damage and the urgency of an initial somatic treatment contribute to make self-harm one of the most frequent reasons for intervention in liaison psychiatry.ObjectivesThrough our case series and a literature review, we tried to describe the socio-demographic and psychopathological characteristics of the self-harmers and to identify the specificities of their management in liaison psychiatry.MethodsIt is a descriptive cross-sectional study, in the psychiatric department of a general hospital in Rabat, concerning patients evaluated for SH with or without other psychiatric manifestations. The data collected are analysed using the statistical software ‘JAMOVI’. Patients seen in psychiatric consultations, in medical-surgical emergencies or in liaison psychiatry for SH were included. Patients already hospitalized in psychiatry were excluded.Results35 patients were recruted of who 65.7% were male. 68.6% were single. 51.4% had a low socio-economic level and 42.9% had an average level. 48.6% had a psychiatric history of which 22.9% had attempted suicide. Abuse was present in 34.3%, family separation in 22.9%, death of a parent in 20% while no patient reported sexual abuse. The most common method used was a razor blade in 57.1% of cases. The most mutilated site was the forearms in 65.7%, following a frustration in 60% and a conflict situation in 25.7%. 48.6% were hospitalised (34.5% in psychiatry, 5.6% in intensive care and 5.6% in otorhinolaryngology).ConclusionsSelf-harm is a frequent pathological behaviour whose incidence is increasing. Understanding the psychological and biological basis of self-harm will help to improve the management of these patients and prevent the recurrence of this dangerous behavior and its complication by suicide.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Lxs Caravanerxs and Nonsecular Protest: Rethinking Migrant Family Separation with Un llanto colectivo

Abstract: Written and directed by Celia Herrera Rodríguez and Cherríe Moraga in 2018, "Un Llanto Colectivo: Press Conference &amp; Performa-Protesta" took place in front of ICE headquarters in downtown San Diego (September 15th) and then in front of Otay Mesa Detention Center (September 16th). Envisioned as an act of consciousness raising around family separation, Central American caravans, and the detention-industrial-complex, the flyer invitation read, "[T]his is ceremonial resistance." This writing is an extension of my witness of and participation in Un llanto colectivo. I provide a historical context for lxs caravanerxs, as well as interviews with Maestras Celia and Cherríe. The meeting point for each of these different modalities is the PerformaProtesta, while the fragments of my own migrant history of family separation act as an invitation to the reader to consider intergenerational healing within and beyond biological family and chosen forms of solidarity.

A Systematic Review of Intravenous Psychoactive Drug Use among Adolescent Females

Background: In the twenty-first century, female adolescents’ use of intravenous psychoactive substances has become widespread worldwide. For instance, statistics show that 155 and 250 million people between the ages of 15-64 used intravenous psychoactive drugs as of 2008. Examples of intravenous psychoactive drugs taken by people with 15-64 include; Amphetamines, non-prescribed psychoactive prescription drugs, cannabis, cocaine, and opiates. As a result of the preceding, the use of intravenous psychoactive drugs among Female adolescents is a common phenomenon in the 21st century. Aim: To undergo a systematic review on IV psychoactive drugs use, prevalence, causes and effects among adolescent females. Design: A systematic review. Data Sources: Systematic search for worldwide published literature from databases like google scholar, Emerald, PubMed, and science-direct. Study Eligibility Criteria: Articles that are published in English, primary research and studies published within the last 10 (ten) years (2013-2023). Results: From the 2000 published papers that was found, 1700 publications were screened out owing to duplicate data. In addition, 60 publications were eliminated because they did not have appropriate information for this current study, and 200 papers were eliminated because of erroneous information. For being overly shallow, 29 publications were ignored. In the end, this study included 11 (eleven) publications. Conclusion: Worldwide, there is a high prevalence of female adolescents using intravenous psychoactive drugs. The causes include feelings of helplessness following family separation, poor academic performance, a physical environment, prior substance use, recreational alternatives, socialisation issues, and inadequate organisational support. Cardiovascular illness, psychological diseases like anxiety, dependency, mood, and psychosis disorders, as well as various Hormonal Contraceptives, are all consequences of intravenous psychoactive drug use among female teenagers (HC). According to this study, more Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET), family counselling, and cognitive-behavioural therapy should be used to free female adolescents from the shackles of intravenous psychoactive substance use.

Preserving home: resistance to cholera sanitation procedures in Egypt

Less than a year after the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, cholera struck in late June 1883. The country experienced three subsequent epidemics in 1895–6, 1902 and 1947. Over the course of these four epidemics, the British colonial government and its agencies closed access to water resources, forcibly entered homes and removed sick people from their families, ostensibly to prevent the spread of the disease. Concerns for the public’s health served as a convenient pretext to practice emergency sanitary measures which were cheaper than comprehensive reform and reinforced the British colonial view of Egyptians as inferior to European colonisers. Public health measures also supported subsidiary goals to control water, control bodies and police the private spaces of the home. The British characterisation of Egyptian water practice and home sanitation as unclean, even dirty, underpinned these methods, even though proper sanitation had always been an important part of Egyptian and Ottoman culture. In response, people resisted the home invasions and forced family separations. People lied, eluded, spread rumours, persuaded others to lie, fled their homes and concealed family members. Evidence includes government reports, Egyptian daily newspapers, photographs, plans and memoirs. Although these are documents produced by government officials and members of Egypt’s elite, they include evidence of substantial public resistance to cholera policing. They can be read against the grain to reveal the power of this resistance.

When complications arise during birth: LBTQ people's experiences of care

ObjectiveTo explore the care experiences of lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LBTQ) people during births where complications have arisen. DesignData were collected through semi-structured interviews with self-identified LBTQ people who had experienced obstetrical and/or neonatal complications. SettingInterviews were conducted in Sweden. ParticipantsA total of 22 self-identified LBTQ people participated. 12 had experienced birth complications as the birth parent and ten as the non-birth parent. FindingsMost participants had felt invalidated as an LBTQ family. Separation of the family due to complications elevated the number of hetero/cisnormative assumptions, as new encounters with healthcare professionals increased. Dealing with normative assumptions was particularly difficult in stressful and vulnerable situations. A majority of the birth parents experienced disrespectful treatment from healthcare professionals that violated their bodily integrity. Most participants experienced lack of vital information and emotional support, and expressed that the LBTQ identity made it harder to ask for help. ConclusionsDisrespectful treatment and deficiencies in care contributed to negative experiences when complications arose during birth. Trusting care relationships are important to protect the birth experience in case of complications. Validation of the LBTQ identity and access to emotional support for both birth and non-birth parents are crucial for preventing negative birth experiences. Implications for practiceTo reduce minority stress and create conditions for a trusting relationship, healthcare professionals should specifically validate the LBTQ identity, strive for continuity of carer and zero separation of the LBTQ family. Healthcare professionals should make extensive efforts to transfer LBTQ related information between wards.

Molecular exploration of fossil eggshell uncovers hidden lineage of giant extinct bird

The systematics of Madagascar’s extinct elephant birds remains controversial due to large gaps in the fossil record and poor biomolecular preservation of skeletal specimens. Here, a molecular analysis of 1000-year-old fossil eggshells provides the first description of elephant bird phylogeography and offers insight into the ecology and evolution of these flightless giants. Mitochondrial genomes from across Madagascar reveal genetic variation that is correlated with eggshell morphology, stable isotope composition, and geographic distribution. The elephant bird crown is dated to ca. 30 Mya, when Madagascar is estimated to have become less arid as it moved northward. High levels of between-clade genetic variation support reclassifying Mullerornis into a separate family. Low levels of within-clade genetic variation suggest there were only two elephant bird genera existing in southern Madagascar during the Holocene. However, we find an eggshell collection from Madagascar’s far north that represents a unique lineage of Aepyornis. Furthermore, divergence within Aepyornis coincides with the aridification of Madagascar during the early Pleistocene ca. 1.5 Ma, and is consistent with the fragmentation of populations in the highlands driving diversification and the evolution of extreme gigantism over shorts timescales. We advocate for a revision of their taxonomy that integrates palaeogenomic and palaeoecological perspectives.

New material of Paleopsychoda jarzembowskii Azar &amp;amp; Maksoud, 2022 from Bqaatouta amber outcrop, showing the importance of insect fossils in biostratigraphy

The family Psychodidae Newman, 1834 comprises about 3,000 living species of small hairy nematoceran flies (Azar &amp; Maksoud, 2022). To date, seven psychodid subfamilies are recognized within this family, namely Bruchomyiinae Alexander, 1921; extinct Datziinae Stebner, Solórzano Kraemer, Ibáñez-Bernal &amp; Wagner, 2015; Horaiellinae Enderlein, 1937; Phlebotominae Rondani, 1840; Psychodinae Newman, 1834; Sycoracinae Rondani, 1856; and Trichomyiinae Tonnoir, 1922 (Azar &amp; Maksoud, 2022). Some authors consider the psychodid group to consist of two families, i.e., Psychodidae and Phlebotomidae (Williams, 1993; Azar et al., 1999). This taxonomic treatment is based only on the hematophagous and medically important aspects of the phlebotomines. Nevertheless it is unfounded, because the phylogenetic relationships between the psychodid subfamilies remain unresolved, even if there is a possible sister-group relationship between the Phlebotominae and Psychodinae (Curler &amp; Moulton, 2012). We consider that recognising phlebotomines as a separate family would necessitate also giving separate familial rank to all the currently recognised subfamilies, which is not adopted here.

Family reunion policy for resettled refugees: Governance, challenges and impacts

The past decade has seen renewed efforts to establish resettlement as a durable solution for refugees, both as a protection tool and a mechanism to equitably distribute them among countries. Although the right to a family life is widely recognised as a fundamental human right, whether refugees can arrive with their family or be reunited with family once resettled varies across receiving countries. Little is known about family reunion policies in countries leading the resettlement efforts, and about the impact of these policies on the lives and experiences of resettled refugees. This paper addresses this gap though a systematic scoping review of academic and policy literature on family reunion policies for resettlement refugees, and on the impact of such policy on their lives. Based on a review of 42 papers published between 2010 and 2021, we outline the policies implemented in different receiving countries to enable resettled refugees to reunite with family, documenting at the same time the challenges refugees face in the process, as well as the impact of policy on their experiences. The findings evidence a tension between the refugees' own understanding of family and definitions of family in policy in receiving countries, which often results in family separation or reconfiguration. Additionally, high costs and other administrative barriers, as well as long waiting times associated with family reunification, lead to delayed or denied reunion, having detrimental effects on resettled refugees' well-being in the present and on their future prospects.

Impact of the tariff concessions of the RCEP agreement on the structure and evolution mechanism of manufacturing trade networks

In the world’s largest free trade area, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement will gradually eliminate tariffs on over 90% of member countries’ goods over the next 36 years. We construct a tariff policy effects evaluation framework based on the complex network theory. In this framework, the standard Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model is recursively extended to generate forecasted data of bilateral trade. Based on this, we model the RCEP manufacturing trade networks and analyze the response of its core–periphery structure to the tariff concessions. Then, we evaluate policy effects on the evolution of trade patterns based on motif analysis. Finally, we construct separable temporal exponential family random graph models (STERGM) to explore the influence path and degree of the new tariff agreement on the evolutionary mechanisms of trade networks.